Ukuvakasha kukaKhrushchev e-USA ngo-1959. Amaqiniso omlando

"Wazibiza yena!" - ngezihloko ezinjalo, abezindaba baseMelika baqala ukuvakashela okokuqala ku-Khrushchev e-United States. Usuku lobudlelwane bomhlaba luvelele, ngoba akekho ongacabanga ukuthi into enjengaleyo ingenzeka. I-US kanye ne-USSR ziyizitha eziningana ngaleso sikhathi, zilungele ukuchithana ngezigameko zenuzi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-USA (1959) kungachazwa ngokucacile emgqeni owodwa: yeshashalazi yomdlali oyedwa, lapho uNicita Sergeevich edlala khona indima yakhe ebusweni babameli baseMelika. Sizokutshela ku-athikili yethu kabanzi ngokuthi kwenzeke kanjani.

Isimo se-USA ne-USSR ngesikhathi sokuvakasha

Umfundi wanamuhla angase angaqondi nokuthi ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev kokuqala eU.SA kwakungubani. Ngonyaka ka-1959, ngaphambi nje kwalokho, e-Twentieth Congress ye-CPSU ngo-1953, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi ukungavinjelwa kwempi yezwe elandelayo.

Ngo-1956, i-USSR yamemezela imfundiso emisha yezempi - ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezinto ezinamandla zamandla enyukliya ngesikhathi sokulwa.

Ngo-1957, izwe lethu lalinguyokuqala emhlabeni ukuze lizwe i-missile ye-ballistic intercontinental. Lo mcimbi umane ukwesaba kakhulu umhlaba wonke kanye ne-US ngokukhethekile: AmaMelika ahlala kwelinye izwekazi, indawo yabo yodwa ingabonakali ezweni lonke, ibutho labo kanye nempi yezempi ngokuqinisekile bayabakhusela kunoma yikuphi ukuhlukunyezwa, ukushuswa kwePearl Harbor kusinda, iziphetho zenziwa, AmaMelika emva kokunqoba eMpini Yezwe Yesibili baqiniseka ukuthi akekho emhlabeni ongakwazi ukusongela ukuphepha kwabo. Yebo, i-USSR ne-United States banezikhali zenuzi ezingahle zibhubhise umhlaba wonke, kodwa zifana namabhomu amakhulu anethonya elimangalisayo lokunqotshwa. Lezi zibhomu zisadingeka zihanjiswe yizindiza emingceleni yase-US futhi lapho zibuye ziphinde ziphinde zibuyiselwe khona. Uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuzivikela emoyeni lwase-US, olusezintanjeni zamanqamu e-United States, olunezinhlelo ze-missile, imikhumbi, abathwali bezindiza, abaqaphi, njll Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuyeka ibhomu lenuzi baseMelika. Bese kuvela amaphephandaba kuwo wonke amaphephandaba ukuthi i-rocket enkulu ibonakala e-USSR enamandla okushaya kusukela kunoma yikuphi emhlabeni phakathi nendawo yaseNew York, efinyelela endaweni engaphelele yokuzivikela. Kuvela ukuthi isihlangu sokuzivikela saseMelika, esidalwe iminyaka eminingi, ngeke sisindise i-US ebubini. Amazwe ase-capitalist agxila esimweni sokwethuka ngenxa yokwesatshiswa "amaRashiya ahlaselayo" - la magama asetshenziswa yi-Western press ngaleso sikhathi.

Futhi kulesi sikhathi esibucayi sezwe laseNtshonalanga, umyalezo wanyatheliswa ukuthi ngokushesha ukuhambela kuka-Khrushchev kokuqala eMelika kuzokwenzeka. Lolu suku lwalugubha njengeholide olunikeza ithemba ezigidini zaseMelika ukuthi mhlawumbe amaRussia abengekho "njengabaphambene" njengoba ayengaphambili, futhi angeke abhubhise iNtshonalanga ngesiteleka esisodwa se nyukliya ngemicibisholo ye-ballistic.

Isimemo

Ukuhambela kokuqala kukaKhrushchev eya e-United States kwaba ngenxa yesimemo sikaMengameli waseMelika uEisenhower. Lezi zinsuku zazi ukuthi umholi waseSoviet wayenesithakazelo kumasiko aseNtshonalanga nakwezomnotho, ngoba ngisho nangaleso sikhathi i-USSR yayibhekene nokubuyela emuva kwezomnotho e-United States.

Ukudemoni kweSoviet Union yabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga kwenzeka kancane kancane. UKrushchev eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa kwakhe wazama ukuhambisana namazwe ase-capitalist, wayefuna "ukuhlala ngokuthula nabo." Kodwa-ke, uNobhala Jikelele akazange aphumelele ukuthi kungenzeka impi yezwe entsha, ngoba wayengekho ubuwula futhi akhumbule kahle izifundo zomlando, kanye nobuqili be-diplomacy yaseWestern.

Inhloso yesimemo

UMengameli u-Eisenhower wayefuna ukulawula isimo saseBerlin, njengoba ubuholi baseSoviet bekungasakwazi ukubekezelela "izindawo zokuhlala" kulo muzi. Kusuka endaweni yaseSoviet yaseJalimane yakha umbuso omusha, i-GDR, nenhloko-dolobha yayo eBerlin. Ubuholi babengafuni ukubekezelela "ukutholakala kwezindleko ezinkulu" kulo muzi. Entwasahlobo nehlobo lika-1959, izikhonzi zakwamanye amazwe zaqhuba izinkulumo eGeneva, kodwa zaphela ngeze.

Isimemo somuntu siqu sokuvakasha kukaKhrushchev e-US senziwa eMelika ngeSekela likaNdunankulu uFrol Kozlov, owafika lapho ukuvula umbukiso waseSoviet.

"Ngiyavuma, ekuqaleni angizange ngikukholelwe. Ubuhlobo bethu babunzima kakhulu kangangokuthi isimemezelo sokuvakashelwa enobungane kwenhloko yohulumeni waseSoviet nombhali wokuqala weKomiti Ephakathi YeCPSU kwakungamangalisa! "- kukhumbula uKitita Sergeevich kamuva.

Umshini wezindaba waseMelika futhi awuzange ukholwe, kodwa kungekudala kwakunemininingwane bonke ababeka kuyo: UMongameli u-Eisenhower wayala umnyango wezisebenzi zikaMnyango Wezezwe (uRobert Murphy) ukuba adlulise isimemo sokuvakashela uKozlov ukuvakashela iN. Khrushchev e-United States. Isimo esibophezelayo sokuvakashelwa ukuthi umholi we-USSR uzovumelana nezivumelwano zaseGeneva ngesimo esizayo seBerlin ngemigomo yaseMelika. Kodwa-ke, uMurphy ukhohliwe ukukhuluma ngalesi simo, futhi uKrushchev wamukela ngokungalindelekile isimemo ngisho no-Eisenhower ngokwakhe.

Uma sihumusha lezi zenzo ngolimi lwezobuzwe oluvamile, lokhu okulandelayo kuyiqiniso: AmaMelika ayedinga ukulondoloza indawo yawo eBerlin, kodwa eGeneva izikhalazo zethu zenqaba zonke iziphakamiso zabo. Emva kwalokho, umholi we-US ngokwakhe uzame ukuvumelana noKhrushchev, okwenza ukubonakala okubanzi kunobhala wethu jikelele, ukumemela ekuvakasheni okunobungane. Ezimweni zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi ezayo isimemezelo esifanele simele sinqatshelwe, kodwa noma kunjalo kufanele kube khona uhlobo oluthile lokuzithiba. Kodwa-ke, Khrushchev yayingenakulinganiswa futhi iveza ngokucacile ezombusazwe zasekhaya nasemkhakheni wangaphandle. Wamukele lesi simemo ngala mazwi: "Hhayi-ke, ngizohlala lapho isonto noma amabili". U-Eisenhower wayenakho okumele akwenze kodwa uyavumelana nalokhu.

Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha?

Ukuvakasha okuzayo kweKrushchev eya e-United States kwakuyikhanda langempela lezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zeSoviet. Bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu bokuqala emazweni anobungane nase-Union ngokwayo. Kodwa yini okufanele uyenze ezweni eliyingozi, lapho noma iyiphi indlela ingaba yingozi? Babengazi lokhu, ngoba kwakungenaso isipiliyoni esilandelayo.

Amanye amalungu e-Soviet delegation ayefuna ukucela abaseMelika ukuba bahlele amasosha aseMelika ahlomile ngendlela yase Khrushchev esuka enkundleni yezempi eya endaweni yokuhlala.

Abanye baphikisana, ngoba lesi sizinga ngeke sisindise ukubulawa uma osombusazwe baseWesternel banquma ukubulala umholi we-USSR. Ekugcineni, banquma ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuthi bavikele ngokuphelele izinsizakalo ze-intelligence zase-US futhi bakholelwe ukuqinisekiswa kwezombusazwe mayelana nokuphepha.

Ungafika kanjani e-USA?

Lamuhla yizindiza ezivela ezweni elilodwa kuya kwelinye kubhekwa njengento evamile, futhi isigamu sekhulu leminyaka kwakungekho indiza enjalo ezweni lakithi elingasuka e-USA ukuya e-USSR ngaphandle kwe-refueling. Futhi kwakudingeka kuzo zonke izindleko ukukhombisa iNtshonalanga ukuthi izwe lethu linalo ubuchwepheshe bamuva. Ngakho-ke, sanquma ukuhamba ngezindiza TU-114 - imodeli kuphela ngaleso sikhathi esakwazi ukwenza indiza engeyona stop stop ezweni lethu eWashington. Inkinga yukuthi imodeli ayizange ihlolwe kuze kube sekupheleni, ngakho akekho owakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezikhulu eziphakeme zombuso, ngaphandle komuntu oyedwa - umklami wemodeli u-Andrei Tupolev. Waqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwezindiza futhi, njengobufakazi bamazwi akhe, waphakamisa ukuthi kufaka phakathi indodana yakhe u-Alexei eqenjini. Ukukhethwa kwenzelwa ukuthanda iTu-114.

Kungani uKrushchev avuma uhambo?

Yayiyini isizathu sokuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-US? Kungani umholi waseSoviet avuma uhambo? Eqinisweni, uKhrushchev wayeqiniseka ngezinzuzo zesistimu yezenhlalakahle futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi ukunqoba komlando ngokubambisana kwakungekude. Imfundiso kahulumeni isivele isungulwe, ngokusho ukuthi "ubukhomanisi buzofika nini kulesi sizukulwane". Ukubhaliswa mayelana nendlela esiseduze ye "ipharadesi" ngisho nokugxila ematshe nasezikhumbuzo. Kodwa njengoba kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi, le mfundiso yayingakahlelelwe ukuba igcwaliseke, futhi yonke imibhalo yabhalwa masinyane eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ekhulwini lokugcina. Kodwa-ke, babengakazi ngalokhu, futhi umholi waseSoviet wayefuna ukubona "amehlo akhe aseNtshonalanga" ngamehlo akhe.

UNobhala-Jikelele ekubambeni kwenhloli?

Abanye bathambekele ekukholweni ukuthi ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-United States kwakuhloswe ukuba "kubheke" ngemuva kwesimiso sokuncintisana, ngoba ngezinga elizwakalayo kwacaca ukuthi iNtshonalanga yayiqala ukuphuma ngaphandle kwezobuchwepheshe. EMpumalanga Yurophu yaqonda leli phesenti elingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, futhi ngo-1956 kwaba khona ukuvukela eHungary ngokumelene nombuso wamaKhomanisi. Abasekeli be-"umqondo wokuhlunga" njengezizathu eziholela ekutheni uKhrushchev akazange anake izinto ezenziwa yizombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga, futhi wazama "ukubheka" into ethi "yimfihlo", ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi izinto eziboniswa amaMelika azibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, umholi wethu "wathola imfihlo" ye-hamburger, inja eshisayo, ukuzimela, amaseli okugcina esiteshini sezindiza kanye nesitimela kanye nommbila.

Konke lokhu kubonakala kamuva eSoviet Union. I-Hamburger kanye nenja eshisayo yezizathu zezimiso zabizwa ngokuthi "isisindo ekuvivinyweni" nangokuthi "i-cutlet ekuvivinyweni", futhi abantu baseSoviet babeqiniseka ukuthi size nalokhu. Futhi emasimini, umholi wethu ekugcineni "wathandana", ecabanga ukuthi ekugcineni wathola i-El Dorado, imfihlo yokuphumelela kwezwe le-capitalist kwelinye lamapulazi ase- Iowa. Kwakuyi "indaba yezolimo" phakathi nohambo oludala inkolelo yokuthi uHrushchev okuthiwa unqume ekusebenziseni nalesi siko. Eqinisweni, umkhankaso wezolimo wokukhula kwamabele wawukhuluma ngaphambi kohambo. U-Khrushchev ngokwakhe wayekuthanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi "ummbila" ngisho nangaphambi kokuqokwa kwakhe esikhundleni esiphakeme sobuholi ezweni futhi wayevame ukunikela ngemiklamo ehlukene yokusungulwa kweningi lesi siko. Isizathu salolu "thando" lwale mifino ukuthi ngo-1949 ummbila ulondoloze i-Ukrainian Soviet Republic kusukela kwenye "indlala" lapho uKrushchev ebengobhalisi wenobhala jikelele weqembu kule republic. Kwezinye izindawo ze-USSR, indlala isenzeke ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezitshalo kanye nokuntuleka kwezinqolobane. Kodwa-ke, ukuhambela kukaKhrushchev e-United States ngo-1959 ekugcineni kwagxilisa kuye inkolelo yokuthi lesi siko sasidinga ngokuphuthumayo ukungena eMelika. Kamuva, ezolimo zethu zazikhokhela kakhulu ukuhlolwa ngale mifino, futhi abantu baseSoviet baqalekisa unobhala jikelele ekhishini, befuna isinkwa sezinhlamvu endaweni yengqolowa. Ukuze sithole ubulungiswa, ake sithi namuhla uMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia uvumile ukuhlolwa kukaNicita Khrushchev ekusungulweni kommbila emnothweni kazwelonke, njengoba kukwandisa ukukhiqiza inyama nokulima. Kodwa futhi uyavuma ukuthi "akudingekile, ukuthi, ukutshala lonke izwe ngommbila."

Ukumangala kokuqala

Ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-United States kwenzeka ngo-1959 futhi kwahambisana nezici ezihlukahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi kwavela ukuthi umholi weSoviet, ezama ukukanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubona izimfihlo zeNtshonalanga, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ambonise ukuphakama kwakhe kwamasiko, wazibeka enkingeni.

Esimayini le-IBM, umholi wethu waqhubeka engenandaba nemikhiqizo, ekhombisa ukuthi sinakho konke lokhu. Khumbula, ngo-1959 kwakukhona amakhompiyutha okuqala emhlabeni ngokuhamba kwezinga eliphakeme lokuthembeka nokusheshisa, okuyinto i-US Air Force eyithole ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isebenzise ngisho nasesimisweni sokuxwayisa sokuqala sokuvikela umoya. I-Khrushchev ayizange ihlatshwe umxhwele kakhulu ngalokhu, njengoba sasizama ekwenzeni ngcono amakhompiyutha kanye, futhi "ummbila wezinhlamvu" awukwazanga ukuqonda imishanguzo yezinguquko ngenxa yokuntula kolwazi oluyisisekelo kule ndawo. Kwakuyi-invention eyenza i-IBM ibe ngumholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.

Kodwa iKrushchev yahlatshwa umxhwele enye inqubo - ukuzisebenzela ekamelweni lokudlela. Yiqiniso, uNobhala Jikelele akazange bathande ukukhombisa ukumangala kwakhe futhi ahlale egcina ukuthi "e-USSR kungcono." Kodwa-ke, abaningi baqonda ukuthi uKhrushchev wayengafuni.

E-Hollywood

Ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-United States ngo-1959 kwaphawulwa nokubonakala kwakhe eHollywood. Inkampani yefilimu "i-20th Century Fox" ihlele ukudla okungenani abantu abangu-400 ngokuhlonipha umholi wethu. Injabulo yayiwukuthi kuphela abahlonishwayo bamenyiwe ukuba bangene kuyo ngaphandle kwesiqingatha sabo sesibili, njengoba kwakungekho indawo eyanele wonke umuntu.

I-Hollywood ngaleso sikhathi yahlukunyezwa yi-"ukuzingela abathakathi" - umzabalazo ophambene nenkulumo-ze yama-communism e-United States, izivakashi eziningi zazikhathazeka. Kodwa-ke, cishe bonke abadlali abadumile, abaqondisi, osombusazwe, ukudlala ukudlala, njll. Bahlanganyela emini: Bob Hope, Francis Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, John Kennedy nabanye abaningi.

Abanye, isibonelo, uBing Crosby noRonald Reagan, njengombonakaliso wokuphikisana kwabo ngokumelene nombuso wezenhlalakahle, banqabe ngesimemo lesi simemo. Abanye babesaba ukwesaba kwabo futhi abazange baye emhlanganweni, ngoba base bephenyisisa ikhomishana emisebenzini yamelene neMelika. Phakathi kwabantu abanjalo kwakungu-Arthur Miller owaziwayo odlala umdlalo owaziwayo, kodwa umkakhe uMarilyn Monroe wanikezwa ikakhulukazi kumholi weSoviet.

Khrushchev kusethi lefilimu

Ngemva kokudla kwasemini, izivakashi zanquma ukubonisa ukudubula kwefilimu "Kankan". Abahleli benza ngokukhethekileyo ikhekhe eliyingqayizivele lefilimu ezayo. Ngaphansi komculo omkhulu, abadansa baphuma futhi baqala ukudansa ngempumelelo, bephakamisa iziketi zabo phezulu. Kamuva, izintatheli aziphuthelwa ithuba lokubuza umholi weSoviet ngalokho acabanga ngakho. Inhlobo enjalo umholi wethu ubizwa ngokuthi "okuhlambalaza", futhi kusobala ukuthi akazinakekeli. Kodwa-ke, ukuthatha izintatheli izithombe kuzohluke.

Emhlanganweni wezinhlangano zezinyunyana, Khrushchev usalokhu eveza intukuthelo yakhe yokuthi "abaculi abathembekile" kufanele "bagqoke iziketi" ngokuqondene "nomphakathi owonakele". Futhi ngokuqhubekayo umholi wethu akazange aphuthelwe ithuba lokugcizelela ukuthi "asidingi" inkululeko "enjalo futhi" sithanda ukucabanga ngokukhululekile "hhayi" ukubheka izimbongolo ". Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalokhu umholi weSoviet akazange aqine: waqala ukukhuluma nabadlali befilimu, ebeka imbongolo yakhe ukuba wonke umuntu abone. Okungenani, kubhaliwe ngalolunye wezintatheli zaseMelika - uSaul Bellow, ehlanganisa ukuvakashelwa kweKrushchev e-United States. Unyaka wakhe wayekhunjulwa ngempela, futhi wayevame ukukhumbula lezi zenzakalo kulo lonke impilo yakhe.

Ukuhambela kukaN. Khrushchev e-USA: ukuhlangana nezinyunyana zabasebenzi

Ukudumazeka kwangempela kumholi wethu kwakuwumhlangano nezinhlangano zezinyunyana e-United States. Wayecabanga ukuthi kuyobe ehlangana nabalingani bakhe emzabalazweni wezwe le-capitalist. O, othile, futhi "abasebenza kanzima" abancane kufanele bazonde "abacindezeli nabakhonza." Kodwa-ke, wayephutha: umholi weqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke lezinyunyana, uWalter Reiter, wagxekeza lonke uhlelo lobuhlanga lwe-USSR. UKrushchev uzame ukumangalela futhi ammangalele ngokuthi "uzothengisa isigaba sokusebenza," kodwa uReiter watshela uNicita Sergeyevich ngokusobala ukuthi akazange alwe nobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle ezweni lonke, kodwa wayekhuthaza kuphela ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabasebenzi.

Kamuva, ngemva kokubona imali engenayo yeReuters, iKrushchev yayiyofakazela ukuthi izindunankulu zazifumbathisa bonke abaholi bezinyunyana e-United States.

"Ikati elifile elifile"

Ngokuvamile, ukuvakashelwa kukaKhrushchev e-United States (1959) kwakuhambisana nokucasuka, ukuhlambalaza, ukudabuka komphakathi waseMelika. Imibuzo engathandeki kakhulu kwaba umholi wethu labo abathintekayo ekuvukeni kukaHungary. Wabachaza ngokuthi "i-cat efile", uveza ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zinde esikhathini esidlule, kanti izintatheli zisakhulisa le nkinga.

Uhambo lwesibili

Ukuvakasha kokuqala kukaKhrushchev e-US usuku olukhunjulwayo, kodwa kwakungewona uhambo olulodwa lomholi wethu "ezitheni zobukhosi". Kubonakala sengathi ngemuva kokuba umholi wethu e-United States ahlupheke ngo-1959, akakwazi ukubuyela lapho futhi. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1960, wakhuluma eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Eziyi-15 e-UN eNew York, lapho egxeke khona ukwanda kwe-capital e-Afrika e-Afrika. Kulo, wathembisa ukukhombisa izwe lonke "umama wokuzkina." AbamaMelika abesabisayo baphendule le nkulumo ethi "sizokungcwaba," futhi umholi weSoviet emehlweni eNtshonalanga yezwe washintsha waba umbusi ongenakwanele, olungele ukubhubhisa umhlaba wonke. Emva kwalokho, ukuvakashelwa okunobungane kukaKrushchev ukuya eU.SA (1961) akuzange kwenzeke, futhi isichazamazwi esithi "umama we-kuzkina" yaqala ukuchaza ukuthi "i-king-bhomu" ye-thermuclear "i-king-bomb" esebenze ngemva kwe-General Assembly.