Biology: negama elisho? Yini ososayensi wokuqala ohlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "biology"?

Biology - igama okukhulunywe lonke uhlelo wesayensi. Yena ezifundweni jikelele izidalwa eziphilayo, kanye nokuxhumana zabo imvelo. Biology ihlola ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo, kuhlanganise kwemvelo, ukuziphatha, imvelaphi, imifanekiso yalo nokukhula.

Lapho benza igama elithi "biology"? Njengoba isayensi ahlukene, kuphela baqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwawo-XIX leminyaka. Futhi owaqamba igama elithi "biology"? Lokhu uzofunda ku.

Antiquity nokuzalwa eyala lokuqala yemvelo

Ngaphambi wazi lapho kwakukhona elithi "biology", kufanele kube nenkulumo kancane ngokuzalwa isiyalo uqobo. Kukholakala ukuthi isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle lasendulo lokuqala wabeka izisekelo wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo - isisekelo wesayensi ezifana kwezilwane kanye wezitshalo. Abavubukuli baye bathola eziningi zobuciko impahla, eyayibhalwe imisebenzi Aristotle ezilwaneni. Waqale ekhonjiwe isixhumanisi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile izilwane. Lokho u-Aristotle Waphawula ukuthi zonke izilwane eziyivulayo ayabulala ukuhlafuna ayetshisi.

izifundiswa Okubaluleke emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo uDioscorides kubhekwe, ngubani ekuphileni kwakhe wenze uhlu omkhulu izitshalo zokwelapha futhi kuchazwe kungani leso senzo sabo (komyalelo wokungabi izitshalo angamakhulu ayisithupha).

Esinye isazi sefilosofi lasendulo uTheophrastus wabhala umsebenzi olunzulu enesihloko esithi "Izifundo izitshalo." Kuyo bahlakulele umcabango zika-Aristotle, kodwa mayelana izitshalo kanye nezici zabo.

Ephakathi

Owaqamba igama elithi "biology" futhi akazange uma kwenzeke? Ukukhuluma ngakho namanje zakuqala kakhulu, ngoba ngemva kokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, amakhono amaningi, kuhlanganise nalezo wezokwelapha nasemkhakheni wezindlela biology nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada. Arabhu ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi wayithatha nsimu enkulu futhi ezandleni zabo imisebenzi Aristotle iwe - ngemva kokuba ziye zahunyushelwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu.

Ekhulwini VIII impumelelo enkulu izuzwe Abacwaningi abangama-Arabhu emkhakheni wezitshalo kanye anatomy. Ngo kwezilwane impumelelo enkulu wasifinyelela umbhali Arab - Al Dzhahis owaqala baye bathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengoba kwahlongozwa Umbono eziwukudla.

Al Danavari waba umsunguli wezitshalo e-Arabhiya. Njengo-Aristotle, Al Danavari echazwe phose abangamakhulu ayisithupha zezitshalo, kanye nentuthuko kanye nokukhula yabo esigabeni ngamunye wabo.

umnikelo Kuyamangalisa kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezinto eziphilayo futhi imithi ikakhulukazi ukwenze udokotela Arab Aviatsenna. Wabhala incwadi edumile ethi "Canon of Medicine", okuyinto elaliqhubeka odokotela European kuya kweleshumi XVIII, kukonke. It, kuye kwanikeza isintu Aviatsenna kwemithi echazwe esifundweni sokuqala emitholampilo ukuthi umthelela ezinkulu phezu kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu womuntu kanye nezindlela zokunqanda izifo.

Ibn Zuhr wafunda uhlobo isifo, ezifana utwayi, futhi agcinwe imisebenzi kuhlinzwa, kanye ucwaningo lokuqala ngeziguli izilwane. EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, ukutadisha imithi nesayensi ezifana wezitshalo, ngokuphila kwezilwane engakaze enwetshiwe, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ithonya lamaKatolika ezingekho eBhayibhelini.

Renaissance nentshisakalo imithi, biology

Esikhathini Renaissance, igama elithi "biology" kwakusahlala ezingenakuqondakala obungazazi. Kodwa esikhundleni wesonto siye saba buthaka kakhulu, futhi ososayensi, iningi lazo e-Italy, waqala ukuba nesithakazelo e wezitshalo, ngokuphila kwezilwane nokwakheka imithi - baqala ukusifundela imisebenzi izibalo isayensi lasendulo.

Kakade ekhulwini XVI, usosayensi Dutch noVesalius babeka izisekelo zesayensi of sesayensi yokwakheka komzimba yanamuhla. Ukubhala emishikashikeni yabo siqu, yena dissected umzimba womuntu ukufunda isakhiwo kwezitho zangaphakathi.

Abacwaningi baphindela isifundo aminyene izitshalo, okungukuthi wezitshalo, kusukela waqaphela ukuthi amakhambi abaningi izakhiwo ngempela eqinile kwezokwelapha futhi usiza e elapha izifo.

Ekhulwini XVI incazelo izilwane indlela yabo yokuphila isibe ucwaningo endaweni yonke lapho kutadishwa zonke nezilwane ezaziwayo.

Akukho mnikelo kangako ekuthuthukiseni biology eyenziwe uLeonardo da Vinci, Paracelsus abaqhubeka ukufunda nokwakheka kwemithi.

Esikhathini usosayensi XVII ekhulwini UGaspard Bauhin echazwe zonke zaziwa ngaleso sikhathi e-Europe, lesi sitshalo - ezingaphezu kuka anamathandathu amawaka. Isifuba Harvey owayengifundela kwesidumbu kwezilwane, etholakale eziningana ezibalulekile eziphathelene kwegazi.

Ngo XVII ekhulwini umsuka isiyalo entsha begazi elihlobene ne-microscope icebo. Ngoba lokhu ayekutholile, abantu baye bafunda mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu eziphilayo ezincane owumphumela, okuyinto kubange resonance emphakathini. Kwase kuqala ufundwa isidoda womuntu.

Yikuphi usosayensi wasebenzisa igama elithi "i-biology"?

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX eyala begazi savela zibe isayensi agcwele, eye obonwa wezesayensi.

Ngakho lokho usosayensi aphakanyisiwe esebenzisa inkulumo ethi "biology"? Kwenzeka nini lokhu?

Igama elithi "biology" kwahlongozwa yi anatomist isiJalimane physiologist Friedrich Burdach ngubani ezikhethekile ekutadisheni ubuchopho bomuntu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1800.

Futhi, kuwufanele ethi biology - a term eyayinikelwa abanye ososayensi ababili, ongazange asazi mayelana umusho Burdach. Ngo 1802, Gottfried Treviranus futhi Jean Baptiste Lamarck parallel wathi ngakho. Sencazelo "biology" kwaziwa yibo bonke ososayensi abasebenza kulesi siqondiso.

Biology ekhulwini XIX

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi owaqamba igama elithi "biology", kukhuluma ukuthuthukiswa wayo. Omunye imisebenzi ukhiye kwekhulu XIX kwaba ukushicilelwa uCharles Darwin sika "The Origin of Species." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi bathole umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi nezingaphili futhi ephilayo imihlaba. Odokotela futhi ososayensi aqhubeka asebenzise izilwane, okwakunginika umfutho omkhulu ekuqondeni kwezitho zangaphakathi.

Biology ekhulwini XX

Ikhemisi kanye nezinye uye ngokuyinhloko washintsha kokutholakala Mendeleev - edala okuthiwa ishadi lesikhathi. Ngemva kokutholakala ososayensi gqwa wathola Ama-chromosomes e njengabathwali bendlu ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ufuzo kwavela njengoba ekuseni njengoba 1920. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqala isifundo amavithamini isicelo sabo. Ngo-1960 ngasekupheleni, kwathiwa eloba ikhodi DNA, okwaholela ukuvela eyala yemvelo efana izakhi zofuzo. Kumanje etadisha ngenkuthalo izakhi zofuzo kubantu nasezilwaneni, kanye mhlawumbe ngokubheka izindlela ukushintsha ngokubamba ucezu yokwanda koshintsho.

Kutfutfukiswa biology ngekhulu xxi

Ngekhulu xxi, izinkinga eziningi ukuhlala kungalungiswanga. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zinkinga umsuka wokuphila Emhlabeni. Futhi, abacwaningi azifinyelelanga kuvumelana umbuzo kanjani kwakukhona ikhodi triplet.

ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo kakhulu asebenzayo zezakhi zofuzo abasebenza udaba yokuguga. Ososayensi bazama ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinto eziphilayo ubudala, futhi yini ebangela inqubo yokuguga. Le nkinga ibizwa ngokuthi enye yezinto eziyimpicabadala enkulu lesintu, ikhambi okuzokwenza phakade okushintsha umhlaba.

Ayikho ngaphansi asebenzayo abacwaningi, futhi wezitshalo ikakhulukazi, umsebenzi inkinga ngemvelaphi ukuphila kwamanye amaplanethi. Ukufunda ngezinto ezinjalo izodlala indima enkulu kuleli Ukuhlolwa emkhathini kwamanye amaplanethi.

izimiso Biology

Sekukonke, zikhona izimiso ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo. Bona hlanganani ngokuphelele yonke eyala begazi kwelinye isayensi eyodwa eziphilayo, ogama lakhe - biology. Igama elithi kuhlanganisa le migomo elandelayo:

• Evolution - inqubo engokwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi eziphilayo, lapho ushintsho ikhodi zofuzo i umzimba.
• Amandla - Imfanelo esisemqoka kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo. Ngamafuphi, ukugeleza amandla, kuphela unomphela, kuqinisekisa ekusindeni umzimba.
• Cell theory (cell - iyunithi eyisisekelo isidalwa esiphilayo). Zonke emangqamuzaneni omzimba angasuselwa iqanda elilodwa. ukwanda kwabo kungenxa division of iseli ku ezimbili.
• isakhi sofuzo theory (ingxenye encane molecule ye-DNA, okuyinto unomthwalo isitoreji futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi zofuzo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye).
• Homeostasis - inqubo ukuzithiba yomzimba uphinde ubuyisele ukulingana amazinga.

eyala yemvelo

Okwamanje Biology - a term okuhlanganisa izihloko kweshumi eziningana ngamunye okuyinto ezikhethekile, kodwa sisebenza kuzo zonke izimiso ezishiwo ngenhla kwale sayensi.

Phakathi kwezihloko ethandwa kakhulu yilezi:

• Anatomy - isiyalo study isakhiwo eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi izitho zangaphakathi.
• Botany - isiyalo okhuluma ekutadisheni izitshalo lungentiwa njengemisebenti eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi unicellular.
• Virology - kusigaba ebalulekile Microbiology, oseneminyaka ukutadisha ukulwa yingozi abantu kanye isilwane amagciwane. Okwamanje, Virology - isikhali ukuze ulwe namagciwane, futhi ngenxa yalokho ugcine izigidi zabantu.
• Ufuzo ne-genetic engineering - isayensi study imithetho ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha eziphilayo. Amadili yokugcina nge manipulation ufuzo, elenza kukwazeke ukuthi iguqule eziphilayo, ngisho ungadala amasha.
• Zoology - isayensi okhuluma cwaningo zomhlaba isilwane, noma, ngaphezulu nje, nezilwane.
• Lemvelo - isayensi etadisha nokuxhumana kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo nezinye izinto eziphilayo kanye nokuxhumana kwabo nezwe.

Manje uyazi ukuthi usosayensi owaqamba igama elithi "biology", indlela kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi lidlulile. Sithemba ulwazi kwaba wusizo.