Boyar Duma

Umsuka wegama elithi "nkosi" bonobumba. Futhi, azikho imithombo documentary, okuyinto ngabe ngokucacile ukuthi yini imisebenzi baye kunikezelwe. Esikwaziyo ukuthi useduze Prince abeluleki ukusiza ekhuluma ezindabeni ezibalulekile zesizwe.

Boyar Duma - umkhandlu unomphela ngaphansi isikhulu, ukuxazulula imibuto lesezingeni Zemsky. imisebenzi akhe angamalangabi uhlamvu zakonosoveschatelnogo. Isakhiwo ngaphandle boyars, babe zamasosha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi futhi abameleli abefundisi ephakeme.

Boyar Duma isinqumo ezinkulu nezindaba ukuphathwa, zangaphandle , imithetho enkantolo. Kanjalo, kwaxoxwa kanye Prince (inkosi). ZamaKhono, ibe nemalungelo kanye netibopho awazange ecacisiwe. Njengomthetho, baningana abantu ababe yizibukeli ngesikhathi umkhandlu, kodwa uma uxoxa izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, imihlangano yayiqhutshwa ngefomethi ukunwetshwa. Duma iqhaza ezindabeni izinyathelo zenkolo kanye zomthetho, amadivayisi yasekhaya, inqubomgomo angaphandle.

umhlangano Abaholi 'abe yisikhulu (inkosi), wabuye kwabulala izinqumo. Uma engekho, le misebenzi abenzele Boyar ogunyaziwe. Lapho ekhuluma umbuzo jikelele a izikhulu ezimbalwa ezweni angase umhlangano ngokuhlanganyela. Boyar Duma kwakuhlobene eduze ne isikhulu nje kwaba ingxenye enkulu ye ayephelezelwa, wathutha naye bengonozulane. Khona-ke, ngemva okhulisa Zemsky isici, ithole ukuzimela xaxa.

Boyar Duma phambi esezohola njengoba kudingeka ngekhulu le-15. Kamuva, waba nomzimba unomphela sokweluleka, eyakhiwa umabhalane umkhandlu, izicukuthwane yizikhonzi, izicukuthwane Duma. Eyokuqala ayephethe ehhovisi labaphathi futhi zaba izinqumo okusalungiswa. Zawubeka lenxusa, futhi namestnye icala kancane. Umabhalane umkhandlu kwaba isikhundla aphansi ebhodini.

Inkantolo isikhundla "courtier" ezazikhona isimo Russian kusukela 13 kuya 18 leminyaka. Ekuqaleni, umsebenzi wabo kwaba ukuhamba kudivayisi isikhulu, iqhaza ezingxoxweni kanye amanxusa. Courtier waba ngowesibili esigabeni emva Boyar Duma. Abantu ubambe okuthunyelwe, esimisiwe kwababusi regimental, amakhanda oda, athatha ingxenye enhlanganweni emikhosini enkantolo.

Duma wohlanga olukhulu Duma kwaba ngabesithathu. Ayebusa oda, aqokwe nababusi, lempi eyenziwa kanye nemisebenzi enkantolo, bahlanganyela imihlangano yoMkhandlu. Inombolo yabo lalilincane, ithambekele basonta kahle ozalwa igama lomndeni.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 (1606) kwi Zemsky Sobor ngesikhathi sokubusa kwaba "bamemeze bathi" Prince Vasily Shumsky, ngokuthi Knights. Ukuze uvikele i ukusekela Duma noma okungenani ngandlela-thile nokunciphisa ubutha yayo kuye, inkosi entsha banquma ukuphinde bahlangane okushiwo ebukhosini futhi abeke eziningi izibopho. Kule ndaba, yena ufungiswe njengoNdunankulu "krestotselovalnoy wemibhalo egcinwayo," okuyinto wathembisa ukuthi kuyoba: ukuba yahlulele ngaphandle Duma ukuphoqelela ihlazo hlanguzo eyanele, ukuze asuse impahla imindeni ababulawa. Ngakho, inkosi yakwa-amandla wawumncane. Nokho, isibopho eqinisweni ngokuvamile ayiphoqwa. Kulokhu, ezinye izazi-mlando isifungo Vasiliya Shuyskogo uthathwa njengomgcini nesinyathelo sokuqala esingaholela ngokwakha isimo esingokomthetho.

Boyarsky inkosi kwakudingeka abasekeli imbalwa, washintsha njengabangane futhi imibono yabo. ilungelo laKhe kwesihlalo sobukhosi, abalungisisayo kwaqala kudala uhlobo lwayo. Nokho, abantu azange abathembe kuye. Akazange ukujabulela noma igunya, futhi sinothando, ngoba ilizwi lakhe akanakuthenjwa. Yilokho okwaholela kokugumbuqelwa wakhe, okwenzeka ngo-July 17, 1610.

Boyar Duma waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekubuseni kaPetru mina, ikakhulukazi kuze kube 1711, lapho lenzeka iSigele.