NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni

Kunzima sibala izinzuzo esisinika intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe: ugesi, Ukushisa wesifunda, izimoto, amakhompyutha, i-Internet - uhlu eqhubekile ... Nokho, zonke lezi Izinsiza kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle izinguquko global eqale ngemva kwamakhulu ambalwa edlule futhi yaqanjwa NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni.

Umsuka futhi lisho ukuthini igama elithi

Kwenzani lokhu gama nalapho benza igama sokuphana ngento enkulu kangako? Ubuqambi kungokwalabo usosayensi French uJerome Okungenalutho, owayehlala Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kuyo, futhi ngomqondo wesimanje inguquko kwezezimboni - kuyinto aphuma emphakathini nezokulima kwesivele zezimboni, okuyinto inendima enkulu emnothweni ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

Evamile, izinguquko kwezezimboni ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu. Enhlabathini kukhona ushintsho kancane kancane kusukela umsebenzi wezandla ukuze imishini. Lezi imishini eliqhutshwa imisipha womuntu, kodwa ukusheshisa sina inqubo ukukhiqizwa. In esigabeni sesibili injini libonakala lezi zinhlelo - injini umusi, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se ukukhiqizwa yezimboni ngempumelelo kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngekhulu lesithathu imishini yasesiteji ukukhiqizwa kuba kusakazeke futhi kukhona umkhakha omusha - isiqoqi sama-softwe.

Izigaba izinguquko kwezezimboni

Izwe lokuqala lapho izinguquko kwezezimboni, isibe England. Kwenziwa yini na? Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, lokhu lula khona amakoloni. ukusebenza yabo eye wavumela osomabhizinisi British buthelela imali eyanele ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Enye inguqulo ithi akusiyo kuphela amakoloni. Kwakungafanele kuphela eNgilandi - umqhele Spanish ethumba indawo akukho kancane, kodwa akazange athuthuke uye lingakhonjiswa umkhakha. Kuyinto okunye - ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII (ngalesi sikhathi liqala izinguquko kwezezimboni eNgilandi) emphakathini IsiZulu idale isimo ukuthuthukiswa imboni. Okokuqala, isimo yayiwukuvikela yangasese kanye nonxiwankulu ayikwazanga wesabe nokuquleka. Okwesibili, ezingeni lelisetulu ukuhweba ufinyelelwe, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukudayisa imikhiqizo ezimbonini. Okwesithathu, kwaba khona inani elanele abasebenzi noma umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wanyamalala (akukho serfs eNgilandi ngaleso sikhathi wayengaselona). Ngo ezolimo, ubudlelwane emakethe athuthukile: umhlaba kuye kwaba yinto eyivela, kanye umnotho lezimpahla ekugcineni wamkhipha zemvelo. amapulazi amakhulu akuzange kudingeke inqwaba abasebenzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uhlinzeke amaholo aphansi ngoba umkhakha.

Ngakho, isigaba sokuqala the Industrial Revolution eBritish ayelungele. It vó ukuthola imoto efanelekayo. Njengoba ukufunwa enkulu ngaleso sikhathi wayekujabulela lokhu izingubo, kanye nentuthuko kwezezimboni waqala ngokunembile basembonini yendwangu. Weaver Dzheyms Hargrivs kanye wabukela njengoba uthi lokuphotha, ilele ezandleni indodakazi yakhe, by inertia uyaqhubeka spin. Weza umqondo elula: yini uma senza isondo ukuphotha, lapho uthi lokuphotha ngeke spin ngokwayo? "UJenny" - ngakho khona isondo lokuqala mechanical ukuphotha uvele 1765. It uthi lokuphotha wabekwa ukuthutha ekhethekile, beya ku komzila. Kanyekanye ukunyakaza ukuthutha ijikeleziswa nilimaza ngentambo. Lokhu isondo ukuphotha abesebenza nangesivinini kunalokho ezivamile ngoba ikalishi kwakungaphambukisa nokwakha uthi lokuphotha ambalwa. Ngokushesha Hargreaves okusungulile waba ukusakaza. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, i wezinwele abavamile Richard Arkwright wadala umshini ukuphotha is eliqhutshwa isondo amanzi. Lokhu okunye anda ukukhiqizwa ntambo. Uvele kanye mechanical uhlaka lokweluka indwangu. Ngakho esigabeni sokuqala the Industrial Revolution.

Ukuze esigabeni sesibili akazange abe motor jikelele ezingase ukusebenzisa unyaka wonke. Futhi amasondo amanzi windmills yasetshenziswa yonke indawo, kodwa babengesibo alithembekile kakhulu ngenxa izimo zezulu. Bese Kwatholakala at yasungulwa eyithuba uJames Watt - injini umusi. Empeleni, imibhangqwana futhi wazama yokulawula kuye, kodwa lezi ezisunguliwe bebelokhu uneconomical. Ngo-1781, imizamo yakhe abangu ethwele impumelelo. Wakwazi ukwakha umshini evumela idrayivu ukuqhuba eziningi ukuchumisa, futhi ngenxa yalokho kancane kumniniyo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokusungulwa Watt liqala ukuzungeza umuzi enqobile eNgilandi, bese kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni. Wakwazi eqele ngalé kwezindonga ifektri nokunqoba ezokuthutha kanye izinguquko kwezezimboni langena ngempumelelo komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yayo yesibili.

Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi injini umusi emenza esigabeni sesithathu the Industrial Revolution, okwasiza ujike England zibe sesimweni ezimbonini. Car ukumboza izimboni kabanzi futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo ngayo lwalukhula. Ngenxa yalokho, igatsha elisha zokukhiqiza - isiqoqi sama-softwe.