Eduard Bernstein: Imibono Basic

Nguye ababuza nokuqina imfundiso kaZiqu kaMarx. Njengoba umsekeli acacile imibono kwezenhlalo yeningi, wayengumuntu nombhali theory entsha revisionism which constituted ngesisekelo ukuguqulwa ohlelweni inkolelo, okuyinto banamathela SDS. Lo muntu - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Marxism nenhloko Second International wayeqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi imfundiso "ukuwa capitalism" futhi inkolelo-mbono ye-"phansi yesigaba sabasebenzi" e impande okungalungile. Alo, ngubani-ke, u-Eduard Bernstein, futhi kungani kusenjalo waba owayephikisana Marx? Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Iminyaka Engu esakhula

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Eduard Bernstein, biography kabani iDemo iyathakazelisa mlando kanye nososayensi yezombusazwe, wazalelwa emkhayeni wamaJuda. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-January 6, 1850 eJalimane. abazali Edward ayengathobekile ocebile, kodwa, nokho, bakwazi ukunikeza inzalo yabo lokuthola imfundo. Ikusasa Social Democrats eseqedile esikoleni labafana yangasese ', bese kokuqala ukuya esikoleni.

le nsizwa engena School of Commerce. Ukuba abathweswe iziqu zalo, wathola umsebenzi wokuba umabhalane endaweni yasebhange isikhungo elula eyayithengwe Rothschilds enhloko-dolobha German.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, kakade eseyinsizwa iqala ukuba ahileleke imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Ngesikhathi ngisafunda esikoleni, awumisa band ngokuthi "Utopia", ehlanganisa abantu ababa imibono yakhe. Ngo-1872, intsha zijoyine German-Social Democratic Party. Ngo parallel, njengoba esethembise umshado emisebenzini lesibonwa emkhakheni wezombusazwe. Ngokushesha u-Eduard Bernstein, ogama biography waziwa lungelona olwawo wonke umuntu, kuba umsekeli theory sezenhlalo athuthukile Dühring. Esikhathini 1870s ngasekupheleni, iziphathimandla German ziye zathi iphephandaba esikhishwe Social Democrats, ngemva kwalokho le nsizwa waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye izwe lakubo.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

Kwalokho wathuthela eSwitzerland. Okwesikhathi esithile le nsizwa esebenza njenge unobhala ngesikhathi usomabhizinisi Hochberg, okuyinto imali izincwadi eziningana Social Democrats.

Esikhathini 1880s zokuqala, Eduard Bernstein yaqala ukusebenza e-amaphephabhuku "Social Democrat" njengoba umhleli. Kulesi sikhundla, ayeyisebenzela cishe iminyaka engu-10, abe Abashokobezi frank kuthiwa ke ukubekezela iphelile iziphathimandla Swiss, Social Democrats kanye zixoshwa ezweni. Ngemva Edward uhambela UK, lapho isiphelo sayo kuletha naye Engels. Abantu abashadile baba abangane abaseduze, futhi Bernstein - lweli imfundiso kaMarx.

eJalimane

Esikhathini 1890s zokuqala, Edward ekugcineni bavunyelwe ukuba babuyele ezweni lenkaba yakhe, lapho ligxile imizamo career yakhe yezombusazwe. Kuleli qophelo, wagcina wenza isinqumo khona lapho kukhethwa imfundiso.

Ngo-1902, i-Social Democrats yaba ilungu ephalamende laseJalimane. Yena uzosebenzisana ikhefu elincane kulesi umthamo kuze 1928.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela revisionism

Emlandweni Bernstein wangena njengenhlangano omelene eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu kaMarx, okuyinto ayifuni avumelane hhayi wonke amalungiselelo ayo, kodwa kuphela abanye. Wabuye bahlakulele imfundiso ka revisionism.

Umbhali waphikelela ngokuthi ithiyori kaMarx idinga wokubuyekeza, ngoba kuphambene umuzwa omusha zomlando iziqu zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni njengendlela imfundiso zezombusazwe nendlela yokufundisa kumane kunesidingo. Kodwa ukubukwa labetibambile Eduard Bernstein, futhi ukuzalwa revisionism atholwa nobunzima ngumholi Russian Revolution Vladimirom Leninym.

Ezinkondlweni zakhe "Izinkinga ndawonye" futhi "Izinkinga Sokusebenzela kanye nentando yeningi social" Social Democrats washayelwa mqondo akhe ayisisekelo: "Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela - konke nge umgomo oyinhloko - lutho".

Ingqikithi yalo ukugxekwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kaMarx

Ubizwa, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, wakungabata ngokunemba amalungiselelo athile Marxism ngokuya ubuqiniso ngokwesayensi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, ukuba imfundiso ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa capitalism ngeke ukuyithukuthelisa phansi yesigaba sabasebenzi. Yini ingakamiswa bavumelana, Eduard Bernstein? Imibono eziyisisekelo Marxism esekelwe yokuthi uhlelo wobunxiwankulu kuhilela lokuhlushwa esiyisibopho dolobha kuwo wonke imikhakha yezomnotho, futhi wawalahla. Ngokwe-Social Democrats, kulapho athuthukile uhlelo isicebi, le obunganakekile kuwukuphikisana ekilasini, futhi izimpilo zabasebenzi abavamile kuleli cala, kumele kutsi tentiwe ncono ngezithukuthuku kugucuka nesimo.

Futhi na nekwakha umbuso nomphakathi yohlobo wobunxiwankulu ithuluzi ezibaluleke kakhulu - isishayamthetho, lapho "elivulekile ngomqondo" kufanele amelwe iningi.

Nokho, Bernstein kuyinto umsekeli kabusha kancane kancane izikhungo kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Futhi izimiso lokuzibusa yobumbano intando yeningi kumelwe futhi 'soft' futhi "ukuhlolwa" lwenteke. Nokho esdekov lixwayisa ngempoqo (athutha) by ukubhidliza ukulandelana, kungenjalo umphakathi ungakwazi asibhekene nesimo esibucayi.

Empeleni nakuba lo mkhuba akakaqinisekisi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Marx no Engels, owawuthi kuphela ekuthatheni ahlomile kwamandla sabasebenzi ka kungaholela "komphakathi" komnotho.

"Kungenzeka yini ukuba socialism ngokwesayensi?"

Ngakho umsebenzi Eduarda Bernshteyna, abhalwe 1901. Kuyo, efakwe ezindaweni eziyinhloko wezinguquko eziphathelene imodeli kaMarx ukuthuthukiswa. Umqondo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni Social Democrats sixoxe ngamaphuzu amathathu umbono. Eyokuqala kusho socialism njengendlela ithiyori, ngesisekelo okuyizinto ekilasini ukuphikisana.

Ukubuka wesibili Positioning into njengoba ukunyakaza ngenxa yokushintsha kohlelo lamakhephithalisti epulazini collective ne izilawuli. Esesithathu kusikisela ukuthi socialism - imfundiso elikhombisa indlela ekukhuleni komphakathi.

Eduard Bernstein kulo msebenzi wagcizelela ukuthi limenyezelwe umgomo ukungqubuzana ekilasini njengoba imigomo ekahle ekukhuleni komphakathi - kuba iphutha zakudala.

"Njalo postulate imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, elakhiwa ngo isimo isayensi, kufanele kubekwe i umthetho EsiZulwini asinayo uchungechunge bonakaliso yayo okunengqondo. A isihloko Ukubambisana eduze uma uprakthiza, lapho socialism ihlose, leli qiniso kwezinye izimo kungase sehliselwe akukho ukunyakaza esisebenzayo, "- ubhala" bichevatel "of Marxism.

Bernstein ubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi nezimboni njengoba ukuhlanganiswa umkhuba futhi imfundiso akusho umboleke ngokwayo ukuze substantiation yesayensi, nakuba engazange abe uludinga. Iqiniso ukuthi imfundiso zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kuyinto iphila kuphela isimo ukuthi kuhlinzekwe ezinye umbhedesho zokuziphatha nezomthetho.

Nokho abantu besikhathi revisionist esdekov esichazwa ngokuthi eliphelele kwenqatshwa indlela futhi Marxism theory.

Isimo Siqu ukuze Marxism Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein njengoba ideologue sokubusa ngentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle ezimfundisweni noKarla Marksa sengqondo kuyadida. Wabona-ke njengoba i-focus kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ekilasini emzabalazweni, umlando, ifilosofi, wezomnotho kwezombangazwe capitalism, nale Symbiosis olusha cutting edge ucwaningo isimo zomphakathi.

Eduard Bernstein wakwazi kancane iwukudambisa bangasephula naletintfo eziyisisekelo Marxism, kodwa ukwehlukanisa kuyo ngasohlangothini oluhle. Ikakhulu, i-Social Democrats babekholelwa leli thuba ukuthi izimfundiso noKarla Marksa bakwazi yokuqinisa co-ezikhona ezimbili ukutolika zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni: engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba kanye nemisebenzi engokomoya theory.

Izazi-mlando zinombono ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko ukucabanga Bernstein kwakuyilungelo ukwethembeka bokusungula. WayeyiZwi lokuqala abalandeli izimfundiso Marx no Engels yabhekisela isimo salo nemphumelelo izimo zomlando entsha.