Ukuqala nokuqedwa kwe-oprichnina. Imiphumela ye-oprichnina

Ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina unyaka nonyaka ubuyela ekujuleni kwamakhulu eminyaka, futhi okuningi kwalokho okudalwe khona umhlaba wokubhekakade waseRashiya, kukhishwe ememori yabantu. Lokhu kubi kakhulu, ngoba umlando unomkhuba wokuphindaphinda abantu izifundo abangafundile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi namuhla, lapho kukhona abasekeli bobudlova bezinsimbi kanye ne-autocracy.

Isibuko sokulinganisa komlando we-oprichnina

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, kusukela ekufeni kuka- Ivan the Terrible, isimo sengqondo sezinto ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi ku-oprichnina, sishintshe kaningi. Ububanzi bezimpawu zahlukahluka ekuzihloleni njengezibonakaliso zesifo sengqondo se-tsar (iphuzu lokubukwa kwabaningi-mlando bezinguquko), ekuqaphelisweni kwezenzo zamabutho e-oprichnina njengezinyathelo eziqhubekayo, eziqondiswa kuphela ekuqiniseni umbuso, ukugxila kwamandla nokunqoba ukungahambisani kwamanye amazwe (isikhundla sikaStalin). Kulokhu, ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina kwakuyinkinga yokuqhubekela phambili.

Umlando wegama elithi "oprichnina"

Iyini incazelo yegama ngokwayo? Kuyaziwa ukuthi livela egameni lesi-Slavic elithi "oprich", okungukuthi, "ngaphandle", "ngokwehlukana", "ngaphandle". Ekuqaleni, babonisa isabelo esanikezwa umfelokazi emva kokufa komyeni wakhe, futhi wayengaphandle kwengxenye enkulu yendawo ezohlukaniswa.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible, izindawo ezazithathwe ngabanikazi bazo zangaphambili, zadluliselwa ekusebenziseni kombuso futhi zaba yi-servicemen yazo, zathola leli gama. Zonke ezinye zezwe zazibizwa ngokuthi "zemshchina". Kukhona ubuhlakani be-tsar. Ngaphandle kwenani eliphelele lamazwe ayengaphansi kwefa lomhlaba, wabeka isabelo esifundazweni, esasibizwa ngaye, futhi, esibiza ngokuthi "isabelo somfelokazi," sithatha indima yombuso othobekile futhi okhubekile, ochotshozwe yizinhlupho zamantombazane ezidinga abavikeli.

Baba yizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane-eziqine, ezaziqoqwe kuphela kubantu abazithathiwe futhi banikezwa embusweni, okungukuthi, "izindawo ze-oprichny". Ngo-1565, lapho lokhu kusungulwa, ibutho lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane, kodwa ngo-1572, lapho ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina kungenakugwemeka, kwanda cishe izikhathi eziyisithupha. Ngokwecebo likaTsar, wabelwa indima yomlindi wesizwe, onikwe amandla amakhulu futhi ahlose ukuqinisa amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuhlukunyezwa kwengxabano yezombangazwe zangaphakathi

Ekhuluma ngezizathu ezenza u-Ivan the Terrible enze i-oprichnina, njengombuso, okokuqala uqaphele ukungqubuzana kwakhe noDuma boyar, isizathu sokungavumelani ezindabeni eziningi zenqubomgomo kahulumeni. Engathandi ukulalela ukuphikisana kwanoma ubani, okuthambekele ekuboneni izibonakaliso zelungu elifihlekile kukho konke, i-tsar isheshe yadlula kusukela engxoxweni kuze kuqiniswe amandla nokuphindaphinda okuningi.

Le mpikiswano yaqala ukuphuthumayo okukhethekile, lapho ngo-1562 amalungelo omndeni wamakhwenyana ayevinjelwe yisigwebo sobukhosi, kangangokuthi babelingana nabaphathi bendawo. Umphumela wesimo esasikhona kwaba ukuthambekela kwamantombazane ukubalekela ukuhlukunyezwa kwama-tsarist phesheya.

Kusukela ngo-1560, ukufuduka kwababaleki kwanda njalo, okungenakuvusa ulaka lukaMbusi. Ukusabela okuyimfihlo kwakuwukuhamba ngokuyimfihlo ePoland komunye wabahlonishwa abahlonishwayo be-tsarist, no-Andrei Kurbsky, owayengafuni ukuphuma kuleli zwe ngokuzithandela, kodwa futhi wathumela incwadi eya ku-Ivan, eyayinezinsolo eziqondile ngokumelene naye.

Ukuqala kwamaprosesa amakhulu

Isizathu sokuqala kokuphindaphindwa kwamandla kwakuwukunqotshwa kwamabutho aseRashiya empini namaLithuanians eMfuleni i-Ule, okwenzeka ngo-1564. Yilabo abathi, ngokombono we-tsar, bekungumqondisi oqondile noma ongaqondile wokunqotshwa, baba yizisulu zokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoDisemba wonyaka ofanayo, amahemuhemu avela eMoscow ukuthi amantombazane amaningi ahloniphekile, ahlazola, aqoqa ibutho elikhulu eLithuania nasePoland futhi ayelungiselela ukuthunjwa kwamandla.

Ngakho-ke, ukudalwa kwebutho le-oprichnina kwaba yisilinganiso sokuzivikela se-tsar esibhekene nengozi yangempela futhi evame ukucabanga, futhi ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi, kubangelwa ukwehluleka kwayo ngokuphelele, njengomgogodla wamandla ombuso. Kodwa lokhu esikhathini esizayo, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphambi kokuyeka isimo sakhe esingavunyelwe, i-tsar kwakudingeka ifune ukusekelwa kwezimbangi zabantu, futhi ngokuvuma kwabo ukuqala idili labo.

Imicimbi ehambisana nokudalwa kwe-oprichnina

Ngalokhu, u-Ivan wadlala ukudlala kwangempela. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi nawo wonke umndeni ku- Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, futhi ememezela ukuyeka kwakhe ngenxa yamacala asolwa ngawo ngamakhwenyana nabafundisi, ngaleyo ndlela wabeka imithetho yabantu abaphansi, ngokubheka ukuthi ungubani ogcotshiweyo kaNkulunkulu futhi, empeleni, Umhlaba. I-tsar yavuma ukushintsha isinqumo sayo kuphela uma inikwe inkululeko ephelele yokwenza inkantolo futhi ijezise bonke labo ababezovusa intukuthelo yakhe.

Izenzo zakhe zavusa ukushisa kwama-anti-boyar phakathi kwabantu, kucindezela uDuma ukuba abuze u-Ivan the Terrible ukuthi aqhubeke ebusa kuzo zonke izimo ayezibeke phambili. Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1565 ukudluliselwa kwabantu kwafika ku-Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, khona-ke uTsar wanquma ukusungula i-oprichnina.

Inhlangano yesakhiwo esisha sezempi

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, inqola yokuqala yabalula abantu abayizinkulungwane futhi yaqalwa ngokuphelele izakhamuzi ze-"oprichny" zezds. Bonke abaqashiwe bafunga ukuzithoba ku-tsar nokuphazanyiswa okuphelele kokuxhumana ne-zemstvo. Izibonakaliso zabo ezihlukile zaziyizinhloko zezinja ezilenga izintambo zamahhashi, ezifanekisela ukulungele ukufuna umbuso, futhi ama-brooms anamathelethi ayibonakaliso yokuthi ukuvukela umbuso kuyotholakala ngokushesha njengokungcola okulimazayo.

Ukugcinwa kwamabutho amaningi ase-oprichnina amaningi futhi aqhubekayo aphethwe amadolobha amaningi eRussia, phakathi kwawo amakhulu kunawo wonke ayengamaSuzdal, Kozelsk, Vyazma naseVologda. EMoscow ngokwayo, izitayela eziningana zanikezwa zona, njengeNikitskaya, Arbat, uSivtsev Vrazhek nabanye. Izakhamuzi zabo zangaphambili zaxoshwa ngokungafanele emakhaya abo zathuthela ezindaweni ezikude zomuzi.

Ukunciphisa umnotho, ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kokunganeliseki

Ukuthunjwa kwamazwe angama-zemstvo nokuwadlulisela kuma-oprichniks kwashaya inhlonipho ekutheni umhlaba uhlonipheke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphise umnotho wezwe. Izizathu zokukhanselwa kwe-oprichnina, ezalandela ngo-1572, zazibandakanya ukubhujiswa ngabanikazi bomhlaba abasha bezinhlelo zokunikeza leli zwe ukudla okwakusungulwe amakhulu eminyaka. Iqiniso liwukuthi umhlaba owaba yindawo ye-elite entsha, ngoba ingxenye enkulu yalahlwa, futhi akukho msebenzi owenziwe kubo.

Ngo-1566 okulandelayo, okwakhiwa ngabamele bonke amakilasi, kubizwe ngokuthi yi- Zemsky Sobor. Isicelo sokuqeda i-oprichnina i-deputies yayo ayengakaze esabe ukuveza ukunganeliseki okudalwe abantu abanenkinga yokungena "ye-servicemen", nokho bafaka isicelo ku-tsar ngesicelo sokuthatha izinyathelo ngokumelene nokudlula kwabo. U-Ivan Grozny wabheka noma yikuphi isitatimende esinjalo njengomzamo wamalungelo omninimandla akhe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abantu abangamakhulu amathathu baboshwa.

I-Novgorod inhlekelele

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi se-oprichnina) kubonakala ukwesaba okukhulu kwabantu basezweni lakubo, okwakubangelwa ukuhlukunyezwa okungenakuqhathaniswa kwe-autocrate, futhi izizathu ezishukumisayo zaziyisola nokusola. Lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi somkhankaso wokujezisa ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zaseNovgorod, ezenziwa ngu-1569-1570.

Ukusola ama-Novgorodi ngenhloso yokuhamba ngaphansi kokubusa kwenkosi yasePoland, u-Ivan the Terrible, ehambisana namabutho amaningi e-oprichnina, weza emabhange aseVolkhov ukujezisa onecala futhi esabisa abahlukumezi bekusasa. Ngaphandle kwesizathu sokusola umuntu ngokuqondile, inkosi yathulula intukuthelo yakhe kubo bonke abawela endleleni yakhe. Kwaphela izinsuku eziningana, udakiwe ngokungenacala, ama-oprichniks aphanga futhi abulala abantu abangenacala.

Ukudabuka nokuhlukana kwamabutho ase-oprichnina

Ngokusho kwabacwaningi banamuhla, okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-10-15 baba yizisulu zabo, kuyilapho isibalo sabantu basekhaya ngaleso sikhathi sasingeqile abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-30, okungukuthi, okungenani abantu abangu-30% babulawa. Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuthi ukuqedwa kwe-Oprichnina ngo-1572 kwakubangelwa ukuwa kwegunya lokuziphatha labaphathi bama-tsarist, ophethe okwakulokhu engabhekwa njengengubaba futhi umkhulumeli, kodwa njengomdlwenguli nomphangi.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba esenambithe igazi, inkosi nezinceku zakhe babengasakwazi ukuyeka. Iminyaka eyalandela umkhankaso we-Novgorod ibhalwe ngamacala amaningi egazi eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi. Kwaphela ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1670 ezinkampanini zezindunankulu kutholakale ukufa kwabangaphezu kwamacala amabili. Kodwa lo mdlalo wokuzijabulisa wamanzi wawunomthelela ongenakuguquka kulabo ababulalayo ngokwabo. Ukungafunwa kwamacala kanye nokukhululeka kokukhipha imfucuza ngokuphelele futhi kwaphazamisa ibutho lempi elilungele ukulwa.

Izidumbu

Kwakuyisiqalo nje. Ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina kubangelwa kakhulu ezenzakalweni ezihlobene nokuhlasela kwamaTatars ngo-1671. Ngemva kokukhohlwa indlela yokulwa nokwenza umkhuba wokuphanga izakhamuzi kuphela, i-oprichniks ayizange ibonakale emaphoyiseni. Kunelungelo lokusho ukuthi yimibuso eyisithupha eyaphuma ukuhlangabezana nesitha, ezinhlanu zavela kubamele bezemstvo.

Ngo-Agasti wonyaka olandelayo, kwenzeka umcimbi, kulandelwa ukuqedwa okulindeleke isikhathi eside kwe-oprichnina. I-Battle of the Youth, lapho amakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu avela eMoscow amaRussia namaTatars ahlangene, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwe-oprichniks, yatholwa ngokunamandla yibutho leZemstvo, eholwa yizikhulu ze-Vorotynsky neKhvorostinin. Kwenzeke ngokucacile ukungabi nalutho kanye nemithwalo engenalutho kulesi simo salo mkhankaso wezempi.

Amadokhumenti agcinwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abonise ukuthi ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina, usuku (njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa ngalo) ngo-1572, lulungiswe ekuqaleni. Lokhu kuboniswa nguchungechunge olungapheli lokubulawa kwe-tsar evelele kakhulu phakathi kwe-opriniki ephezulu, elandelwa kakade ngo-1570-1571. Izintandokazi zangezolo zakwaTsar zabhujiswa ngokomzimba, labo, ngokwamagama akhe, abamkhonza njengesekelo nokuvikelwa kunoma ubani owayekulungele ukudubula esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kodwa unyaka ka-1572 awukazanga ukuletha ukukhululwa kokugcina kubantu abacindezelayo.

Ukufa kwe-tsar nokuqedwa kokugcina kwe-oprichnina

Ngumuphi umnyaka lapho isikhathi se-oprichnina saphela ekugcineni eRussia? Lo ngumbuzo ongenayo impendulo engavumelani. Naphezu kwesimemezelo esisemthethweni se-tsar sokuqeda lesi sakhiwo, ukuhlukaniswa kwangempela kwamazwe aseRussia eZemsky nase-Oprichniy kwasala kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe (1584).

Ngo-1575, ngase-zemstvo, u-Ivan the Terrible wayengumbusi waseTatar owabhapathizwa uSimeon Bekbulatovich. Lokhu kuqokwa kwaphambi kwesinye isihluku sokubulawa. Ngalesisikhathi, izikhulu zaziphakathi kwezigebengu ezahlala ezihlalweni zikaTsar ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwe-oprichnina ngo-1572, kanye nabafundisi abanohloniphekile.

Ukuqedwa kwe-Oprichnina nemiphumela yayo

Mayelana nalokho i-oprichnina ebenzile kubantu baseRussia, isazi-mlando sethu esandulela u- V.O. Klyuchevsky. Ukhulume kahle ukuthi, ngokuphishekela ukuvukela umbuso, i-oprichnina yaba yimbangela yokuhlukumezeka, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yabe isongela ngempela esihlalweni sobukhosi. Uphinde waphawula ukuthi lezo zijeziso zamanzi, izinceku zikaTsar ezazizama ukuvikela umbusi, zazingcolisa izisekelo zesistimu kahulumeni.

Ukuqedwa kwe-oprichnina (unyaka wokukhishwa komthetho wama-tsarist) kwabekwa uphawu eRussia ngesimo esinzima entshonalanga yezwe, lapho kuqhutshwa khona amasosha empi ngokumelene nePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ibutho laseRussia, elibuthakathaka ngenxa yenkinga yezomnotho eyayinamandla kuleli zwe, yaxoshwa amaPoles. I-Livonian War eyaphela ngaleso sikhathi futhi ayizange ifake impumelelo ekulindelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi komsebenzi waseSweden kwakunguNarva noKoporye, futhi isiphetho sabo esesabekayo sasethusa. Ngenxa yokungazenzi ngenhla kanye nokwesaba kwangempela amabutho e-oprichnina ngo-1671, iMoscow yachitheka futhi yashiswa. Ngokumelene nalesi simo esinzima, i-oprichnina yaqedwa.

Ngumuphi unyaka futhi ngubani owayengumnikazi wegazi ongenakuvuselelwa kuphela, kodwa futhi waziwa njengomholi wenqubekela phambili? Impendulo ingatholakala ekugxekeni uStalin ahlasela ngalo uchungechunge lokuqala lwefilimu ka-Eisenstein i-Ivan the Terrible, enyatheliswa ngo-1945. Ngokusho kwakhe, eyathathwa yi-propaganda yamaSoviet, indima ka-Ivan the Terrible emlandweni yayikuhle kakhulu, futhi zonke izenzo zanciphisa kuphela ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla amakhulu kanye nokudala umbuso onamandla. Ngokuqondene nezindlela ezafinyelelwa ngayo imigomo, lokhu, ngokusho kukaStalin, kwakuyinkinga yesibili. Ngemisebenzi yakhe siqu, "uyise wezizwe" wabonisa ngokugcwele ukwethembeka kwesahlulelo sakhe.