Kahal - Iyini? Incazelo, omqondofana,

Ngolimi lanamuhla ke ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kutholakala izwi ifomu Kahal. Lokhu yikho emva izwi, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi? Zonke yinqaba ukuthi leli gama litholakala kuphela ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Zazo kwetilwimi kutawucala Kahal ngolimi yesimanje isiRashiya, kanti kusho ukuthini?

Kahal - kuyinto izwi isiHeberu sasendulo okusho embuthanweni, umbuthano wabantu. Leli fomu nokuguqulwa yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle kwavela ngemva kokubhujiswa nombuso wamaJuda. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Kahal kuyinto kucocisana phakathi kukahulumeni kanye nangomphakathi wamaJuda.

ukuvela

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano angamaJuda aye abonakala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa ifomu ephelele iningi Kahal Jewish yazuza ePoland. Kwakuwusuku maphakathi nekhulu le-16. It ke wathatha balolonge kuvisisa lokho Kahal. Incazelo leligama lingadlulisela elithi "kucocisana". Okuvela kuyo inhlangano ezifana ezizimele kwaba umphumela yokuhlala ehlukile lamaJuda ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene kanye nobuhlobo bawo obukhethekile izinduna.

okusho kahal

Kahal - umphakathi united nsuku kazwelonke. Le nqubo yokwelapha ethile yamaJuda kwezinye izizwe wabaholela zenze phambi umphakathi ukuba nobutha. Ngakho umJuda wahlala umshini isimo wedwa - sesikhashana wakhonza kahal therebetween. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okubangela umonakalo emzimbeni noma impahla, kunciphise amathuba ukuhlukunyezwa nokunye. Zonke kagals isiqingatha kwekhulu XIV yesibili, ngikutholile ukuzimela yayo futhi 'isimo phakathi isimo. "

imiphakathi yamaJuda kwakungafanele kuncike iziphathimandla zendawo - bakhetha ukuya namagunya aphakeme. Izinceku zenkosi - cishe isimo ekhethekile Kuye kwanikezwa kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, amaJuda. Lemisebenti yalezi zinceku ukuthi kulawulwa ekhethekile oda bobukhosi - "Ilungelo" Lokukhuluma, iza Kahal. Lolu ukuphendula kwenziwe ngqo, ngokudlula neziphathimandla zendawo. Kagals banezimfanelo ukuzimela okugcwele emkhakheni wezimali, zokugcinwa komthetho, ukulawula zemfundo nakwezenkolo.

Lwezezimali umsebenzi kahal

Duty ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amaJuda, amalungu Kahal, - inkokhelo serviceable kwezintela yengcebo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imali eqoqwe ezivela emphakathini, bese njalo efakwe endaweni yengcebo isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kagan wagomela kwezimali ezikhethekile okuhloswe ngaso ukusekela abafelokazi nezintandane, ukuqeqeshwa abampofu, ukusekela abampofu. Ingxenye izimali eziqoqiwe esikhwameni olukhethekile lwaba ukugwazela futhi izikhulu isifumbathiso. Foreman e kagalom ungase ukuqoqa isizumbulu, okuyinto wayengaphansi amaJuda usizo kahal.

duty zokwahlulela

ukuzimela Okugcwele avunyelwe imiphakathi yamaJuda ngokwabo ngaso kute amemetele futsi ukusungula kuvele ukuthi unecala noma ummangalelwa. Wahlulela amaJuda e kagalom Dayan - ilungu Ephakeme oPhethe Kahal amalungelo amajaji wokuziphilisa. Isinqumo sakhe phezu icala wabeka umthetho izinhlawulo. Ukuze amacala amancane esithola emihle zemali ezimbalwa. Ukuze uthole sina infraction izinhlawulo zazinzima: kuhlawuliswa, ukuxoshwa emphakathini, kanti kwezinye izindawo, isinqumo senziwe ezokhipha wabalahla. Imisebenzi sokwahlulelwa abahleli Kahal yayinelungelo lokugunyaza sokuthatha isinyathelo ukuzivikela, uma izinkantolo esesidlangalaleni ummangalelwa wayengumJuda.

izikhundla zokuphatha

Kahal - alibonwa iyunithi indawo, okuyinto esihlanganisa amaJuda wesifunda eyodwa. Lokhu kuhlobana eyayidingeka ukuze ukuqoqwa intela kahulumeni isimiso zemithwalo yemfanelo ngokuhlanganyela. Zonke amaJuda kufanele zabelwe kanti futhi unendawo eqondile yokuhlala. ukufuduka yabo elawulwa ukuxhumana phakathi kagalom ezahlukene. Kwezinye izindawo nge nemizana emikhulu yamaJuda ahlakazekile futhi kwakunzima ukulawula ukusebenza kwemali ku Kahal. Kwanqunywa ukwakha okuncane kakhulu - podkagalkov abenza umsebenzi kahal endaweni ethile futhi bazithoba kuyo ngokuqondile.

Waad

Labo emazweni lapho kagalom baba baningi kakhulu, kwakheka uhlobo superstructure phezu kagalom - lalibizwa Vaad. Nge igama lesiHebheru elihunyushwa ngokuthi "iKomidi".

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Vaad lasetshenziswa insimu ka Lithuania nePoland kanye basebenzisane ngqo kuhulumeni. Ngakho, Seimas, amiswe lemali ukuthi amaJuda aphoqeleka ukuba ukhokhele ngonyaka, kanye Vaad bathumela izithunywa kulo lonke izwe, eyathola ukuthi solvency we Kagan, futhi ngokwaleli kokuhlaziywa kunqunywa inani izimali owethulwa kagalom. Uma endaweni kwakungelona ayengakwenza imiphakathi hhayi singacebile, futhi Kahal etholakalayo ukukhokha lemali edingekayo, ngoba nayo izimbuzane acebile. Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa wasiza amaJuda ukusinda endaweni enobutha - ngoba ngamunye wabo ngakubona ukusekela umphakathi.

imisebenzi Sikhungo nakwezenkolo

imisebenzi benkolo bamaJuda Kagan kwaphela kwetakhiwo zenkolo, emikhosini yenkolo, nemingcwabo, basale sebeqhuba nokugcinwa imicikilisho ethile ubudala nokunye. Ukugujwa amasiko futhi iziqondiso balandela Orabi. Ngesikhathi ngokubona wabadala imiphakathi ukunikeza ukudla kosher, equkethwe izibhedlela, amakhaya ezintandane amakhaya. Umsebenzi oyinhloko zemfundo kwakuyilawa: imfundo yezingane kanye intsha ukuba imithetho ubudala kanye namasiko, kanye okuqukethwe ezikoleni zenkolo yesibili.

Sakhiwo sangekhatsi kahal

Isibalo amalungu ebhodi komphakathi wamaJuda zabantu 30-40. Foreman Kagan - ngokuvamile ilungu evikelekile kakhulu nabahlonishwa emphakathini, eholwa kwamalungu avamile leBhodi Kagan futhi amelwe emphakathini wamaJuda kumibuthano eliphakeme. Abaphathi abakhulu lalinabashumayeli abaholi ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha (roshey) - Amalungu exchangeable namalungu amathathu unomphela zokuhlonipha - bebizelwa zaseTuva. Roshi yanjalo wabusa kagalom, bangazihluphi okuthunyelwe womgcinimafa noma Usayitsheni (Parnassus).

Imihlangano Kagan ivulekile - ahileleka amalungu ebhodi hhayi kuphela, kodwa abamele futhi akhethiwe omphakathi. amalungu okunjalo akhethwe babengavunyelwe ukuvota, kodwa ngenxa iseluleko abazikhethele Kagan. Abaqokelwe ibhodi nababe onesibophezelo sanoma yikuphi amaphrojekthi omphakathi - ngokwesibonelo, esiza abantulayo noma inhlalakahle yokukhosela, esikoleni, noma almshouse.

Sunset Control Jewish

Ukuwohloka isimo somnotho jikelele sabonakala ukusebenza Kahal. Kancane kancane, abaholi bomphakathi shorted amandla kuye ngokwakhe. I umthwalo ngokwezimali isakazwa Ukuboshelwa - iningi kwentela ekhokhwa kwamalungu avamile omphakathi. Kwakubacasula abakhileyo ocebile emizaneni nasemadolobheni amancane - ukuthi yena wanithwesa umthwalo osindayo "Jewish" ukufaka nokuxhaswa Kagan akubanga. Long ngakho abakwazanga ukuya ku, futhi Kahal waqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi - amaJuda ayethanda ukukhokha izintela ngamunye, ngaphandle kokubona yimiphi Ukuvikelwa Kahal noma ukusekelwa.

XIX - XX leminyaka

Ekhulwini XIX eMbusweni Russian ayekuthathile izinguquko eziningana okuhloswe ngaso ukwamukelwa nguzulu amaJuda ezweni. Ngakho-ke kakhulu ukushintsha umsebenzi ukuthi yenza Kahal. Lokhu okuqanjwa kabusha ngezindlela eziningi ibhekwa emphakathini wamaJuda, kodwa kwakunzima ukwenza lutho - Kahal umsebenzi ngokuqhubekayo ngofaka isimo. Ngakho, isinqumo 1804 zonke AmaJuda kwakudingeka ukubika kumabhuku omuzi - ngakho-ke hlola ukunyakaza kanye nemisebenzi amaJuda iyiswe iziphathimandla zedolobha. Ngo 1827, ukunikezelwa ukubuthela impi ngabelwa kagals, futhi ngo-1835 kagals ezihlelwe kukhanselwe. ukuhoxiswa enjalo ngokuyinhloko ezifudumele amaJuda abavamile: izincwadi zentela babe angenandaba, futhi saba sikhulu kangangokuthi yavusa ukucasula mass emphakathini esikalini zenkohlakalo. Umthetho senziwa izinto ezivimbela intela entsha zamaJuda, futhi sinqatshiwe ukuba abahlulele noma ukwenza isijeziso - zokwahlulela imisebenzi zadluliselwa neziphathimandla zohulumeni basekhaya. Ukuze kagalom babe nemisebenzi zemfundo kanye zenkolo kuphela, siyivumele ukuba ukuqhuba imigidi bafundise izingane zabo ngokuvumelana nokholo lwabo. Banikwa kuya zokukhosela inhlalakahle kanye nezibhedlela abampofu.

Njengoba kagals enjalo yayikhona ngaphambi Februwari 1917. Ngemva umthetho ekhethekile amaJuda ilingane lonke abakhileyo isimo futhi wathola amalungelo nezibopho efanayo.

Wesimanje wale izwi

Njengamanje, lo mqondo cishe akazange asebenzise ngomqondo ongokoqobo. Kodwa sikhuluma ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso namanje wasebenzisa igama elithi "Kahal". Synonyms of izwi - hum, umsindo kusukela ekukhulumeni eziningi abantu, umsindo, ukudideka, njll