UHoward Carter: Biography, izithombe, iminikelo ukutadisha umlando. UHoward Carter Ethuneni ka Tutankhamun

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela osukwini lapho uHoward Carter ezitholakala ethuneni Tutankhamun, bekulokhu ecishe ibe ikhulu isithakazelo kuvulwa umvubukuli waseBrithani alukapheli. Lokhu kufakazelwa emigqeni engapheli ngaleso ziphephile emathuneni abadumile, ngezikhathi labetibambile eminyuziyamu ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba sikhuluma kokutholakala esiphawuleka kunazo zonke bonke, eyake yenziwa eGibhithe.

UHoward Carter, Biography of the usosayensi ngekusasa

Ngo 1874, emkhayeni omkhulu eyaziwa ngesikhathi amaNgisi isilwane umdwebi Samuweli Carter, owayehlala e Norfolk, indodana, owanikezwa igama Howard. Lapho ingane ekhula, ubaba wazikhandla ukuze amnike imfundo ekhaya, okuvumela ukuba athathe liyindawo efanelekayo umphakathi. Ukuthola ndodana yami isipho ngomdwebo, uSamuweli wazama ukuyifundisa kuye amakhono kule art.

Ngenxa uxhumano kayise emhlabeni yesayensi, nesikhombisa uHoward Carter lokuqala wayehlanganyela uhambo bemivubukulo eGibithe ngaphansi kobuholi ehola Isazi sezinto ezindala zaseGibhithe Flinders Petrie sikhathi. It saphathiswa imithwalo yemfanelo we umdwebi, okuyinto wavumela nsizwa isondela mbeni izinjongo ubudala esidlule, futhi umuzwa ezivus 'amadlingozi zo- ukutholakala. Lolu hambo esikoleni kakhulu, futhi ngenxa umvubukuli esizayo.

Ukuqala i-career yesayensi

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphila Carter sika wayezinikele ngokuphelele ekutadisheni zakudala, bafihliwe kwezihlabathi iNile Valley. Eminyakeni emibili ngemva DEBUT yakhe owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo yesayensi Petri uba umhlanganyeli kwenye msebenzi omkhulu lisisebenzisa Foundation wemivubukulo waseGibhithe. Lolu cwaningo kwenziwa kule masimu yisikhumbuzo ethempelini seNdlovukazi Hatshepsut, entshonalanga eThebes. Yibo owakhuphula abasha usosayensi enkazimulweni kuqala.

Udumo, aluthola nabo iningi lososayensi, ake Carter e 1899 ukuthatha indawo ngempela emphakathini, ekubeni jikelele wamaphoyisa uMnyango waseGibhithe Antiquities. Lesikhatsi lesi uchungechunge zatholwa kuye, phakathi okungenzeka ukuthi leso aziwayo engcono ngokuthi ethuneni Saint-NEF e Qurna.

iposi omkhulu onjalo bekatsatsa kuze 1905, lapho waphoqwa ukuba ehle esikhundleni - ngokuvumelana inguqulo eyodwa ngenxa ukushayisana nomunye amalungu ezinethonya kunazo nabezindaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemva adumileyo ithuliswe inkampani amaFulentshi zokudakwa abase ihlelwe isiphithiphithi endaweni omunye zomlando izakhiwo. Kokumphazamisa imisebenzi yawo yokuphatha, umvubukuli uHoward Carter abayekanga ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi ukwenza imidwebo.

Kusukela wokubambisana neNkosi Carnarvon

Entsha, 1906, umcimbi iphutha ngeke zinquma isiphetho Carter predetermined kokutholakala esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekuphileni kwakhe. Emhlanganweni womphakathi British yesayensi Howard ethulwa amateur umvubukuli futhi zakudala Collector Nkosi Carnarvon, owaba iminyaka eminingi umngane wakhe futhi axhase.

imvume esemthethweni ye-kumbiwa abangane abasha bamukela kuphela ngo-1919, lapho igama elithi the yokunivumela umkhiqizi yangaphambili ucwaningo lwesayensi endaweni T. Davis. Ngalesi sikhathi eSigodini we Izintombi thina kwakufanele bambe ezizukulwane eziningana abavubukuli, kukholakala ukuthi imithombo yalo siyingcuba. Nokho, abagxeki agumenti akazange ukukholisa Carter. Ucwaningo enemininingwane uye wasibonisa esigodini ukuthi kwakusadingeka izindawo okwanele isetshenzwe ososayensi. Lawa kwakungamadodana ikakhulukazi ezindaweni embozwe ungqimba yemfucumfucu osale ekumbeni odlule.

imicabango Scientific Carter

Ukuqhathanisa okwatholakala ezidunjini ezomisiwe odlule wathola eSigodini we Izintombi, ngolwazi izindawo kungenzeka yokungcwaba lapha, esemgwaqweni ososayensi, uHoward Carter wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umhlaba namanje mummy eyodwa ngaphezulu, yokuzamazama futhi, ngokusobala, ngabomvu ukuba ososayensi. Njengesazi sezinkanyezi, phambi isibonakude ukuthola inkanyezi entsha, kwakuthiwa ephepheni efakazela ukhona, futhi Carter, ngokusekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni ngaphambilini zanqwabelana ifikile ukukholelwa ukuthi ukhona ethuneni okungaziwa lapha. Ngamafuphi nje, ngaphambi kokuthola ethuneni Tutankhamun, Carter sasisuke ke.

Nokho, lowo mbono, ngisho noma ngabe esemqoka kakhulu, yaphenduka Imiphumela yangempela eziphathekayo, babenze umsebenzi omkhulu, nayo ikakhulukazi wakhonza Carter. nomngane wakhe u akulinganiselwe engamele ekumbeni eqhubekayo futhi izimali kubo. Kuyadingeka ukuba bakhokhe intela kuye - ngaphandle imali yakhe, njengoba kungekho amandla Carter, izwe isikhathi eside Ngangingakaze ngikubone imicebo Tutankhamun.

Qala umkhuba

Wanezela yinkimbinkimbi usosayensi othile, futhi ngokushesha waqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Imivubukulo kule nkathi, nakuba kwenziwe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi futhi ngezikhawu eside. Njengoba umuntu nesibopho kwezempi, Carter ayikwazanga ukunikela sonke isikhathi sakhe ukuze umsebenzi wakhe ozithandayo. Iningi ukuphazamiseka ukuba ukudala waqinisa imizamo yabo abaphangi ethuneni neminyaka yempi. Ukusebenzisa yokuthi ngenxa yezenzo ezempi buthaka ukulawula isimo phezu ukulondolozwa esikhumbuzo wasendulo ababengalaleli, unceremoniously hosted them, engozini impilo nokuphepha labacwaningi.

Kuphela ngo-1917-ke wakwazi ukuqala wokuhlanza phansi esigodini Izintombi izingqimba yemfucumfucu ukuthi ababekuqongelele khona phakathi namakhulu eminyaka isikhathi. Ukuze endaweni yokwemba abakhethiwe, elinganiselwe ezintathu emathuneni: Ramses II, Ramesses VI futhi Mernept. Eminyakeni emine ezayo umsebenzi, eyenziwa nge eziningi ukucindezeleka futhi kwakuthatha izinkulungwane eziningi esingamakhilogremu, kwaphumela ekutholakaleni hhayi imiphumela ingabonakali.

Umzamo wokugcina

I ukwehluleka ukuthi dogged abavubukuli eminyakeni edlule, eholwa iNkosi Carnarvon yithemba. Ukumema umngane ehlobo lika-1922 izindlu umndeni wakhe, wamemezela injongo yakhe nokuba ngiqede umsebenzi wakhe, hhayi sulivshie, njengoba kungabonwa, lutho kodwa izindleko. Ukuqiniseka kuphela ashisayo Carter kwaba kuphela akwazi ukukusindisa kuleso Carnarvon isenzo ngobugwala futhi ngenjongo yokumbonisa ukunweba yokunivumela ukuze uthole enye inkathi.

Ekupheleni kuka-October 1922 Govard Karter (isithombe kwesikhathi evezwa ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko) waqhubeka nomsebenzi. Ukuhlanza ngokuphelele phansi esigodini Izintombi, kwadingeka asuse izinsalela maqhugwane abasebenzi ababesebenza lapha endulo kokwakhiwa ethuneni kaRamses VI. izisekelo zabo zazenziwe isihlabathi phezu ensimini enkulu. Lo msebenzi wathatha izinsuku eziningana, kodwa ngemva kokuba igcwaliswe, isiza sezakhiwo eziye zatholakala izinyathelo itshe ukuthi uhambe ujule emhlabathini, futhi, ngokusobala, wayengakaze ephakanyiswe ekumbeni.

izitebhisi ongaqondakali

Yonke into ikhomba yokuthi nazo umnyango ezinye yokungcwaba ezazingaziwa. Ilindele baqhubeka inhlanhla ukusebenza ngomfutho ovuselelwe. Ngokushesha, ukusula yonke engxenyeni engenhla izitebhisi, abavubukuli wabhekana emnyango uphawu ethuneni. Carter wabona ukuthi umnyango kusobala enamathela ebonakalayo iyiphi ukuphrinta embossed, esibonisa onkulunkulu nokugqumisa ngesimo Dragons, nabathunjwa lesibopho, okuyinto kuwuphawu asebukhosini.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi eminyakeni engaphambili, Carter kwaba kabili eduze ukuthi umnyango eliyimfihlakalo kodwa kokubili izikhathi ezingabanjwanga ithuba lakhe. Ngokokuqala ngqá Kwathi ayiqamba bomkhankaso T. Davis olwenziwa kumbiwa lapha, futhi wayengafuni lokudlela izinsalela zabo zotshani itshe, ngaphambilini ukuze uthumele umsebenzi kwenye indawo. Ngokuzayo Kwathi eminyakeni emihlanu edlule kakhulu le Carter wayengafuni ukuzithwala, njengoba kwakuyokwenza ukuba namathuba izivakashi izithombe kakhulu yila manxiwa olunothile.

Injabulo yokuqala ukutholakala

Caught umnyango ongaqondakali ngezimpawu beqinile, Carter waphula imbobo encane kuwo futhi ubeke flashlight yakhe ngaphakathi, bayaqiniseka ukuthi ukudlula yagcwalisa eminyaka ubudala ungqimba imvithi nemfucumfucu. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi kube khona abakwazi uvakashele abaphangi, futhi mhlawumbe ethuneni avele phambi kwabo ifomu yawo yangempela.

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo imizwa agubhayo - injabulo ukutholakala, isineke kwaze uthole ngaphakathi, futhi umuzwa ukutholakala ukusondelana - Carter wenza njengoba yafuna kuye imfundo i umnumzana IsiZulu kweqiniso. Njengomngane wakhe, iNkosi Carnarvon kwaba ngaleso sikhathi e-England, uHoward Carter akazange alinge ukungena ethuneni ngaphandle lowo ngokwezimali yonke le minyaka lomsebenzi. Wayala kabusha bagcwalise emnyango wethuna naseNgilandi wathumela incwadi yocingo ephuthumayo, okuyinto umngane wakhe mayelana ukutholakala eside elindelwe.

Ilinde Nkosi Carnarvon

I amahemuhemu mayelana kuvulwa ukungcwatshwa ezazingaziwa ngokushesha yashaya emhlabeni futhi emenza inkinga ngaphambi kokufika iNkosi wayeshiye nobuso yena Govard Karter. Tomb - yindawo lapho akukho kuphela mummy, kodwa futhi uyakwazisa wangcwatshwa naye. Njengoba kulindelekile, laba amanani abe lolo abaphangi, uyakwazi libe yifa kuze bophezela noma yibuphi ubugebengu. Ngakho-ke, iningi babazi kwaphakama umbuzo ukuthi kufanele uzivikele kanjani izinto eziyigugu ngokwabo kusukela isivakashi engadingeki. Kuze kube yimanje, ezitebhisini okuholela umnyango, hhayi kuphela egcwele, kodwa sekugcwele phezulu imfucumfucu esindayo, futhi eduze ukubeka ukuphepha clock.

kufika Ekugcineni ngo-November 23, Nkosi Carnarvon, futhi phambi kwakhe, ezitebhisini kwaphinde ebugqilini imfucumfucu. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, lapho wonke amalungiselelo zaphela, futhi cindezela, ababe emnyango, sketched futhi izithombe, baqala ukuliqaqa yokungena uphawu ethuneni. Kuleli qophelo, kuba sobala ukuthi into kwenzekile, lokho iminyaka ngiphupha uHoward Carter - ethuneni Tutankhamun kwaba phambi kwakhe. Lokhu kufakazelwa yila mazwi kwenye izitembu.

Eyesibili umnyango ukuthi uHoward Carter wathola

Tutankhamun amaphupho yanqotshwa. Phambi kwakhe, kwakukhona izinyathelo ezimbalwa kuphela. Lapho isithiyo esendleleni yawo isusiwe, ekukhanyeni izibani, abacwaningi babona olwehlelayo, ephasishi ewumngcingo, futhi eziminyene kanye imfucumfucu futhi ehola ngqo gumbi lokungcwaba. Arabhu waqasha lokufeza kumbiwa, eyakhululwa kuye bethwele inhlabathi Ababazi bakha obhasikidi. Ekugcineni wafika iphuzu eliyinhloko. Ekuseni ngo-November 26, abavubukuli babemi phambi umnyango wesibili, futhi ugcine on ngokwabo ukuphrinta lasendulo Tutankhamun.

Lapho kubhasikidi zokugcina yemfucumfucu wakhishwa, Carter ayenzile engxenyeni engenhla kuvulwa umnyango, owamsiza ukuthi push e probe. Ukucwaningwa wabonisa ukuthi isikhala ngemva komnyango nhlobo. Ukusebenzisa ithoshi Carter wabheka ngaphakathi. Ngokungangabazeki, lokho akubona ke kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwasivulela ikamelo, efana ihholo Museum. Wagcwala izinto ezimangalisayo kakhulu, eziningi zazo ososayensi wabona okokuqala.

yengcebo Tutankhamun

Okokuqala, esweni amagogolo umvubukuli baphuthuma ezintathu embhedeni omkhulu wegolide, akhanyayo Dully e ukukhanya lantern. Ngemuva kwabo zazibonakala abamnyama, wenza umfanekiso sobude egcwele faro, ehlotshiswe ngombala igolide. Zonke lonke isikhala Igumbi wagcwala zonke izinhlobo bele egcwele amagugu, umsebenzi lekhethelo alabhaste isitsha sezimbali nemihlobiso ezihlukahlukene igolide namatshe ayigugu. Kulesi yengcebo siswele into eyodwa kuphela - bekungelona sarcophagus noma mummy ubani kwakungekaNkulunkulu zonke lezi ingcebo.

Ngosuku olulandelayo ethuneni kwaba ugesi, futhi ngavula umnyango yesibili ekukhanyeni kwakhe. Manje ososayensi wabhekana umsebenzi sína futhi onzima - zonke izinto ngemuva kwaso, kwakumelwe izithombe, sketched nokuthi zikuphi wabonisa ngokunembile ecebeni egumbini. Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi ngaphansi omunye amabhokisi amabili afihliwe yokungena imfihlo kwelinye ikamelo elincane uhlangothi, nayo igcwele izinto eziyigugu.

Ukusebenza izinto ezitholakala ethuneni

Konke uHoward Carter wathola, ezidinga ukucutshungulwa yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni systematization. Ngakho-ke, ngemva Novemba 29, 1922 khona izikhulu sesivula imbobo onesizotha engcwabeni, ukusebenza wathola ke ziphephile Umenyelwe Ochwepheshe ehamba phambili kusuka izikhungo eziningi zesayensi zomhlaba. ESigodini izintombi bahlangana kahle aziwayo abavubukuli, epigraphists, osokhemisi conservators, abaculi kanye bezithombe.

kamuva amathathu kuphela izinyanga, lapho zonke izinto eziye zatholakala izinyathelo ezifanele zithathwe ukuthi aphume engcwabeni, saqala ngokuvula lwesithathu zatholakala e inqubo umnyango. Lapho yena ikhishwe ngemva kwakhe kwaba iqiniso lokuthi babebikezele uHoward Carter - ethuneni Tutankhamun, ikakhulukazi, ukuphumula emngcwabeni wakhe.

Mama, lapho eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu

Cishe wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu isikhala matasa eyayibhalwe umphongolo obuphelele 5,08 amamitha, ububanzi 3.3 amamitha kanye ukuphakama 2.75 metres. Ngaphakathi it like onodoli, omunye ngaphakathi kwezinye ezinye umphongolo ezintathu ezincane. Lapho abacwaningi ahlaziye ngokucophelela, futhi kwenziwe, amehlo abo wayenamandla sarcophagus quartzite. Ngemva isivalo kususiwe ngaphakathi isaha anthropoid (esime umuntu sibalo) lomngcwabo ngegolide. Isihloko sawo esikhulu yabonisa kakhulu Tutankhamen elele ngezandla zihlangene.

Ngaphakathi kwawo kwakukhona amabili ngaphezulu lomngcwabo esifanayo, ncamashi ifaniswe komunye nomunye, ukuze ukwehlukanisa nabo kukhona yinkimbinkimbi okukhulu. Lapho zonke izinyathelo base ekhishwe, ezinsukwini zokugcina, ngubani efa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, wathola zihambisana zelineni mummy kaFaro. ubuso bakhe laligcwele imaski igolide, enziwe ukuphelela kokuvamile vesivshaya ayisishiyagalolunye amakhilogramu.

Wawusho uHoward Carter uyavuma into enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni nemivubukulo. Umbusi waseGibhithe, owafa esemncane futhi yokuphumula ovulekile isazi ethuneni ngokushesha baba into ukunakwa ezigidi zabantu. Ayedumile emhlabeni wonke futhi uHoward Carter yena. Iqhaza ukutadisha umlando lwaseGibhithe lasendulo, busuka yibo sasisikhulu kangangokuba ke kuvunyelwe lonke indlela entsha ukuze wenze isithombe emasikweni emingcwabo kwesikhathi Kingdom Ephakathi.