Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo - Iyini? Basics, izimiso nezindlela yokucusumbulwa kombhalo

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kombhalo. сферы распространения этой дисциплины, между тем, имеет огромное практическое значение. Kuchazwa kwenkululeko ukusabalala kwaleli isiyalo, Okwamanje, it kubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Uyini kombhalo?

, как в дисциплине, собраны многочисленные произведения. Ezincwadini, njengoba ngesiyalo, eqoqwe imisebenzi eminingi. Ukwakha kwabo esetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene, temdzabu, impumelelo yomuntu. рукописи, посмертные и прижизненные издания разных авторов, их дневников, писем, записных книг. Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo - isifundo zemibhalo yesandla posthumous esaphila izinhlelo abalobi abahlukahlukene, abo Diaries, izincwadi, izinto zokubhalela izincwadi. Ngaphakathi isiyalo wafunda nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa temdzabu (inganekwane, epics nokunye.). специальная сфера филологии. kombhalo zomlando - kuyinto sphere olukhethekile kolimi. It ihlola izici yokudala nokushicilela imisebenzi.

amagatsha

Ngokuyinhloko kombhalo - isifundo esiphathelene temdzabu amarekhodi kwezobuciko. Amagatsha wakhe ivelele, kuye inkinga ethile. Kulesi sisekelo ukuhlukanisa izindawo:

1. Ezikhathini zamandulo.
2. Ephakathi.
3. Temdzabu.
4. izincwadi Eastern.
5. Imisebenzi ezikhathini zanamuhla.
6. imithombo neziLimi.
7. Umlando.

Kuthiwa ezihlukahlukene okunjalo izimboni kungaphazamisi isiyalo ukubala okukodwa.

Inani

отрасль, которая занимает вполне конкретное и самостоятельное место. Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo - kuyinto umkhakha oluthatha indawo ethize kanye nalezo ezizimele. Isiyalo sihlobene eduze kwezinye izindawo kolimi. Ikakhulukazi, imithombo theory kanye zomlando asetshenziswe ucwaningo. Ukuhlaziya imikhiqizo Kwenziwa hhayi kuphela Ubukhulu lubandlululo kanye ekugcineni athuthukile fomu. izifundo Umbhalo omthombo temporally.

Kumiswa isiyalo eYurophu

отрасль, существование которой прослеживается с самых древних времен. Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo - kuyinto umkhakha kabani khona usukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kulokhu, lasungulwa senzeka ngezigaba futhi iye lihlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila ezenhlalo nezamasiko. использовались в античной филологии при корректировке, толковании и комментировании записей. izindlela Umbhalo esetshenziswa isazi classical ukulungisa, ukurhumutjha amazwana blog okufakiwe. Kwakheka kusenesikhathi okuthiwa "ukugxeka abanye kweBhayibheli". Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo ehlangene amagama Origen Porphyry, KaCelsus. Ngenxa yalokho, lo "ukugxeka abanye kweBhayibheli" kancane kancane bangenwa uhlamvu ngokwesayensi. Emakhulwini eminyaka 17-19 kwakheka isisekelo ukwethulwa umsindo ukuhlaziya izincwadi zenkolo. A mkhuba omusha in ukwazi zomlando kwavela Yempucuko. Ngalesi sikhathi, kakhulu kwaqinisa izibopho semibhalo nemikhakha wosizo isayensi. Abasunguli be-imisinga kwe-Europe ku -New Era ezibhekwa isiJalimane, Reyske, Bentley, njll Porson.

esikoleni-German

. Ekhulwini le-19-ke negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kombhalo izisekelo. ukunakwa Key igxile ekutadisheni imithombo, ekuboneni "archetype" sokuhlaziya eyohlobo izisusa. UProfesa Becker yasungulwa ngendlela lejulile ukulungiswa izincwadi abalobi yamaGreki namaRoma asendulo. Ngemva kwalokho, wayeqashwe Leopold von Ranke kuya ensimini enkulu ucwaningo zomlando. esikoleni German njengesisekelo ukuhlaziywa ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa imisebenzi lasendulo.

Imfundiso mechanistic

Contemporary kombhalo isayensi waqala zimiswe Karlom Lahmanom. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko umbono 'amaphutha ezivamile ", le ukuveza zazo wabonisa umsuka efanayo yesandla. Isisekelo umbono mechanistic Lachmann babe inqubo esiqinile kanye nezimiso ezimisiwe yokucusumbulwa kombhalo. Yena angasohlangothini ukuqhathanisa ambalwa izici. Izindlela amarekhodi asendulo ezibucayi ukucutshungulwa usosayensi isetshenziswa imisebenzi German Ephakathi. izimiso kombhalo ekuhloleni New Age zemibhalo yesandla ifakwe esikoleni Scherer, Bernays. imibono Lachmann sika ezakhiwa kule imisebenzi ePrague esikoleni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi theory mechanistic liye wagxeka Bedier ngenxa yokungakhokhi jikelele walo.

Ukwakheka isiyalo eFrance

Kuleli zwe, ukunakekela yokucusumbulwa kombhalo ziye zenzeka phakathi nekhulu le-19. Ekhulwini lama-20 kwaba ukubukeka esikoleni Lanzon futhi umsebenzi asebenzayo Paris Institute. Ngo-1970-yalolucwaningo. France sekukhona futhi ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni ohlangothini olusha - ukugxekwa zofuzo. Lo muzi waba isikhungo ayisihluthulelo Paris Institute zemibhalo yesandla imibhalo yesimanje. Ngesisekelo yefilosofi esikoleni kwaba inkolelo-mbono wokuhlobana kwezinto. It kakhulu uchaza isikhundla ukugxekwa zofuzo. Kulesi sigaba, thina washayelwa imibuzo ukhiye uhlole kombhalo entsha. Lena ngokuyinhloko umsuka, amarekhodi ukunyakaza, ukudlala zonke izigaba ukudalwa umsebenzi yekubhala. Abacwaningi enganikanga iyiphi bakhethe edition olulodwa. Amalungu abakholelwa ukuthi lo mbhalo wesandla umbhali yamuva sika kunezinzuzo phezu okusalungiswa yasekuqaleni. Ngokuqina kubo njengoba izigaba ezahlukene indalo.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Kufanele kuqashelwe ngqo okuyinto edala umsebenzi, nomlando wayo. в рамках генетической критики существенно расширяет сферу исследования. Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo kohlaka zofuzo kakhulu yandisa kwenkululeko cwaningo. Libhekisela okushiwo indlelanchubo yekubhala. Lokhu, kuyasiza ukwandisa zofuzo ukugxekwa isikali into. It is iqondiswe kulesi simo umbhalo nje emincane isici tetemibhalo, kodwa futhi ngomqondo ovamile. Lokhu kusho inhlanganisela ongenakugwenywa ezimpikweni ezahlukene. Phakathi kwabo umlando, yezilimi, nemithi, kanye psychology, kanye mathematics. Njengoba isifundo amafomu zasendulo yesimanje izikhathi art, ukugxeka zofuzo kubalulekile, kodwa azenele.

Ukucusumbulwa kombhalo eRussia

Imisebenzi ezidalwe 11-17 eminyaka, ikakhulukazi amelwe ngesimo yesandla. Leli qiniso predetermined timphawu letibalulekile ukudalwa, khona futhi basakaza esikhumbuzo eziningi kwezincwadi Russian. Kwakukhona ezinye izinkinga yokucusumbulwa kombhalo. Ukushintsha Isimo amabhuku nakanjani kuyoholela ukulahleka ukuzinza isethulo, ukwethula zonke izinguqulo ezintsha. The eside kwaba khona umkhiqizo, kulapho-ke kucutshungulwe. Izinguqulo elisha kubonakala ababhali (noma itlhogeko), okuthandwa kwezobuciko, izimfuno. Kwabe sekuqala inkathi lapho basungula kombhalo - kuyinto 16-17 eminyaka. ukulungiswa asebenzayo okwenzeka kulezi eminyaka, systematization nencazelo yesandla.

ngesikhathi uPetru

Phakathi nale nkathi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa izincwadi Old Russian. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphansi esinqumweni 1722 walayela ukuqoqa futhi imenze Petersburg ilandisa, chronographs, incwadi amandla ezaziwayo. Ngo-1724 kwase kunesiqiniseko ngu-Academy of Sciences. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ngenkuthalo ukutadisha esikhumbuzo lasendulo. umnikelo Omkhulu ekutadisheni imibhalo yesandla wenza Schletzer futhi Miller.

isigaba esisha

Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-18 kwesibili kwaqala umsebenzi ehlelekile editsionno-kombhalo. Izinyathelo zokuqala kule isiqondiso kwaba ukushicilelwa "Iqiniso Russian" ilandisa Nestor. Novikov sidalwe iqoqo, ezazihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana abalobi 300 kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. A esigabeni esisha kubangela ukuthuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwe-copyright. Editsionnye izimpumelelo e-European ncwadi isiko, indlela kanye nobuchwepheshe bayo ziye zasetshenziswa ezincwadini imisebenzi Feofana Prokopovicha, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Cantemir.

ngekhulu le-19

I emashumini yokuqala yekhulu XIX zaziphawuleka ngokungabi ngcono indlela kombhalo. Izindlela kusetshenzisiwe ahlanganiswe kakhulu cwaningo lwempilo kanye bibliographical emithonjeni lasendulo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, le nqubo ithonywe kakhulu ukuvela temdzabu - ukucutshungulwa amarekhodi lokusungula ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka abantu. Umbuzo ukuthi bangobani kwamasiko ngamazwi zayo ezihlukahlukene, afakwe ububanzi ezikhonzini ososayensi ucwaningo aseMpumalanga, Makarov, Bourne. , возникали новые определения. Thuthukisa imiqondo eyisisekelo yokucusumbulwa kombhalo, kwakukhona incazelo entsha.

Ukuvela "isiqondiso zokungabaza"

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo. 19 Ekhulwini bafunda esikoleni esisha. imibono yakhe kwakusekelwe ikakhulu zihlotshaniswa nemicabango Schlozer. Njengoba inhloko yalawa "esikoleni obusolisayo" wenza Kachenovsky. indlela yakhe yayisekelwe encwadini umqondo wokuthi ungakwazi maningakholwa yibo bonke ubufakazi ezincwadini zasendulo. Lokhu kugxeka kwaba olungenamkhawulo nesithunzi, kanye nemibi sobala. umcabango ezibucayi Kachenovsky led amasu ngcono esetshenziswa ekutadisheni imithombo lelandzisako. Nanguya ejwayele ukuhlola amaqiniso ngokuya ubuqiniso yangaphakathi kane imithetho jikelele izenzakalo ezingokomlando. Nokho, abasekeli lesikole ethambekele nokunqatshelwa isikhathi Kiev kuphela ngoba ukulandwa impahla ezigcinwe imithombo kamuva.

asondele Pogodin

Lokhu umcwaningi bahlakulele imibono Schlozer isetshenziswa imithombo kwezobuciko. Pogodin waphikelela ngokuthi ekutadisheni zonke izinhlelo umbhalo, besebenzisa inqubo Isifaniso. Wakwazi ukufakazela ubuze besimo inqwaba okutholakele ezithile "abangabazayo". Esifundweni Pogodin wasebenzisa ukuhlaziya izimo zikazwelonke komlando nesenzakalo, khona nokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo. indlela yakhe, esikhundleni salokho, kuye kwasungulwa Buslaev.

esikoleni basezinganekwaneni

Kwakuwusuku omele ngobukhulu Buslaev eshiwo ngenhla. Waba umqondo lokuqhubeka ulimi futhi abantu izinganekwane, izinganekwane. mqondo yakhe lalibhekwa njengento isipiliyoni kuqala wesayensi yezilimi eqhathanisa obungokomlando zakudala inkulumo Slavic. Ngemva kwalokho Buslaev zonke imibono yakhe bachazela e ayisisekelo umsebenzi yemiqulu emibili.

19-20 eminyaka.

Nge nesithakazelo esikhulayo labacwaningi imithombo kamuva ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Baqala ekhiqizwa indlela zomlando ukuze ifa etemibhalo 18 no-19 eminyaka. Okokuqala ukuthi ngcono esikweni lesizwe ezimweni yesimanje kubalulekile ukuba afeze "ukuhlaziya ezibucayi izincwadi, wokubuka yonyaka futhi ngabanye usebenza ngaso sonke," kwaba inkulumo yasendle. Iningi imibono yakhe baqhubeka ngemisebenzi Belinsky. Ehlelwe 1841 futhi kancane lwenteke umsebenzi wokugcina iye igxile ukuphikiswa kunemibandela yobuhle yokusondela imisebenzi ngazinye umbono entsha lonke ifa umbhali ubhala izenzakalo ngokulandelana kwazo kanye nalabo labakhile zokudala.

Editsionnaya isiko

It uye savela kakhulu futhi phakathi nekhulu le-19, kwafinyelela izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kwaba nesandla yakha inhlangano umsebenzi academic on the ukushicilelwa imisebenzi. Umsebenzi ku ukushicilelwa izikhumbuzo endala kanye yesimanjemanje banikela ngendlela ebalulekile futhi kwakungekaNkulunkulu Tikhonravov Buslaev. Badale isibonelo sokuba uhlobo isikhathi izincwadi zabo ngokwesayensi. Veselovsky isungule indlela entsha izifundo philological. It kwakubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa kombhalo ukuhlaziywa indlela.

Imisebenzi Annenkov

Ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko isayensi yasekhaya kombhalo ukubhekisela imithombo enyathelisiwe ezikhathini zanamuhla kwazeke imibono ethile womgunyathi isazi-classic. Nokho, maduzane nje, abacwaningi baye baqala ukuthola izindlela zabo. Lokhu kungenxa ukukhululwa yochungechunge oluthile lwezinto ezenzeke imisebenzi yesayensi kanye ezibucayi. Ngo 1851 Annenkov waqala ukuqeqesha omunye wabo. Umcwaningi olwenziwa kombhalo cwaningo zemibhalo yesandla Pushkin sika. Ngo parallel, azidalile umsebenzi lapho uqoqe zokwakha Biography imbongi. Zombili lezi imisebenzi yaba yingxenye Ucwaningo olunzulu. Ukuqamba Annenkov baziswa Nekrasov, Turgenev, Dob, Chernyshevsky nabanye.

Ukuthuthukisa izindlela

Kususelwa ubufakazi, abacwaningi wafunda anhlobonhlobo lokusungula etemibhalo. Lo msebenzi waphawula kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kuye kwaba nemiphumela eziphathekayo. Isidingo letinemaciniso, lwempilo, ukuthuthukiswa yomthombo kubangela ukuvela ekukhuleni kahle ohlangothini olusha ngesiyalo. Abacwaningi ngendlela entsha yaqala ukubona ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba lwezincwadi. Mintslov, ikakhulukazi, wabhala ukuthi ngaphandle msebenzi wokulungiselela akunakwenzeka ukuchaza umlando izincwadi. Futhi ngaphandle-ke, ngesikhathi, akukho ucwaningo eziyisisekelo ngeke kuphumelele.

Izici systematization

Ukuthola eliqinisekisiwe amaqiniso, isikolo zomlando kwakhiwa isikole indlela yabo eyinhloko kwaholela Maikov futhi Saytovym. Eyokuqala ukuthi azi- umfundi Sreznevsky. Ngemizamo lezi ososayensi baye banyathelisa iqoqo Tindzaba Batiushkov. Esikhathini esizayo, umbono lesikole bebheke usesho ezigciniwe, Umlandvomphilo kwakhiwa, umsebenzi nge imithombo ezakhiwa Modzalevsky. He qamba abadumile ikhadi-Inkomba, okuhlanganisa 165 ayizinkulungwane. Amakhadi. It igcinwe Pushkin House, eMnyangweni Yesandla. Waphawula ikakhulukazi ngendima abayidlalile ukuze ukutadisha Decembrists. Impumelelo inani eliphakeme kunawo wonke Pushkin izifundo zezemfundo zicatshangelwa kubo kuchazelwe hlobo "Pushkin. Diary", "Pushkin. Izinhlamvu". Systematization leyo nto iye efunde ngaphakathi ucwaningo philological ngomlando izincwadi Russian of 19-20 eminyaka., Wanikela omningi inkomba ulwazi. Kuzo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhona imisebenzi Vengerov, ayisisekelo umsebenzi Mezieres. ngaleyo ndlela izimiso letibalulekile kombhalo classical kazwelonke ezakhiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuthi babusekelwe osuvele ukhona ngaleso sikhathi editsionnom okuhlangenwe nakho okumangalisayo futhi ukubuyekeza ezibucayi imibono nezimfundiso Western formalist.

isikhathi esisha

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, eSt Petersburg Academy of Science ngokuphathelene kwabonakala maphakathi kombhalo izifundo. It kwakhiwa izikole ezimbili phambili. Elinye eliholwa Shakhmatov elinye - Peretz. Lezi zikole, eqinisweni, bafundisa imibono iyafana. Bakhandwa wahlanganyela esifundweni umbhalo emlandweni indalo yayo futhi lonke ushintsho yayo. Shakhmatov wancika izinto etholwe ngokuhamba kokuma namalimi wemiphakathi. Peretz isetshenziswa kabanzi izindlela etemibhalo. Shakhmatov athuthukile indaba isitatimende ukuhlaziywa amasu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenzisa izimiso ka historicism nezindlela wokutadisha imithombo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuwo wonke amafomu kanye izinguqulo eziphakanyisiwe. Baningi impela wesikhathi wayehumusha yesandla yasendulo, izimpikiswano ethnogenesis. Shakhmatov kwabeka isisekelo sokuthethelelwa isifundo zomlando ulimi kazwelonke tetemibhalo, kanye nesayensi yokucusumbulwa kombhalo. Kepha Peretz, owokuqala wahola mhlangano eKiev. Emva kokukhethwa ukuba Academy of usosayensi wathuthela Petrograd. He qamba kuphela zangaphambi wamavukelambuso imfundiso Umhlahlandela Ukucusumbulwa kwemibhalo. Lo msebenzi inikeza imibono ekuqondeni indlela entsha. Ukwamukelwa esekelwe ukunakwa ekutadisheni etemibhalo umthombo umlando.

isiphetho

Sinyatselo lesibalulekile ukwakheka umqondo jikelele kombhalo elungile kuze izimiso futhi izindlela eyenziwe umsebenzi Academician Likhachev. Umbhali ukubeka phambili liveza umqondo omusha qualitatively, egunyaza isidingo zihlathulula nokuqukethwe ukunyakaza komthombo isikhathi. Lokhu kwaba ekugcineni waphikisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela mechanistic, okusekelwe preference umbhalo ngokulandelana ngaphambili. Nge kwesikhathi ezivela ezindaweni isicelo, ngokuyinhloko ikhambi izinkinga lokushicilela uhlamvu, isiyalo usethathe isigaba base. Kutfutfukiswa kombhalo ageleza kule umugqa owodwa nezinguquko jikelele zomlando namasiko ezweni. Okwamanje kuchazwe izindawo ezibalulekile Russian yokucusumbulwa kombhalo: izincwadi zasendulo, ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi imibhalo yesimanje, kanye zamasiko.