Ukugcwaliswa ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow. Iminyaka III futhi Ivan Basil III

Ukuphela xv nokuqala XVI ekhulwini - umngcele phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi nesikhathi okusha, eyaziwa ngokuthi Yempucuko, kwaba inkathi kumiswa sokugcina iningi amazwe aseYurophu. Kulesi sigaba kukhona futhi ukuphothulwa ubunye emazweni Russian emhlabeni ubukhulu eMoscow. Kumemori zabantu ziphila amagama ezintweni zayo kanye executors. Lawa kwakungamadodana ezo grand Ivan Iii, owabusa kusukela ngo 1462 by 1505, futhi indodana yakhe, Vasily III, owayesesimweni amandla avela 1505 kuya 1533.

Izici yinye baseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseRussia

Kufanele ngokushesha kuqashelwe ukuthi eRussia kanye emazweni eziyinhloko zaseYurophu, kusho inyunyana umhlaba ngaphambilini wahlukanisa senzeka ngo ezingokoqobo emlandweni ezahlukene. E-West, ukudalwa uthi eyodwa ukwandisa ukukhula zokukhiqiza impahla, okuyinto yena, inyuka ngo ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali futhi ekhishwa umnotho kusukela ukulimela ukuziphilisa ozimele eduze.

ERussia, konke kwakwehlukile. Emakhulwini amabili ka Tartar ijoka behlisa lokuthuthukiswa komnotho walo namasiko, futhi ngenxa ubunye Rus iphutha ngokumelene nenhlangano izinduna komnotho, ngokungangabazeki eyasebenza njengodonga isithiyo kule nqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekudalweni kwendoda isimo eyodwa kwenzeka enyakatho-entshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, njengoba iningi amazwe eningizimu ahlangabezana kuzo ingxenye yokuqala Kievan Rus, waba enamathiselwe eHungary, ePoland naseLithuania.

Ukuhlukana - imbangela ekuthumbeni emazweni Russian

Ngokungangabazeki, isizathu esiyinhloko ekunqotshweni Udelnaya Russia Golden zidlamlilo kwaba kwehlukana kwaso, elingasebenza njengesibuko isibonelo uVladimir ubukhulu, ihlukaniswe ngemva kokufa bombusi wawo ozimisele ukwenza Prince Vsevolod phakathi izindlalifa, futhi waba isisulu esilula of abanqobi. Futhi izenzakalo ezifanayo emlandweni Russia kwaleyo nkathi usukela yonke indawo. Abaningi Grand Duchy, ngemva ukuzihlukanisa kwabo ku fiefdoms encane, balahlekelwa amandla zabo zangaphambili futhi walahlekelwa ikhono simelane isitha. umlando National ligcwele izibonelo ezinjalo.

Nokho, abacwaningi bakholelwa khona kosongo kusukela Golden zidlamlilo, futhi kamuva Khanate ahlukene, yena bahlukana, futhi inqubomgomo nolaka omakhelwane Western yashesha kakhulu kwaqedwa ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow, okwenza kube kubalulekile. Okunengi credit kungokwalabo nokuqaliswa kwalo enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi 1462, u-Ivan III.

UMdali isimo esihlanganisiwe

Kamuva abe uyisihluthulelo ngempela emlandweni isiRashiya, lo mbusi, ngikutholile izandla zabo phezu eliphakeme, ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni, eseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili kuphela. Ukuba waphumelela sezombusazwe kude-sekuqhamuke, wayengumuntu wokuqala emlandweni wezwe waziwa ngokuthi "Emperor of All Russia." Kwakungesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe waba uwuphawu ukhozi zethu ezimbili esinamakhanda, futhi eMoscow Yakhiwa, ongagcini kube yilolu suku itshe Kremlin.

Ivan III, shade nomshana kombusi WaseByzantium, owethulwa enkantolo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke mkhosi aluhlaza, hhayi eliphansi kuya labo nabazali bokutholwa lapho izinkantolo European. Kwaba ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, izwi ubudala Russ ukuthi ngelinye ngu wamanje - Russian. Wafeza izinguquko ezinkulu emkhakheni zokuphatha, waba omunye abalobi Sudebnik abadumile - iqoqo imithetho civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu.

Ikhodi Imithetho Ivan III

Ngokusho lokhu, intuthuko kakhulu ngesikhathi sawo ncwadi, Boyar Duma yasungulwa ngo-Grand Duke. abameleli balo banikezwe ukuphathwa izindawo ngabanye okuphila zomphakathi kanye baba kwababusi e emashalofini nababusi kwesikhulu emizini.

Kwazanywa emisha oda - kuhulumeni, okwakubekelwa iholwa esimisiwe ngokukhethekile ezicukuthwaneni noma onobhala onobhala. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, noma kunjalo - ezifundeni, ukuphathwa eyenziwa okuthiwa volostelyami - elawula isakhiwo ehlanganisa abantu abakhululekile.

Yomthetho esungulwe esiqinile esilawula ngobuholi we boyars zendawo icacisa izinhlawulo kungenzeka uma non-ukuhambisana oda kwesikhulu. Izihloko eziningana zakhe ngokuphathelene inhlangano kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Esikhundleni owedlule disparate amaqembu izikhulu wadala ibutho enobunye. Endaweni gentry-kulendawo Bekulindeleke, uma kunesidingo, kwenziwe kutholakale Grand Duke futhi ngezindleko zakhe siqu ukuhlomisa inamba athile kuyehla kube unyawo nezigqila ngamahhashi. Inombolo yabo kwakuxhomeke ngokwezinga umnikazi ifa.

Joyina i-Moscow fiefdoms ngaphambilini ezimele

sezombusazwe Hlakaniphile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ehlakaniphe kakhulu, Ivan ephethwe, ekugwemeni udweshu evulekile, afeze uxhumano eMoscow, nje enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia. Lolu suku lwaqala ngo 1468, ngesikhathi izikhulu ezithile Yaroslavl, beqaphela igunya obuphakeme Ivan, langena nokuzithoba kwakhe.

kamuva Eminyakeni emine kwafika Omkhulu Perm ingxenye ubukhulu bakhe. Rostov ubukhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ezimele uhhafu kuphela - ingxenye kodwa abathenge wesibili ngaphambi kokuba (sic) uyise ka-Ivan III, eMoscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. Ngo 1474, umsebenzi waqhubeka futhi ngenxa yalokho, yonke indawo ezisele yanika eRussia.

Ezinye nobunzima Kwavuka ukubusa Tver, sizungezwe indandatho ngisho nangaphambi emazweni eMoscow. Abakhulu kuze usanda kuzama ukungena phikisana Ivan, sivikele uzibuse, kodwa emehlweni retinue yakhe enkulu, kusondela kuya ezindongeni zomuzi, kwaba impikiswano esiphoqayo kangangokuthi babengakwazi uyashesha ukuthatha isifungo sokwethembeka.

Inqubo okwalandela kuhlanganisiwe ukubusa e 1489 Vyatskiye izwe endaweni yokudoba ebalulekile. Bona agcwaliswa le igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini we zezimali ezinkulu, tsenivsheysya emakethe international - uboya.

Ngenxa yalokho we yinye inqubomgomo Russian, okuyinto njalo wajaha Ivan III, ngaphezu liyanda umnotho walo namandla ezempi, anda isithunzi isimo. Lokhu kuholele ezingeni lokuthi kule minyaka yokuqala, kuyofika ngekhulu XVI inani elikhulu izikhulu isiRashiya, wafika evela ezifundeni entshonalanga yezwe, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene ukuthi ziwile enkonzweni kubabusi Lithuanian, abuyela ezweni lawo.

nhlekelele Novgorod

Nokho, akuwona wonke ezigabeni beqeda ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow kwenzeka zonakala. Isibonelo salokhu izenzakalo ezimangalisayo ezenzeka lapho zenzeka emhlabeni Novgorod, esehlale kuze kube manje ezimele Boyar Republic. Kuyo umphumela ukuphathwa kabusha, Kwasetshenziswa e 1410, waqiniswa yila amandla izikhulu oligarchic, futhi isinqumo Basil Dark kusukela 1456, unikezwa inkosana ephakeme kakhulu igunya lendawo zokwahlulela.

Ukwesaba (futhi kufanele) ukulahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu amalungelo emva kwakuwukuthi Novgorod eMoscow, wahola boyars, ephethwe Posad umfelokazi Marfoy Boretskoy, ukufuna usizo kusukela Lithuanian Prince Casimir, uvumelana eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari esimweni ukwesekwa yayo ekulweni ne-Ivan III. Besabela kuleso simemo, isikhulu eMoscow babethathe izinyathelo ezinqala ngenxa okuyinto e 1471 iyiswe edlubulundayo idolobha ibutho united, yakhiwa amaqembu azo zonke eMoscow principalities subordinated.

I-agumenti kubalulekile, esangenza Ivan III esikhathini esifushane ukuze abuthele enjalo ibutho umxhwele Novgorod laliwukuthi kuyiwe ngaphansi kwegunya umbusi Katolika, kanjalo enikeza isizathu icala lokufuna bashintshisane okholweni Orthodox "Latin". Ngokungafani eMoscow lezisebenzi zokuzithandela, izihlubuki selibuthile okukhulu kakhulu, kodwa ongaqeqeshiwe nengenawo abezempi abahlomile. Phakathi nempi yokugcina, eyaqala ngo-Shelon emfuleni, anqotshwa futhi baxosha.

Nokho, naphezu ukunqotshwa nhlobo Novgorod wakwazi ukuxoxa ngumholi, ngokukhokha lokumiswa eningi isikhathi esithile ukuze ulondoloze izinsalela ukuzimela wangaphambili. Ekugcineni, Novgorod ukuthi lebhalwe eMoscow ngo 1478. A isenzo ufanekisela bokuhlukaniswa ilungelo lokuzibusa kwaba ekuthatheni lo Novgorod kwenhlangano yabo insimbi, kusukela kudala ibizwe kubo ukubhekana nezindaba ezibalulekile zamanje.

Emva kokuhambisa ka Novgorod iSikhulu iMoscow yayingenye ukuba ukunqoba Tver ubukhulu azigcina kuze kube manje ukuzimela. Lapha, ngendlela ethile ke okuphindaphindiwe indaba efanayo eNovgorod. Tver isikhulu, bekholelwa ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubashumayeza sidudule ephakeme eMoscow, ucele ukuba kube usizo kubabusi efanayo Lithuanian njengoba Novgorod, futhi ngenxa yalokho baba lusizi zabulawa.

Phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka amane nantathu wokubusa kwakhe, u-Ivan III baphishekela ngemgomo munye - ubunye emazweni disparate Russian. Ngenxa yalesi wangena umlando kazwelonke njengoba "Collector kwamazwe Russian." -Wathobisa eziningi phambilini obuwaziwa ezimele Grand Duchy.

Ukuphela ijoka Tartar

Kodwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ibhodi yayo futhi kuphawulwe enjalo isenzakalo esibalulekile njengoba ukuphela kwenkathi Tartar ijoka, okuyinto kwaphawulwa ukunqoba amabutho kwesikhulu eMoscow phezu izindimbane Ahmad Khan ku eMfuleni Ugra e 1480. It yafinyelelwa okungaka bokuphakama yezempi njengomunye zezombusazwe okunekhono, okwaphumela Ivan III ngakwazi ukwenza sizana YaseCrimea Khan, owayeyilungu isitha ebuhlungu nje umphikisi wakhe samanje, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iwukudambisa isenzo Ahmed Khan, ally, Lithuanian King. Ngenxa yalokho, beqaphela yithemba of empini, amaTartar wayeshiye izikhundla zabo futhi zinhlanga.

Owalandela ibhizinisi likayise

Ngo 1505 YaseMoscow sobukhosi grand indodana Ivan III, Vasily III, kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kakhulu ehhovisi wazibonakalisa owalandela ibhizinisi likayise. Ngenxa autocrat kweqiniso, wahola Inqubomgomo ezinzima, injongo okwakukhona ukubhubhisa simiso esidala principalities babiza eMoscow kwakusadingeka ngaleso sikhathi principalities esizimele Rus.

Kungalungile ukusho ukuthi isikhulu esincane sasikanye hhayi eliphansi kuya uyise noma ekutholweni izenzo zakhe, noma ikhono lokukhetha ngabo okwamanje ukuzenza athandeke. Kule ndaba, ukunamathela wandile kuya ubukhulu BaseMoscow Pskov, owayebizwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi kulawulwa Lithuania. Ukuze wenze lokhu, Basil wathatha kuyadamba yakhe kubangelwa ayehlasela YaseCrimea AmaTatar.

Wayengekhona elingenalo zobuqili esingokwemvelo kuyise. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1509 Basil 3 beyalwa ukuba angafika naye Novgorod, Pskov abameleli tenements, kanye bonke labo ayenganelisekile nesifiso sakhe ukuletha Pskov komthetho eMoscow. Zonke efika wayaleza, wasola ukuntuleka uyamethemba, futhi iningi labo abulawe.

IBhodi Basil 3 abuqede edolobheni yangaphambili Ukuzibusa. Ngemva ukubulawa kwabo abameleli bomuzana Pskov, zinyanga emlandweni waso, umkhandlu, lowemukela isinqumo ekugcwalisekeni kwemibandela zonke izidingo kokwesikhulu. Pskov Funky insimbi, njengoba kwenza umuntu wakubo Novgorod, wadutshulwa kususwe ngokuphelele edolobheni.

Esikhathini esizayo, ukuze bazivikele ukuphikiswa kungenzeka by anamathisela edolobheni ezintweni zakhe, isikhulu abasha azixoshwanga ke imindeni ezingamakhulu amathathu abacebe ukuhlala endaweni yabo, isamba alinganayo ngokusobala abaqotho kuye abantu abasuka kwezinye izindawo. Nokho, lo mbono ingeyona kuye, futhi uyise Ivan III, nje ukubhalisa ngesikhathi esifanele kubantu okunothile Novgorod yanqotshwa. Njengoba saqedwa ngo Pskov Funky uhlelo langaphambilini, Basil 3 ukuphathiswa ukulawula ababusi bayo.

Phambili inqubo ngokuhlanganisa izwe

Ngemva kweminyaka emine, Ngokuqhubeka ukuze silandele udaba lwakhe inyunyana Russia, Vasily III wajoyina ubukhulu bakhe ka Smolensk, reconquered ke ngo-1514 naseLithuania. Imemori kwalesi sehlakalo immortalized ngesikhathi kudalwa eMoscow Novodevichy Sezindela. Kwakuthinta ngikweluleke idluliselwe Smolensk Isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, waqaphela njengoba ngokuyisimangaliso, bakhuleka njengoba primordial umvikeli imingcele Russia.

Ukuqedelwa sokugcina ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow yathinteka ngemva ngo-1521 e isimo wangena Ryazan ubukhulu. Kwaba ngaphambi kwencika ezithile ku izikhulu eMoscow, kodwa ukugcina ukuzimela ngandlela-thile. Nokho, kwaba kufika ithuba lika-abakhileyo Ryazan futhi babe izakhamuzi zaseMoscow.

The main emizimbeni nokubusa

Ngalesi ukuhlangana kwamazwe Russian yaqedwa esimweni esisodwa, elaba ngobukhulu emasontweni aseYurophu futhi ngokuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Russia. Kodwa le nqubo izindawo enyakatho-mpumalanga futhi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia kuphela wathinta. Ukuletha efanayo ngaphansi intonga ababusi eMoscow, elisendaweni emazweni ningizimu-ntshonalanga futhi iyaqhubeka iba engaphansi kwe eHungary, ePoland naseLithuania, kwaba indaba nje yokuzitshela esizayo.

Ukugcwaliswa ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow yafuna ukudalwa waphansi uyakwazi ukunikeza ukuphathwa eyodwa isimo okudalwe kabusha. Agcina eseyinto Boyar Duma. Ngo yakhe yokuqala futhi kufakwe abameleli amakilasi amabili eliphezulu ngesikhathi we boyars nezikhonzi, kodwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu xv ngezithako zawo ukungezwa izikhulu ezweni enamathiselwe eMoscow, siqotho umbusi ophakeme. Boyar Duma ukuthi ophucwa kwesiShayamthetho kwadingeka ubunjalo umzimba ngenhloso yokuthola ivoti elifanele.

Phakathi nokubusa Basil 3 ejensi ezimbili isimo, yabeka isisekelo kwakhiwa kamuva uhlelo mandative Kwamiswa. Lawa kwakungamadodana okuthiwa Isigodlo kanye noMgcinimafa. Eyokuqala ukudlulisa nokuphathwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, okuqondene Grand Duke, futhi ukuziphatha lesibili kwakubhalwe ezezimali, ingobo yomlando futhi uphawu isimo.

Ngokwabacwaningi kakhulu, kwaqedwa ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe izuzwe sibonga nendima eyadlalwa Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia enqubeni. Thuthukisa ngentengo yaso ukuxazulula izindaba eziphuthumayo kazwelonke nomthelela ukwakhiwa e 1448 ngesikhathi Metropolitan esihlalweni sobukhosi Ryazan Metropolitan uJona. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ibandla eRussia sathola isimo autocephalous, okungukuthi ehlukile futhi zizimele kusukela nezinye amasonto zendawo, futhi ayikwazanga ngenkuthalo ukuthonya inqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle isimo.

Zezombusazwe ezingeni elisha

Muscovy kwekhulu le-16 ukuthi sesakhiwe ngokusebenzisa nokuhlanganiswa emazweni ngaphambili owayengenalusizo disparate aluthola isimo ehluke ngokuphelele ezindabeni inqubomgomo angaphandle. Uma ngaphambilini kwaba kuphela ngoba elala khans iGolden zidlamlilo nebanga elilinganiselwe izikhulu ke ngemva lizwe laqala ukumela inyunyana Elikhulu isizwe Russian nombusi walo ukubizwa ngokuthi unguMbusi sekuyinto endaweni yalo efanele e-Europe.

Ukuhileleka Russian wafika ezingeni ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngemva yaqedwa umhlaba kokuhlanganiswa North-Eastern Russia, eMoscow, zamanxusa bakudala baqala ukuza hhayi ukuba engozini ukuya expanses Russian ku Novgorod. Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu kwabangela abanye nobunzima, njengoba ngaphambilini ukubhekana kuphela izinduna, abathi ukholo efanayo futhi abakhuluma ulimi olufanayo. Manje, ngesikhathi izingxoxo kwadingeka ukuba acabangele izici kwezezinye izinkolo, nokuthi ukuyisebenzisa otolika, futhi kamuva ngokufunda ngezilimi.

Amaningi, uquketheni lowo ezimbili izikhulu eMoscow Ivan III, kanye nendodana yakhe eyamlandela Wezindaba Vasily III elingenakuphikwa. Ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yabo, izincwadi, wathumela phesheya, uye kusukela wasayina Isiqu esithi 'iSikhulu eMoscow All Russia. " Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi zonke eRussia ivaliwe kuze kube dwala ukuthi ungaqhubeka ukumelana nanoma iluphi uvivinyo.