Februwari 19, 1861. kabusha ongumlimi eRussia. Ukuqedwa serfdom

phakathi nokubusa u-Alexander II (1856-1881) wehlela emlandweni njengoba nenkathi 'kwekuhlela kabusha okukhulu ". Ikakhulu sibonga umbusi wathatha ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia ngo-1861 - umcimbi okuyinto Yiqiniso, kuyinto impumelelo yayo esemqoka, okuyinto kuye kwafeza indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ikusasa isimo.

INGEMUVA ukuqedwa serfdom

Eminyakeni 1856-1857 eziningi izifundazwe zaseningizimu wazamazama ongumlimi iziyaluyalu, Nokho, okuyinto, egqwalile ngokushesha. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, sebekhonze njengoba isikhumbuzi amandla lokubusa, ukuthi isikhundla lapho abantu abavamile, ekugcineni kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina ngoba wakhe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, serfdom wamanje kakhulu behlisa intuthuko yezwe. I Axiom ukuthi umshikashika khulula ngempumelelo ophoqelelwe yabonakaliswa ngokugcwele: Russia kakhulu abasasilele emuva emazweni Western futhi kwezomnotho ezingeni setepolitiki. Lokhu kubekeka esimweni esingesihle yokuthi isithombe adalwe isimo esinamandla lokkhu chaza, kanye nezwe wawuzothuthwa ku isigaba ezincane. Ingasaphathwa yokuthi serfdom sifana kakhulu ebugqilini.

Ekupheleni kuka-50s abayizigidi 62 yibhece labaninizo wahlala abangaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu. Russia bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo ongumlimi kabusha. 1861 kufanele kube ngunyaka izinguquko ezinkulu kufanele ubambe ukuze wawungenamandla okuyinyakazisa izisekelo ezimisiwe autocracy futhi izikhulu ezithanda isikhundla evelele. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ukuqedwa serfdom ledzinga kuhlatiywa futhi ngokucophelela, futhi lokhu kungenxa abangaphelele isimo apharathasi bekulokhu kuyinkinga.

Izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze izinguquko esizayo

Ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia ngo-1861 kwaba nethonya elibi kakhulu izisekelo esemqoka zwe elikhulukazi.

Nokho, uma States ophilayo uMthethosisekelo wezwe ngaphambi ukuchitha ukuguqulwa okunye ukufunda kwabo zezinkonzo kanye ingxoxo kuhulumeni, ngemva kwalokho izinguquko ngomumo amaphrojekthi banikwa ePhalamende, kumi sinqumo sokugcina, Russian futhi zezinkonzo noma umzimba omele akuyona khona. Kodwa serfdom ukuthi umthetho ezingeni wombuso. Khansela ke unilaterally u-Alexander II wahluleka, njengoba belungafica kwephule amalungelo kwamadoda asebukhosini, okuyinto ngesisekelo autocracy.

Ngakho-ke, kuleli zwe ukukhuthaza kabusha kwaba ukwakha iyunithi ngokuqondile ekubhekaneni ukuqedwa serfdom ngamabomu. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi izokuba izikhungo ihlelwe emkhakheni, ogama iziphakamiso kumele zithunyelwe futhi kuzocutshungulwa iKomiti Central, yena, kumelwe zilawulwe nkosi.

Njengoba, ekukhanyeni kuvele lonke ushintsho oluzayo kulendawo kakhulu balahlekelwa, bese u-Alexander II, isixazululo esingcono kakhulu kungaba, uma isinyathelo sokukhulula abalimi kwakuyisiko yezikhulu. Ngokushesha lowo mzuzwana kwavela.

"Isinqumo Nazimova"

Maphakathi nawo-ekwindla 1857, wafika Petersburg Jikelele uVladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - Governor Lithuania owanikhuphula naye sicelosikhalo ukunikeza ilungelo ke, nababusi Kovno futhi Grodno izifundazwe ukunikeza serfs zabo inkululeko yabo, kodwa ngaphandle ubanika umhlaba.

Besabela kuleso simemo, u-Alexander II uthumele rescript ziqondiswe Nazimova (Imperial incwadi yangasese), okuyinto liyala abanikazi bomhlaba bendawo ukuhlela amakomiti yesifundazwe. Umsebenti wabo kwaba ukuthuthukisa izinguqulo yabo esikhathini esizayo ekutjhugululweni ongumlimi. Encwadini lenkosi ngokwalo zanikela izincomo zakhe:

• Ukunikeza inkululeko ephelele serfs.
• Zonke iziza kufanele ahlale kulendawo esaziwa ubunikazi.
• Ukunika amandla abalimi abakhululiwe uthole umhlaba iziza kuncike nokukhokhwa izinkokhelo noma abasebenza kuzo serfdom.
• Nika amandla abalimi ukuthenga izindlu zabo.

Ngokushesha rescript lalibukeka ngayo nabezindaba, okuyinto anikeza ugqozi ingxoxo jikelele umbuzo serfdom.

Ukusungulwa kwamakomidi

Ekuqaleni ngo-1857 kuKesari, kulandela uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu, wadala ekomidini eyimfihlo umbuzo ongumlimi, ngubani ngasese wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa wezinguquko yokuqeda serfdom. Kodwa kuphela ngemva "rescript Nazimova" laziwa obala, isikhungo lifanelwe force egcwele. Ngo-February ka-1958, wasusa nazo zonke ekusithekeni, ekuqambeni kabusha iKomidi Main ku ongumlimi Affairs, okuyinto iholwa Prince AF Orlov.

Uma wadala Commission Editorial, okuyinto kubhekwa amaphrojekthi okufakiwe yikomidi yesifundazwe, futhi kakade ngesisekelo idatha eqoqwe sidalwe okufushane lonke ekutjhugululweni esizayo.

Usihlalo wale khomishana useqokwe ilungu uMkhandlu Wombuso Jikelele Yi Rostovtsev, ngubani esisekeliwe umqondo ukuqedwa serfdom.

Ukuphikisana kanye umsebenzi wenzeke

Ngokuhamba iphrojekthi amakomiti main futhi iningi abanikazi bamazwe yesifundazwe hhayi ngaphandle ukuphikisana sina. Ngokwesibonelo, kulendawo waphikelela ngokuthi Ukukhululwa we serfs lwalulinganiselwe kuphela ukuhlinzekwa inkululeko ezweni ngemva kwabo angase kuvikelwe kuphela ebolekiswe ngaphandle isinxephezelo. Lelikomiti libuye wayefuna ukunika ithuba ukuthenga serf yangaphambili umhlaba, ngokuba umnikazi egcwele.

Ngo 1860 Rostovtsev afe, ngakhoke ikhanda ikhomishana yokuhlela, u-Alexander II uqoka Ukubala VN Panin, ngubani, ngenhlanhla ayebhekwa njengengxenye isitha serfdom yokukhansela. Ukuba obhekele ngokungathandabuzi intando yobukhosi, waphoqwa ukuba ugcwalise iphrojekthi kabusha.

Ngo-October leqembu kwakha luhlaka yaqedwa. amakomiti yesifundazwe Ubude enikeziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukuqedwa serfdom amaphrojekthi 82, zibalwa ngu ivolumu 32 amavolumu ezinyathelisiwe. Umphumela womsebenzi obudisi lithunyelwe ukuze sicabangisise ngezinga uMkhandlu Wombuso, futhi ngemuva kokwemukelwa yayo othulwe qinisa inkosi. Ngemva kokuyifunda kwasayinelwa Manifesto ezifanele futhi Regulations. Februwari 19, 1861 kwaba usuku esemthethweni ukuqedwa serfdom.

Mashi 5, u-Alexander II mathupha ukufunda amadokhumenti phambi kwabantu.

Izinhlinzeko esemqoka ye Manifesto Februwari 19, 1861

Izinhlinzeko ezisemqoka zomqulu zazimi kanje:

• Serfs umbuso ngezikhali Uthole ukuzimela siqu ngokuphelele, manje abizwa ngokuthi "izakhamuzi zasemakhaya khulula."
• Kusukela manje (ie 19 Februwari 1861) inqaba babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izakhamuzi ngokugcwele nomthetho ofanele yezwe.
• Zonke nezimpahla ezithathekayo we nabalimi abancane, kanye kwezindlu nezakhiwo waqaphela njengoba impahla yabo.
• Ukuze abanikazi bamazwe ukugcina amalungelo ezweni lawo, kodwa babengenamduduzi ukunikeza abalimi kaZuma futhi iziza ensimini.
• Ukuze ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ukuze abalimi kwakufanele akhokhe isihlengo njengesipho umnikazi oqondile ngensimu kanye nesimo.

Kudingekile kabusha ebucayini

Izinguquko entsha ayikwazanga banelise tidzingo bonke abathintekayo. Kwakumelwe unganeme abalimi ngokwabo. Okokuqala imigomo lapho banikezwa umhlaba, okukhulunywa ngawo, empeleni iyindlela eyinhloko yokuba khona. Ngakho-ke, lapho izinguquko u-Alexander II, noma kunalokho, omunye umphako kwakhona edidayo.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Manifesto, nayo yonke indawo Russia usungula ubukhulu benombolo kanye esincane sezwe Holdings lengenako, kuye ngokuthi izici zemvelo kanye nezomnotho izifunda.

Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi uma uyisabelo ongumlimi lalilincane kunalokho beka umbhalo, sibophezela umninindlu ukwengeza endaweni ezingekho. Uma okufanayo - esikhulu, kunalokho, uyonquma ngokweqile futhi, njengoba umthetho, ingxenye engcono kakhulu esabelweni.

Kwesabelo kwezinkambiso enikeziwe

Manifesto ka-February 19, 1861 waphula ingxenye European yezwe ku iyizingxenye ezintathu: asemaqeleni, abamnyama umhlaba futhi Nonchernozem.

• Norma kwesabelo ngoba asemaqeleni ingxenye - eziyisithupha nengxenye ukuba esingamahektare nambili.
• Sivamile zone chernozem ivela ezintathu esingamahektare emine nengxenye.
• Ukuze ibhande-non-chernozem - ezintathu lengxenye yesine ku esingamahektare eziyisishiyagalombili.

Kulo lonke izwe, endaweni baqala ukubeka esingaphansi kwaba ngaphambi ushintsho, ukuze kabusha ongumlimi ka 1861 wayencisha "abakhululiwe" angaphezu kuka-20% umhlabathi olimekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona isigaba serfs, ngubani, ngokuvamile, abazange bathole umhlaba. Lokhu egcekeni abantu, abalimi nalabo ngaphambili kwakungekaNkulunkulu ezicukuthwaneni umhlaba abalambele namafektri ukusebenza.

izimo ukudluliselwa komhlaba nempahla

Ngokusho izinguquko ngoFebhuwari 19, 1861, ezweni wanikwa abalimi hhayi impahla, kodwa kuphela ukusetshenziswa. Nokho babenemibuzo kodwa bengazitholi ithuba uyithenga evela kumnikazi, okungukuthi, ukuze singene okuthiwa wokuhlengwa kuthengiselana. Ukuze iphuzu elifanayo babebhekwa le okwesikhashana futhi ukusetshenziswa ezweni kwakuzoba ukusebenza serfdom, okwakukhona ezinsukwini akukho kuka-40 ngonyaka abesilisa 30 - kwabesifazane. Noma ukukhokha izinkokhelo, futhi leyo mali yafakwa ukuze ruble 8-12 phezulu, futhi ukuqokwa kwentela edingekayo acabangele inhlabathi lokuzala. Kulokhu, lo okwesikhashana akudingeki ilungelo nje give up on isabelo enikeziwe, okungukuthi, serfdom kwakuyobe kusasele ukusebenza.

Ngemva kuthengiselana wokuhlengwa umlimi ekugcwalisekeni iba umnikazi womhlaba egcwele.

Futhi isimo asihlali ize

Ngo-February 19, 1861, ngenxa Manifesto, isimo has ithuba ubuyise yengcebo. Le nto engenayo wavulwa ngenxa ifomula esetshenziswa ukubala usayizi ukukhokhelwa wokuhlengwa.

Inani ukuthi umfuyi kwadingeka benze izwe, zifinyelela ku okuthiwa dolobha okunemibandela, okuyinto sibekwa Bank State ngo 6% ngonyaka. Kodwa lezi amaphesenti akhiwa imali eye wathola ngaphambilini kusukela imisebenzi elindeleke umninindlu.

Okusho ukuthi, uma umnikazi wendawo kwadingeka umphefumulo owodwa ngonyaka 10 ruble okubafaneleyo, ukubala ngokuvumelana ifomula: ruble 10 zahlukaniswa 6 (inzalo dolobha), bese iphindwe 100 (isamba isithakazelo) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

Ngakho, isamba imisebenzi elindeleke zaba ruble 166 70 kopeks - imali "izindodla okusezingeni eliphezulu" okwesikhathi serf wangaphambili. Kodwa lapha kungena ukuthengiselana isimo: umlimi kwadingeka bakhokhe ukuze umnikazi ngesikhathi esifanayo% 20 kuphela yentengo elilinganisiwe. Labo abasele abanga-80% livela isimo, kodwa akunjalo nje, nokunikeza loan eside nge ukuvuthwa zeminyaka 49 izinyanga 5.

Manje umlinyana kwakudingeka akhokhe ngonyaka State Bank 6% kwekhokhelo wokuhlengwa. Kwavela ukuthi lemali ukuthi serf wangaphambili kwadingeka benze endaweni yomcebo kudlulwe loan kathathu. Eqinisweni, Februwari 19, 1861 kwaba usuku lapho serf wangaphambili, kuyakhethwa ebugqilini eyodwa, yawela omunye. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu lemali wokuhlengwa idlula inani lemakethe esabelweni.

Ezenye izinguquko

I kabusha ezamukelwe ngu Februwari 19, 1861 (ukuqedwa serfdom), naphezu amaphutha, wabakhuthaza ezwakalayo ezweni. Inkululeko eyanikezwa abantu abaneminyaka 23 million, kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise zaguquka e isakhiwo yomphakathi Russian, futhi eminye ezikhonjwe isidingo noshintsho sonke isimiso sezombangazwe.

Manifesto Esifike Ngesikhathi kukhishwa Februwari 19, 1861, lapho izimo kungaholela kwaba nokushiywa sina, kwaba isici esingishukumisela sokuthuthukiswa capitalism esimweni Russian. Ngakho, ukuqedwa serfdom Yiqiniso, ingenye izenzakalo emaphakathi emlandweni wezwe.