Imidwebo zabantu lasendulo. Ancient eqoshwe emadwaleni

impucuko Human ifikile ibanga elide yentuthuko kanye uzuze imiphumela umxhwele. art Contemporary - omunye wabo. Kodwa konke sandulelwa. Kanjani umdwebo bese zingobani - abaculi wokuqala emhlabeni?

Qala yobuciko nezakudala - izinhlobo kanye namafomu

Ngo the Stone Age, le Paleolithic, okokuqala ivela art lasekuqaleni. Wawunodonga ukuma ezahlukene. Lawa kwakungamadodana amasiko umculo, umdanso nezingoma, kanye ngokubeka izithombe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene - rock imidwebo zabantu lasekuqaleni. Ukuze le nkathi fanele futhi ukudalwa izakhiwo lokuqala ezenziwe umuntu - megaliths, dolmens futhi menhirs, injongo okuyinto ayikaziwa. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - Stonehenge e Salisbury, ehlanganisa cromlechs (amatshe uqotho).

Household izinto, njengezithombe eyigugu, amathoyizi, futhi basonta art zabantu lasekuqaleni.

periodization

Ososayensi baye singenakho ukungabaza mayelana nesikhathi umsuka art lasekuqaleni. It waqala ukwakha e phakathi Paleolithic, ngesikhathi ngasekupheleni AmaNeanderthal. Usiko sikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi Mousterian.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal bakwazi ukucubungula itshe, ukudala amathuluzi. Kwamanye izifundo, ososayensi bathola ayimigodi kanye namantombazane ngesimo iziphambano ukwakha umhlobiso lasekuqaleni. Ngaleso sikhathi, umdvwebo bahluleka, kodwa uhlelo isivele isetshenzisiwe. phansi off izingcezu wakhe ziye zatholakala like ipensela, elalisetshenziswa.

Lwasekuqaleni idwala Umdwebo - Definition

Lona uhlobo art lasekuqaleni. Ingabe isithombe, upende sisetshenziswa ku emhumeni odongeni ebusweni indoda lasendulo. Eziningi zalezi izinto ezitholakala eYurophu, kodwa kukhona imidwebo zabantu wasendulo wase-Asia. Le ndawo eyinhloko ekwandeni aqoshiwe - insimu ka iSpain namuhla neFrance.

ososayensi singabaze

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, isayensi yesimanje ubengazi yokuthi ubuciko indoda bakudala ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu enjalo. Imidwebo nasemihumeni zabantu lasendulo asitholanga ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuqala wathola, bathatha i-falsification.

Umlando eminingi etholakale

Ancient aqoshiwe Satholwa isazi semivubukulo amateur, ummeli-Spanish Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.

Lokhu okwatholakala kungenxa nezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi. Esifundazweni waseSpain Cantabria e 1868, umzingeli wathola emhumeni. Ukwambulwa sagcwala doti chipped idwala. Ngo-1875, it bahlola de Sautuola. Ngesikhathi, wathola amathuluzi kuphela. I Okutholakale bekulokhu ezivamile. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, umvubukuli amateur abuyele Altamirskuyu emhumeni. Hambo uphelezelwe nguNgqongqoshe yentombazane eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, owathola kanye nemidwebo. Kanye nomngani wakhe, umvubukuli Juan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola wahlanganyela imivubukulo babehlezi emuva emhumeni. Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, embukisweni lezinto we Stone Age, wabona isithombe inyathi, okumangalisayo okusikhumbuza Umdwebo rock phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo, owayenganikela ukubona indodakazi yakhe uMaria. Sautuola wasikisela ukuba Altamirskoy ezitholakala emhumeni imidwebo kwezilwane basonta Paleolithic. Kule ncwadi wakhuluma sasekelwa futhi Wilanow-Pierre.

Ososayensi baye banyathelisa imiphumela eyethusayo yokuziphatha imivubukulo yabo. Wabe wasolwa nemelela kabi izwe zezemfundo. ochwepheshe emkhakheni nemivubukulo sebekubeke sinqatshiwe amathuba okuthola art paleolithic isikhathi. Marcelino de Sautuola umsolwa, ukuthi imidwebo Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, okusolakala ukuthi utholakale kubo, badonswa omunye umvubukuli, izivakashi ngalezo zinsuku naye.

iminyaka engu-15 ngemva kokufa umuntu wathola izwe bayizibonelo ezinhle yobuciko Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, abaphikisi bakhe baye baqaphela iqiniso Marcelino de Sautuola. Ngesikhathi lezi imidwebo nasemihumeni zabantu lasendulo ezatholakala Ifonti-de-Gaume, Trois Freres, les combarelles futhi Rouffignac eFrance, Bale d'Oduber e izintaba zasePyrenees kanye nezinye izifunda. Bonke baye isibaluli kwenkathi Paleolithic. Ngakho, igama ezinhle usosayensi Spanish owenze angenye yezinto enhle kakhulu ngokwesayensi yemivubukulo, libuyiselwe.

Ikhono abaculi lasendulo

Rock imidwebo, izithombe okuyinto ethulwa ngezansi, siqukethe sebuningini izithombe zezilwane ezahlukene. Basuke ubuswa inyathi Umfanekiso. Labo kuqala wabona imidwebo zabantu lasendulo atholakala emhumeni Altamira, bamangele ukuthi zenziwe uchwepheshe. Lokhu kuyikhono omangalisayo abaculi asendulo futhi ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze uqale ukungabaza ubuqiniso ososayensi yabo.

abantu sidilizwa akazange ngokushesha afunde ukudala izithombe ngqo kwezilwane. imidwebo, lapho ngokulambisa evezwe wabuka eziye zatholakala, ngakho cishe engenakwenzeka ukuthola ababefuna ziveza mculi. Kancane kancane amakhono ahosha ngcono, futhi wakwazi adlulisele sasivumela ngokunembile isithombe sesilwane.

Phakathi imidwebo wokuqala wabantu lasendulo Ungahlanganisa handprints eyatholakala emihumeni eziningi.

Hand ezigcotshwe upende isetshenziswa odongeni, okuholela umbono wabuka lowehlukile phezu nentaba itholakala umbuthano. Ngokwabacwaningi, lesi senzo kwaba ka okukhulu isiko phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo.

Izihloko yokudweba abaculi lokuqala

Rock Umdwebo zabantu lasendulo ibonisa iqiniso lokuthi okuhambisana nakho. Libonisa ukuthi ayinandaba naye kakhulu. Ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko futhi indlela Paleolithic yokuthi kukhiqizwa ukudla okungakanani beyifuna. Ngakho-ke izilwane - ngesisusa eyinhloko imidwebo kwesikhathi. Njengoba sekushiwo, e-Europe, ziye zatholakala ezihlukahlukene izithombe zinyathi, izinyamazane, amahhashi, izimbuzi, amabhere. Bathuthela owujami futhi ngokunyakaza. Izilwane ugijima, gxuma, frolic futhi bafe, abagwazwe umkhonto umzingeli.

Esikhathini emhumeni Lascaux, elise eFrance, kuba ngobukhulu lasendulo inkunzi isithombe. Ubukhulu bayo - amamitha angaphezu kwayisihlanu. Kwamanye amazwe, abaculi lasendulo futhi zaveza lezo zilwane ukuthi waphila nabo. ESomalia, umfanekiso izindlulamithi etholakale India - amahlosi nezingwenya, nasemihumeni yeSahara kukhona imidwebo izintshe nezindlovu. Ngaphandle izilwane, abaculi lokuqala zaveza izigcawu ngokuzingela abantu, kodwa kakhulu kuyaqabukela.

Ukuqokwa petroglyphs

Kungani abantu yakudala ebonisa indlela izilwane nabantu ezindongeni emihumeni kanye namanye amasayithi, akwaziwa. Njengoba kwase kuvele kuqalile ukwakha inkolo, cishe, babenesifiso ukubaluleka okujulile isiko. Figure "ukuzingela" Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, ngokubona abacwaningi, wabonakalisa umphumela yimpumelelo emzabalazweni kanye nesilo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi babedalelwe shaman tribal ingena yisihlwathi bese uzama ukuthola ngokusebenzisa isithombe webutho ekhethekile. Abadwebi basendulo abaye baphila isikhathi eside, kodwa ngenxa izisusa ukudalwa imidwebo izazi zanamuhla akwaziwa.

Penda namathuluzi

Ukudala umdwebo abaculi bakudala babesebenzisa isu elikhethekile. Okokuqala, wadweba isilwane umsiki isithombe phezu idwala noma itshe, bese-ke lasetshenziswa upende. Kwakuthinta esakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo - nemibala ehlukahlukene ocher futhi sombala omnyama, oveza namalahle. Ukuze ukulungisa inki esetshenziswa engokwemvelo izilwane (igazi, amafutha, medulla) namanzi. Imibala atholakale abaculi lasendulo babembalwa: ophuzi, obomvu, omnyama, onsundu.

Imidwebo zabantu wasendulo izici ezimbalwa. Ngezinye izikhathi basuke esikhulu nomunye. Ngokuvamile abaculi ngesineke inqwaba izilwane. Kulokhu, izibalo ongaphambili bavezwa ngokucophelela, kanti bonke abanye - kwendikimba. indoda lwasekuqaleni akazange adale izingoma e iningi imidwebo - kuveze inqwaba esingalawuleki izithombe. Okwamanje, bambalwa "imidwebo" etholakala inakho laqanjwa iyunifomu.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Paleolithic sezivele zidaliwe kanye Umdwebo Amathuluzi kuqala. Lawa kwakungamadodana izinti zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo emabhulashini wenza kusukela noboya yezilwane. Abadwebi basendulo futhi ekhathalela kokukhanyisa "emidwebweni" yakhe. otholakele kwenziwe ngesimo nezitsha itshe izibani abangu. Bona amagcobo ukubeka ntambo.

Chauvet emhumeni

Yatholakala ngo-1994 e-France, kanye nokuqoqwa Eminye imidwebo kapende waqaphela njengoba endala kakhulu. izifundo Laboratory ziye zasiza ichaze engu-imidwebo - ngaphambi kwalezi enziwa eminyakeni 36.000 edlule. Lapha, izithombe zilwane zazitholakala abahlala enkathini ice. Lokhu mammoth ubhejane, emhumeni ingonyama, inyathi, panther, Tarpan (ukhokho ihhashi yesimanje). Izinombolo kahle walondoloza ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule umnyango womhume sagcwala.

Manje ukuthi ivaliwe emphakathini. I microclimate, lapho kukhona izithombe, zingaphazamisa khona abantu. Kuphela amahora ambalwa abacwaningi zayo kungaba sisiqhube. Ukuze uvakashele izibukeli yanquma ukuvula ukuziphinda womhume budebuduze ke.

Lascaux

Lena enye indawo owaziwa, lapho kutholakala imidwebo zabantu lasendulo. Umgede sitholwe intsha ezine ngo-1940. Manje iqoqo wakhe imidwebo yasendulo Paleolithic abaculi kuhlanganisa 1900 izithombe.

Indawo sekuthandwa kakhulu phakathi izivakashi. Ukugeleza omkhulu zezivakashi kuholele ukulimala imidwebo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa overabundance-carbon dioxide iyaphuma ngabantu. Ngo-1963 kwanqunywa ukuba uvale emhumeni emphakathini. Kodwa izinkinga ekulondolozweni izithombe lasendulo khona kuze kube yilolu suku. Microclimate Lasko ukuthi irretrievably siphukile, futhi manje izibalo njalo ukugadwa.

isiphetho

Imidwebo zabantu lasendulo bakuchazayo nathi okwangempela yabo womklamo nobuchwepheshe obusezingeni. Abaculi wesikhathi bakwazi ukudlulisela hhayi kuphela ukubukeka eyiqiniso sesilwane, kodwa ukunyakaza kwakhe kanye imikhuba. Ngaphezu ukubaluleka yobuhle futhi kwezobuciko yale midwebo abaculi bakudala kuyinto impahla kubalulekile ukutadisha nezilwane kwesikhathi. Siyabonga nalezo ezitholakala ezintweni imidwebo sivale indlela engena emgedeni Chauvet, ososayensi baye benza kwatholakala into emangalisayo: kwathi amabhubesi obhejane, kwezakhamuzi zokuqala hot amazwe eningizimu e-Inkathi Stone Age wahlala e-Europe.