Indlela eya kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki ... Indlela ecacile evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki: incazelo, imizi, imifula

Ulwazi mayelana nomzila ovela kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki, okungukuthi, ukusuka emazweni aseduze neBaltic Sea, ukuya emazweni aseMedithera, okhethwe okhokho bethu ngokuhamba kwezohwebo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nemikhankaso yempi, zigcinwe ngokwabo amakhasi aphuzi emibhalo yasendulo. Uma sesibavulile, sizozama ukuzwa ukuthi inkathi esekuyisikhathi eside isuke ingabonakali futhi ilandele umzila wabathengisi-abahambi.

Imigwaqo yamanzi yibo abahamba phambili emigwaqeni yomhlaba

Ngalezo zinsuku, incazelo equkethwe ku-Tale of Bygone Years - indaba endala kunazo zonke okubhalwa ngayo yi-Kiev saint St. Nestor i-Chronicler, - imigwaqo ekuqondeni kwethu leli gama ayengakafiki. Kodwa njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezohwebo kudinga ukuhamba njalo, imizila ehlukile yokukhulumisana kwakuyimifula, ecebile kakhulu eYurophu.

Kwakukhona kule migwaqo lapho izikebhe zomthengisi zithutha, zigcwele izimpahla ezazinikelwa emazweni angomakhelwane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abagibeli baqala ukukhetha indlela ethile, elula kunawo wonke, lapho kwakhiwe khona imizila ethile yezentengiselwano, okwakushiwo yiyo yonke iminyaka eyishumi.

Indlela yokuhweba ende kunazo zonke

Ukwakhiwa kwemizila enjalo yokuhweba kwaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu kwabakhileyo ezindaweni ezisogwini. Izakhamuzi zabo zaba zicebile, kancane kancane zaba ama-trade hubs, kanti ezinye zagcina ziphenduka imizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana komfula kanye nolwandle, ukuxhuma eNtshonalanga yezomnotho kanye namazwe acebile aseMpumalanga, kwasiza ekusunguleni ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lomhlaba.

Enye yemigwaqo enjalo kwakuwumzila wokuhweba ovela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki, okuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe yi-Nestor. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kuningi kakhulu kunazo zonke zezesayensi ezaziwayo. Ubude balo kuphela phezu kwendawo yaseRussia yasendulo kwakungamakhilomitha angama-2850, futhi akugijimi nje emifuleni nasemachibini, kepha futhi ngokunye ngomhlaba, lapho ama-rook ayezodonsela khona.

Ukusuka eBaltic enamandla kuya ogwini lweHellas elangeni

Umzila ovela kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki uyindlela yokuhweba ehlanganisa izikhungo ezithuthukisiwe ezisezweni laseBaltic Sea (umlobi wabiza ngokuthi iVaryazhsky) neCentral Russia, futhi kamuva - nezinhloko zayo eziningi. Khona-ke waya esifundeni sase-Black Sea esifundeni sase-Black Sea, ngaleso sikhathi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisiphephelo sabantu abahlala emigwaqeni, futhi, lapho bewela uLwandle Olumnyama, bafika eByzantium - insimu esempumalanga yelilokhu elinamandla, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi lahlakazeka uMbuso WaseRoma. Ukushiya izimakethe ezimnandi zaseConstantinople ngemuva, abathengisi abasenyakatho baqhubeka nohambo lwabo baya eMedithera, lapho amadolobha acebile angasogwini ayelindele khona. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe indlela yokuhweba evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki futhi sizohlala ngezigaba zayo eziyinhloko.

Ukuqala kohambo olude

Ngokuvamile bakholelwa ukuthi uvela eLwandle Malaren, elisendaweni yeSweden yanamuhla. Esiqhingini, esisezingeni layo, kuze kube yilolu suku kukhona ukuhlala okubizwa ngeBirka, okwakusendulo kwakuyisikhungo esikhulu sokuthenga, lapho izimpahla zalethwa khona kulo lonke elaseScandinavia, nalapho kukhona khona ukuhweba okukhulu. Lokhu kuboniswa yizinhlamvu zemali zasendulo zamazwe ahlukene, ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokucwaningwa kwamuva kwemvubukulo.

Ukusuka lapho, abesifazane abalayishwa izimpahla bashiya iBaltic (Varangian) uLwandle bathuthela esiqhingini saseGölandland, esasimelela indawo enkulu yokuhweba, izakhamuzi zawo zathola inzuzo enkulu emisebenzini yezohwebo, ngakho-ke zamukele izivakashi ngokuvumelana. Ngemva kokwenza ukuthengiselana okuphakathi okuphindaphindiwe nokugcwalisa amasheya, abathengisi, abalandela ogwini lwaseBaltic, bangena emlonyeni we-Neva futhi, beyikhuphukela, bawela eLwandle Ladoga.

Kusuka e-Ladoga izikhala ezivulekile kuya ku-Novgorod

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi indlela evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki kwakuyinkampani enzima kakhulu futhi eyingozi. Akukhona nje ukuthi izingxenye zasolwandle zomgwaqo, kodwa futhi nomfula kanye nolwandle, zinezingozi eziningi. Kakade ekuqaleni kohambo, ukulwa ne-Neva rapids, kwakudingeka sikhiphe izikebhe ogwini, futhi sibadonsele ibanga elide, okwakudinga amandla amakhulu nokukhuthazela. Ngokuqondene noLadoga, owaziwa kakhulu ngeziphepho zakhe ezizezelayo, ngezinye izikhathi wafihla ingozi yokufa kwabahambi.

Ngokuqhubekayo, echaza indlela eningiliziwe evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki, lo mlando ubika ukuthi kusukela emakhanini aseLadoga Lake emikhumbi ayekhuphuka eMfuleni iVolkhov futhi, lapho efika kuNovgorod, idolobha lokuqala eliyinhloko laseRussia elihlangene, bahlala isikhathi eside. Abanye abathengisi, bengathandi ukuqhubekela phambili emgwaqweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela bahlangabezane nesiphetho, bethengise izimpahla zabo ezimakethe zaseNovgorod futhi bathenga entsha, babuya emuva.

Endleleni eya ku-Dnieper

Labo ababezimisele ukuzicebisa emagqumeni aseMedithera ashisa, baqhubeka nohambo lwabo. Bashiya i-Novgorod, bakhuphuka iVolkhov futhi, sebefike eLake Ilmen, balandela i-lava egijima kuyo. Khona-ke abathengisi bahlala emkhunjini phakathi kwe-bales nezimpahla, kubonakala sengathi kuyithuba lokululaza imilenze yabo: njengoba bebedlule uLovat, kwakudingeka badonsa imikhumbi yabo ngasogwini, besebenzisa izigodo, bahudule ogwini lwaseWestern Dvina.

Emagqabeni ayo asekudala, ukuhweba kwaphinda kwaqalwa, futhi lapha kumaScandinavians, abathengisi baseSlavic bajoyina isixuku, futhi befuna inzuzo eya emizini yaseMedithera. Bonke babhekana nobunzima obusha ngaphambi kwabo, njengoba kwakukhona ukuhamba ngezinyawo phakathi kwezingodo ze- Western Dvina ne-Dnieper, lapho behamba khona, kuhlanganise nokudonsa okufanayo kwemikhumbi eyomile kodwa elayishiwe.

Ukuhweba emadolobheni weDnieper

Ngesinye isikhathi emanzini eDnieper, emagqumeni ayehlangana nawo amadolobha amakhulu anjengeSmolensk, eChernigov, eLyubich futhi, ekugcineni, unina wezixeko zaseRussia - eKiev, abahambi bafumana umvuzo ofanele kuwo wonke umsebenzi wabo. Ngamunye wabo kwakukhona ukuhweba okukhulu, ngenxa yokuthi izimpahla ezithengiswayo zatshenziselwa futhi zithengwa, futhi isikhwama somthengisi esivumelanayo sathola ukuzungezwa okumnandi.

Lapha, njengoba ku-Novgorod, ingxenye yabahambi baqedile uhambo lwabo futhi baphuma lapho bephethe umthwalo omusha. Kuphela okwakulindeleke kakhulu ukulandela, ngoba kulezo zendulo zasendulo indlela eya kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki, empeleni yayinselele ekupheleni, abantu abaningi abangalindelekile nabangalindelekile bangalindela imiphefumulo enesibindi.

Indlela engaphesheya kolwandle

Ukuzijabulisa kwabo okuqhubekayo kwaqala ngokushesha kuma-rapids e-Dnieper, okwakuyiminyaka eyayiyoba yingozi enkulu yokuhamba, njengoba izikebhe zadingeka zikhunjulwe ogwini, lapho izimbangi zabantu abaqashile bezilindele khona kakade, futhi ukudubula kwemicibisholo yabo kwazwakala bekhala. Kodwa ngisho nalabo abakwazi ukuhamba ngokuphepha kulezi zindawo ezibhuqiwe futhi bafinyelele eLwandle Olumnyama babengenakuphefumula ukuphumula, ngaphambi kwabo, izingozi ezintsha ezazilindeleke.

Kodwa manje, ekugcineni, ekufikeni kolwandle oluphambene nalo, abathengisi bezokugcina abazitholayo bazitholela abacebile futhi begcoba emzini omkhulu waseByzantium - uConstantinople, okwakuthiwa amaSlav abizwe ngokuthi yiTsargrad. Lapha, ezimakethe ezimnandi futhi eziningi ezikhulunywayo, izimpahla ezingenisiwe zathengiswa ngenzuzo, zinikezela izinto ezintsha.

Umqhele wemisebenzi nokuzikhandla

Indlela evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki, incazelo esithola kuyo ku-Nestor the Chronicler, yaqhubekela phambili emanzini oLwandle iMedithera. Wahola labo ababekwazi ukugwema izivunguvungu, umkhuhlane, noma imihlangano nabaqaphi abagijima ama-expanses amanzi, eRome elibusisiwe, kanye neminye imizi ecebile e-Italy naseGreece. Lesi kwakuyisiqephu sokuphela kohambo - umphumela wezinyanga zomsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, kwakusencane kakhulu ukubonga isiphetho sokuthandwa kwayo - kwakukhona uhambo oluyingozi lokubuya ngaphambili.

Ukuze abuyele ekhaya futhi angene ezweni lakubo, abathengisi baseMedithera baxosha amahhashi abo baya e-Atlantic futhi, bezungeza lonke ugu lwaseWestern Europe, bafika emadolobheni eScandinavian. Ukuzama ukunciphisa ingozi nokuhamba eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ogwini, bamisa kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu asogwini, nalapho beqhuba nokuthenga kwabo okungapheli. Ngakho-ke, indlela evela kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki, incazelo emfushane eyayiba isihloko salesi sihloko, yajikeleza lonke elaseYurophu futhi yaphela ekuqaleni kwayo.

Ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla zomthengisi

Benzani labo abenza uhambo olunzima kangaka oluyingozi kusukela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki? Amadolobha asogwini lolwandle nemifula lapho umzila wabo wawugijima wawunokuziphatha kwawo siqu komnotho, futhi lokhu okwenziwe, kwaba nomthelela emkhakheni wezimpahla ezingenisiwe nezingenisiwe. Kuyaziwa, isibonelo, ukuthi iVolhynia neKiev banikezwa ngamanani amaningi, ngakho-ke ngamanani afanayo kakhulu, isinkwa, isiliva, izikhali kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yabenzi bendawo.

Izakhamuzi zaseNovogorod zanikela ngemakethe ngobuningi bezilwane ezithwala ubuningi, uju, u-wax, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - izinkuni, ezishibhile futhi ezingabizi emikhakheni yazo futhi zilula kakhulu kakhulu eningizimu. Njengoba indlela esuka kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki ayedlula inqwaba yamadolobha ngisho namazwe anezici ezahlukene zomnotho, uhla lwezimpahla lwalulokhu lushintsha njalo.

Ukuvamile, njengokubusa, kwakuwukuthi abathengisi baqala uhambo lwabo, begcwalisa izikebhe ngezipho zangempela zamazwe aseBaltic: izikhali, amber kanye nezinkuni. Futhi babuyela-begcwele izinongo, iwayini lase-overseas, izincwadi, izindwangu ezibizayo nokuhlobisa.

Ithonya lomzila wokuhweba ekuthuthukiseni umbuso

Ngokomcwaningi abahloniphekile kunazo zonke, indlela evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki kwakuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithonya ukuthuthukiswa kwezibopho zamazwe angaleso sikhathi. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi i-Ancient Rus yasungula ubuhlobo neByzantium, kusukela lapho eya ebuKristwini nasezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe, kanye nasezifundeni zaseMedithera.

Emphakathini wakudala waseRussia, wafaka ithonya, ehlanganisa izikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu, njenge-Novgorod ne-Kiev. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yendlela enjalo eqinile yamakhansela omthengisi, idolobha ngalinye eliseduze lakwazi ukuthengisa ngokukhululekile imikhiqizo esatshalaliswe emaphethelweni ayo. Lokhu kwathonya kakhulu umnotho wezwe lonke.

Umgwaqo wezohwebo oye waba umgwaqo wempi

Njengoba kwaziwa kusukela emlandweni, futhi ngokuyinhloko kusukela "iTale of Bygone Years," abaphathi abaningi baseRashiya basendulo basebenzisa indlela yabo kusukela Varangians kuya kumaGreki emikhankaso yabo. Imifula eyayikhonza njengendlela emikhulu yokuhwebelana kwezohwebo, kulezi zimo, yaba imigwaqo yempi.

Njengesibonelo, ungangenisa uNkosana Oleg, wabiza ngokuthi umProfethi futhi waziwa kabanzi ngombongo ongakafi ka-Alexander Pushkin. Ngo-880, esebenzisa umgwaqo odumile owedlule, yena neqembu lakhe bakwazi ukufika eKiev futhi bayibamba.

Njengoba ayezithoba kuwo wonke amadolobha ahlangene endleleni, isikhulu ngaleyo ndlela sihlanganisa iningi lamazwe aseSlavic. Ngakho-ke, indlela evela kuma-Varangiya kuya kumaGreki, achazwa kafushane ngumbhali wezincwadi uNestor, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umbuso waseRussia obumbene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-907, iNkosana u-Oleg, esebenzisa umgwaqo wamanzi ofanayo, wenza uhambo lwakhe lomlando eByzantium, yambamba uConstantinople futhi, ngokushaya isithandwa sakhe emasangweni ayo, yafeza izinzuzo eziningi zokuhweba nezombusazwe.

Umzila ofanayo ngo-941, okwenza umkhankaso wezempi, wafika ogwini lwaseBosphorus, owalandela esikhundleni sakhe - u-Prince Igor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakhumbula amagama eNkosana uSvyatoslav, ebizwa ngekhono lakhe lempi yi-Old Russian Alexander the Great, u-Alexander Nevsky nabanye abaningi, abasebenzisa ngobuciko umgwaqo wamanzi owawuphethwe ngumthengisi.