Ngubani u-Aristotle? Yini eyaziwayo, biography, umnikelo isayensi

Umsuka Aristotle kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa eMakedoniya. Ngo 384 BC. e., wazalwa nini, isimo esendleleni eya ekuchumeni yabo. Lapha laliwumuzi lapho u-Aristotle wazalwa. Biography wesazi sefilosofi waqala endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi Stageira (kunezindlela futhi ukupela "Stagira" noma "Stagira"). Ngokwe-ke isiko kubantu eqina igama lesibili, lisuselwa encazelweni edolobheni bomdabu. Ngakho-ke, u-Aristotle yaziwa nangokuthi Stagirite.

umndeni

Wazalwa phezu Halkidiki nhlonhlo. Manje enyakatho yeGrisi, bese kwaba nje emaphethelweni emhlabeni amaGreki. Eduzane kwakunendlu yaseThrace zasendle. Lapha wahlala labantu yayihlukene phakathi, ngoba iminyaka ukhona amakoloni namaqaba exovwe amaGreki weza. Kodwa u-Aristotle owayeyisizukulwane okumsulwa ngesihluku abakhileyo Attica. Uyise Nicomachus kwaba udokotela odumile owayephila ngesikhathi zegceke zenkosi Macedonian.

Ukuzibiza kwakhe is kakhulu futhi ebazisa eminyakeni eminingi edlule. AmaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi wonke odokotela bavela Asclepius unkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, umndeni sefilosofi kwakungu yizicukuthwane nezidumile. Thinker yena bamukela lokhu kubukwa futhi azi- a descendent ezikude Asclepius. Konke lokhu kubonakala ukuzikhohlisa, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi lezo zimo zengqondo ngokuthi ayevamile kakhulu. Akumangazi ukuthi u-Aristotle bakwazile ukuhlanganisa umqondo ojulile nokholo ehlelweni zabantu wonkulunkulu Olympian.

Ukubukeka e-Athens

Wagcina ubufakazi ababephila ngesikhathi Thinker ukubukeka. Eseyinsizwa wayengumuntu nondescript. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-17, waqale wavakashela e-Athene - isikhungo Greece ukwenza izinhlangano zamasiko nezombusazwe. Mayelana nalesi sikhathi kukhona ulwazi ngempela kusele izingxenyana nje ze. Kukholakala ukuthi le nsizwa ke wasebenza sesinesikhathi ifa likayise, ngisho wahlanganyela nodokotela-mbumbulu kwaba enkonzweni yezempi. Ukuhweba zotshwala, okokuqala wangena imvelo zefilosofi nabo iqhaza kule mpikiswano.

KaPlato Academy

Ngubani u-Aristotle? Yena baduma ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe bokusungula. emhlabathini omuhle ngoba lokhu kwenza Academy, lapho eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Elapho ngokushesha waba omunye abafundi eyinhloko elinye sefilosofi omkhulu - uPlato. I Umfanekiso abadumile ngo-Raphael sika "Isikole Athens" kubonisa lokhu ongqondongqondo ezimbili ngesikhathi eshubile, abangu-bonke abafundi Academy.

Kulapha lapho ibhungu iqala ukuba bahlanganyele ucwaningo theory, futhi wabhala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala etemibhalo. Uhlobo lokuqala ukuthi yingcweti - mpendulwano zefilosofi. Lokhu kwakwenziwa elandela isibonelo uthisha kaPlato, naye waqala ne lolu hlobo imibhalo.

Omunye mpendulwano abadumile nengxenye enkulu yaleso sikhathi kubhekwe "Eudemus noma On umphefumulo." It Aristotle isitshela indaba omunye wabafundi kaPlato, axoshwe Academy.

ubugagu

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze aqonde ukuthi yini u-Aristotle, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi imisebenzi zokuqala Academy zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa mpendulo. Ikhono lokukhuluma phambi kwabantu futhi ukuxhumana kubo umqondo wakhe kakhulu baziswa eGrisi lasendulo. Ngakho-ke, isazi sefilosofi wahlanganyela hhayi kuphela ngemcondvo kodwa futhi njalo ozongitshela, kuhlanganise Academy, lapho kubhekwa yinkakha lokhu art esidlule. ithalente lakhe Kwaphawulwa izikhulumi eziningi nezikhathi okwalandela, kuhlanganise Cicero, owabheka benethonya elikhulu yokubukwa-Aristotle siqu.

Break ne Platonists

Ngonyaka 347 wafa, uPlato. Naye-Aristotle kwaba omningi kwemibono, kodwa uthisha abaphezulu kwaba omnakekelayo eyinhloko kanye nokwesekwa. Umcabangi asikwazanga ukuthola ulimi ezivamile nabanye abafundi Academy. Ngaphambi nje kokuba leyo, lo Macedonian yinkosi Philip edorobheni lekhabo batshabalalisa Stageira sefilosofi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho elahlekile izihlalo ezimbili nje ukusondela kuye. Ngakho-ke ngokushesha u-Aristotle wasuka e-Athene waya e-Asia Minor. Kwathi ngesikhathi nenhlekelele yangaphakathi.

Ngisho ke kwalotshwa imisebenzi eminingi, okuyinto esihlanganisa ifilosofi ka-Aristotle. Kafushane, base eqoqwe yinoma Anidroniku saseRhodes ngemva kokufa kombhali kanye bemunye "Metaphysics".

Uchitel Aleksandra

Isikhathi sokuqala emva hambisa, wahlala Asu futhi Mytilene, okuyinto oshiwo emibhalweni yakhe siqu. Kwabe esiqhingini saseLesbos, lapho imisebenzi Aristotle kwakufanele nokufundisa. Lo msebenzi uye waphawuleka, futhi isazi sefilosofi wamenywa ukuba inkantolo Filippa Makedonskogo, eyayibheke uthisha indodana yakhe u-Alexander. Le nsizwa kwakungu-umlawuli esifanayo, esikhathini esizayo baye bayinqoba kwengxenye ezweni lasendulo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi u-Aristotle wazalwa eMakedoniya, bezilokhu kubhekwe ungumGreki. Umcabangi zazikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi yobukhulu isiko yamaGreki ungase uhlanganise wonke amazwe angomakhelwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaGreki wahlala acebile kakhulu futhi ngokunethezeka nomakhelwane bayo abaningi. izakhamuzi Bafunde waba isisekelo uhlobo olusha umphakathi.

Zonke lezi zinzuzo Aristotle ayibonwa. Izincwadi sefilosofi ukuqhubeka ukucabanga. Into kuphela ukuthi kwakunganele yaseGrisi ukuhlanganisa futhi ukwandisa, ngokombono wakhe, - inkosi enamandla futhi nginenhliziyo. Lokho ukumbona sefilosofi umfana u-Alexander. Aristotle wasiphakamisa imfundo njalo futhi olunzulu ingane.

Isazi sefilosofi kahle ithinta bobabili inkosi indodana yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile wathulisa intukuthelo irascible Alexander, eyayifuna ukulalela umbono kathisha. Kusukela u-Aristotle wathatha phezu ulwazi hhayi kuphela zefilosofi mphendvulo, kodwa futhi isithakazelo ngesayensi yemvelo, kuhlanganise imithi futhi lapho esihle wayeqondiswa ngenkathi yakhe. Ngo nomkhankaso wakhe, u-Alexander njalo sasinencwadi Iliad, okuyinto Aristotle yakhiwa ngenxa yalo.

Lyceum

Ngo 336 BC, iNkosi uPhilip wabulawa ngumkhapheli phakathi nonogada bakhe. Alexander kwadingeka bame ekuqaleni kwazo isimo, ngemva kwalokho u-Awoke akabanga isikhathi sokutadisha. Ngakho-ke, i-Athens waphinda wazibonakalisa indawo lapho u-Aristotle ixazululwe. Biography wesazi sefilosofi wenza kumbuthano futhi wabuyela endaweni yokuqala. Kodwa akazange abe uthisha ngesikhathi Academy, njengasekuqaleni. Isizathu salokhu ayengaboni ngaso linye eziningi kanye nabafundi kaPlato, uphathe lezi zikhungo.

Ngakho-ke, e-Athens, kwasungulwa isikole esisha - Lyceum, elaba yinhloko Aristotle. Izincwadi Thinker futhi uthisha ngodumo lwakhe bakhangwa lenqwaba abafundi. Igama lesikhungo yathathwa ngenxa budebuduze ethempelini Apollona Likeyskogo. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, yingakho izwi usephendukele "esikoleni esiphakeme."

Qhathanisa ne Academy

Lyceum kanye Academy ziye zaba izikhungo emibili engqubuzanayo lemfundo lasendulo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babenesifiso isakhiwo efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Lyceum kwakuhambisana nezinga unkulunkulu Apollo kanye Academy of Athens ibe ethempelini. Isikole ngasinye kwadingeka sokuzivocavoca lalo. Kwaba isikhungo, lapho efundisa izisekelo ekukwati kufundza nekubhala, kanye ukwenza ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba. EGrisi lasendulo, ngokuvamile yaqhakaza yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi ngendlela enempilo kanye nezemidlalo. zefilosofi Abaningi baye baba abasubathi, futhi amanye aze ngisho uvele eMidlalweni Yama-Olympic.

I-Aristotle abadumile, kungcono ukugxila ezinkingeni zempilo, ngoba wayebukeka udokotela. I-Academy itholakala nedlelo enyakatho ntshonalanga ye-Athens, kuyilapho Lyceum zazigcinwa ngasempumalanga yomuzi eduze kwesango Dioharovymi. Lezi zindawo zaziwa iziphethu yayo, uhambise amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile. imibono ka-Aristotle faka umfundi wakhe Antisthenes ukusungula kwesinye isikole eduzane. Kwaba Kinosarg.

Ukuya emsebenzini nsuku zonke sefilosofi kanye neNhloko yesikole ibe uhlamvu ehlelekile. Ekuseni, wayeqhuba amakilasi kanye nabafundi uqobo okukhethekile, ithalente ovelele kanye nengqondo abukhali.

Kwabe sekulandela isidlo santambama nabangani, ephinde okwaxoxwa ososayensi, okuyiwona isiqondiso ukuthi ngisho athuthukile. Ngokwesibonelo, njalo ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi ngineminyaka engu usihlalo "inhlangano". Ntambama uthisha wachitha inkulumo enwetshiwe noma isifundo sokuba namakhono zeningi eziningi ezahlukahlukene zezilaleli.

I Lyceum kwaba wezincwadi omkhulu, okuyinto bakhangwa abafundi ukwazi. Useke hhayi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla, kepha imisebenzi lokusinda kulotshiwe Lyceum, ube nenamba enkulu izixhumanisi nezinye abalobi nemisebenzi. Lokhu akusona isimanga uma sikhumbula ukuthi ubani Aristotle okwakulungile ke Greece. WayeyiZwi uthisha ka-Aleksandru, owayeneminyaka abavikela yayo futhi axhase. igolide Macedonian ukuthenga izincwadi ezingavamile kakhulu futhi esiyigugu, okwakukhona ngisho kaPlato Academy.

inqubomgomo

Eminyakeni zokuphila lakhe Lyceum, u-Aristotle wabhala enye indatshana yakhe edume kunazo zonke isimo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Ezombusazwe". Liqukethe izisekelo theory lokulawula ngumbuso, kanye imibuzo zobugqila, isakhamuzi, umndeni njengengxenye umphakathi, nokunye. Imisebenzi D.-Aristotle ayehloselwe bahlanganise isakhiwo i Polis ekahle.

I indatshana is ihlukaniswe yaba izincwadi 8. Ngamunye wabo ihlanganisa inkinga ethile yokwakha isimo. Umbhali bahlakulele imibono kaPlato, isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa intando yeningi kanye oligarchy, kanye wakhuluma imfundo yabantu abasha. Konke lokhu sasihlanganisa ifilosofi ka-Aristotle. Wabukeza kafushane Izimbangela zokungezwani emphakathini kobushiqela. Futhi umlobi okokuqala ahlinzekwa ukwabelana amandla waba izingxenye ezintathu: namajaji, kusho izikhulu nabalingani zomthetho. Okungukuthi, lokhu ohlelweni okwamanje ikhona emazweni amaningi. Uma lokho-Aristotle abadumile, kwencazelo ukuphathwa inkampani ozinzile impela futhi kuphumelele.

Phuma Athens nokufa

Ngo 323 BC, wafa Aleksandr Makedonsky. Kwathi eBhabhiloni - dolobha yakhe entsha. Ngokokuqala ngqá, waya East, Inkosi ayizange abuyele ezweni lenkaba yawo noma okungenani eGreece. Wafinyelela imikhawulo India. Amandla akhe amasha Uye wahlanganisa abantu abaningi. Bonke waphoselwa kobuHellenism. Nokho, amaGreki ngokwabo kwabaseMakedoniya babephathwa kabi.

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander ngo-Athens baqala izinkulumo ubuzwe. U-Aristotle wayengusosayensi ngaphansi ukusekelwa inkosi. Kodwa ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe kwakuyovela nokuphila wesazi sefilosofi ubudala mina wehluleka bahlala inhloko-dolobha yaseGreece edlubulundayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sefilosofi esisebenze ngokuzikhandla esikoleni futhi ungalokothi wamuka e-Athene phakathi naleyo minyaka, it namanje kubhekwa Ngaphathwa kabi ngenxa yokuthi Lokudabuka Macedonian.

Lyceum wayengekho ngisho naso sonke leso sikhathi impahla yakhe ngomqondo okuqinile izwi. UMhlaba ingeyona sefilosofi, ngoba wayengashadile ngumhlali Athene. Uma izakhamuzi abangenalwazi ucelwe ngubani-Aristotle, baphendula ukuthi bengangazi. Lokho kwaba iqiniso elibuhlungu.

Iminyaka Aristotle iphila yaphela esiqhingini Euboea, lapho wanquma ukuba bathuthe bayofuna indawo enokuthula zobumfihlo. Kwathi ngonyaka 322, okungukuthi, kuphela ngonyaka ngemva kokuhamba Athens. Kukhona ukulandisa ezingaqinisekisiwe ukuthi ungaphakathi ezijulile crisis sefilosofi anobuthi ngokwabo Aconite. Kuyinto isitshalo esinoshevu, umthamo owesincane akhiphe okungaholela yokumelwa yinhliziyo.