Ukukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland 1612

Elinye lamaphuzu turning emlandweni wezwe kungenziwa ngokuqiniseka ngokuthi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland 1612. Kuyinto ke ukuba unqume ukuthi kufanele yini isimo Russian. Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka kwalolu suku ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo. Ake sicabangele lesi senzakalo esibalulekile, ngemva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kanye ukuthola ukuthi yini-ke umlawuli wamabutho ngesikhathi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland ukuthi aphumelele.

prehistory

Kodwa okokuqala, ake sibone ukuthi yini izenzakalo ezandulela yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland.

Ukuxabana-Commonwealth, okuyinto empeleni umfelandawonye zoMbuso iPoland Grand Duchy of Lithuania, nesimo Russian lwaluqala izikhathi Ivana Groznogo. Khona-ke, ngo-1558, it aphula edumile Livonian neMpi, ulandelwa umgomo walo ukuthola ukulawula lokubusa la mazwe aseBaltic. Ngo-1583 impi iphela lapho kusayinwa umthetho-ukuthula, eyabonakala inzuzo ngempela-Russia. Kodwa ngokuvamile, lokhu ezweni ukuphikisana phakathi Russian futhi embusweni Commonwealth akuvunyelwe.

Ngemva kokufa Ivana Groznogo e 1584. sobukhosi Russian kwakuhlezi indodana yakhe - Fyodor. Angitjho babantu kunalokho bebuthakathaka futhi bexhwalile, lapho amandla wasebukhosini kakhulu buthaka. Washona ngo 1598, engashiyanga izindlalifa. Weza amandla, umfowabo ngomfazi Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. Lo mcimbi waba nemiphumela kunalokho esiphuthumayo sokuba Russia, kusukela Imi iDemo le Rurik lwamakhosi, owabusa isimo engaphezu kwengu-anamakhulu asixhenxe.

Ngaphakathi umbuso Russian lalikhulela ukunganeliseki inqubomgomo Boris Godunov, okuyinto abantu abaningi abakubheka njengomklamo nomkhohlisi, kokuquleka emthethweni kwamandla, futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa namahemuhemu yayala ukubulala indlalifa yezithembiso Ivana Groznogo.

Lokhu isimo esishubile ezweni kungaba amathuba iyasiza lula kokungenela angaphandle.

nabakhohlisi

Elite elibusayo e-Commonwealth kahle ukuthi ngaphandle imbangi yayo eyinhloko umbuso Russian. Ngakho-ke uphonsa Rurikovich lwamakhosi wakhonza njengephayona uhlobo isignali ukuqala belungiselela ehlasela.

Nokho, ukuvula impi Rzeczpospolita ngokwayo yayingazimisele, ngakho izingobe yabo esetshenziswa pretender Grigoriya Otrepeva, okuzenza Dmitry - owafa ebuntwaneni, indodana Ivana Groznogo (ngokuvumelana enye inguqulo, wabulala ngemiyalo yezikhulu Boris Godunov), ngoba yena wathola isidlaliso - Dmitry Amanga.

Army Falsdmitry waqoqa ngokusekelwa Polish futhi izikhulu Lithuanian, kodwa ngokusemthethweni Rzeczpospolita. It ihlasela iRussia ngo-1604. Ngokushesha Tsar Boris Godunov esefile futhi sekubusa indodana yakhe eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha Fedor wayengakwazi ukuhlela ukuzivikela. ibutho Polish Grigoriya Otrepeva e 1605 ethumba eMoscow, futhi yazibeka inkosi Dmitry I. Nokho, ngonyaka olandelayo wabulawa umbuso. Khona-ke wabulawa off Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo nabasePoland, owafika naye.

New Russian Tsar baba Vasiliy Shuysky, owayenguyise ummeleli wegatsha lateral we Rurik. Kodwa ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi Russia kwakungasebenzeki obonwa umbusi samanje.

Ngo-1607 on ensimini-Commonwealth, a nomkhohlisi entsha, ogama lakhe langempela alwaziwa. Wehlela emlandweni njengoba Amanga Dmitry II. Yena sasekelwa tycoons abake uqale aqhubeka nokuvukela + kwawo Polish King Sigismund III, kodwa walahlekelwa. Ukukala pretender baba Tushin edolobheni, ngenxa lokho Amanga Dmitry II wethiwa Tushino isela. Ibutho lakhe wanqoba ibutho Shumsky wavimbezela eMoscow.

Vasiliy Shuysky wazama ukuxoxisana Sigismund III, ukuthi wasuka izikhonzi zakhe. Kodwa yayingekho asizakale ngempela, futhi engafuni ukwenza lokho. Khona-ke lo mbusi Russian Wazibandakanya abaseSweden. Lokhu kusiza kuhloswe ukusiza Sweden ngokumelene Amanga Dmitry II ngaphansi kwemigomo ye ukudluliselwa semizi Russian eSweden, kanye umfelandawonye ngokumelene Poland.

Okudingeka ukuvula kokungenela Polish

Ibhaxa esiyinhloko ukuqala kokuhlanganyela Polish baba ubuhlobo Russian-Swedish. Lokhu kwanika ibhaxa esisemthethweni Commonwealth ukumemezela ukulwa neRussia, njengoba enye yezinhloso lolu mbimbi nje kokuphikisa Poland.

Ngo iningi Commonwealth ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona nokuqinisa isikhundla senkosi. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi Korol Sigizmund III e 1609 ukuyiveza kwavukelwa acasuka kwamadoda asebukhosini, eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Manje kungenzeka lokwandisa zangaphandle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano Russian-Polish ngemva kweMpi Livonian, ungazange usehambile, futhi kufihlwe kokungenela wasePoland ohlala e-kuxhaswa lolungakahleleki umphumela kulindeleke kabavumelanga nabakhohlisi.

Lezi zici walungiselela Umfutho isinqumo lokuqalisa amabutho ayehlasela Commonwealth endaweni Russian isimo ukuze usiyise ngaphansi kophiko lwayo egcwele. Baqala uchungechunge lwezenzakalo, exhumanisa inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia kwaba ekuthatheni ibutho Polish-Lithuanian, bese yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland.

Capture eMoscow nabasePoland

Ekwindla ka-1609 ibutho Polish eholwa Hetman UStanislava Zholkevskogo ehlasela indawo yakwa-Russia nase-ukuvinjezelwa Smolensk. Ehlobo lika-1610 bona ehluliwe empini juqu Klushino Russian-Swedish ibutho wafika eMoscow. Ngakolunye uhlangothi eMoscow wanameka aphethe Falsdmitry II.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo liketulwa amfaka ejele esigodlweni. Bavula umbuso ukuthi ngaphansi kwegama umkhandlu eziyisikhombisa ezaziwayo. Kodwa izicukuthwane wagabadela amandla yayingajwayeleki phakathi kwabantu. Babekwazi empeleni ulawule eMoscow kuphela. Sesaba ukuthi uhulumeni kungaba thatha ethandwa kakhudlwana Amanga Dmitry II, izicukuthwane wangena ugodongana ne nabasePoland.

Ngu sivumelwano, indodana amaPolish King Sigismund III, Władysław baba Tsar isiRashiya, kodwa ukuguqulwa Lobu-Orthodox. Ekwindla ka 1610 ibutho Polish langena eMoscow.

abezempi lokuqala

Ngakho, inhlokodolobha Rus ethumba nabasePoland. On izinsuku zokuqala baqala ukuzitika, ngokwemvelo wavusa ulaka bendawo. Getman Zolkiewski basuka eMoscow, futhi baphile khona ibutho lenqaba Polish emzini kwesokunxele Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

Ekuqaleni 1611 ngaphansi kobuholi Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. noJ Zarutsky Lyapunov lenzeka okubizwa ngokuthi abezempi kuqala. Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba - ukuqala yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland. Amandla main zezimpi babe Ryazan izicukuthwane Tushino kanye Cossacks.

Amasosha wasondela eMoscow. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e ukuvukela amabutho bangazihluphi, indima ebalulekile lapho kudlalwa Dmitry Pozharsky, induna lempi esizayo phakathi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland.

Ngalesi sikhathi izidlamlilo wakwazi ukuthatha China Town, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwaholela ukubulawa omunye wabaholi - Procopius Lyapunov. Ngenxa leli qiniso, izidlamlilo behlukana. Inhloso yalo mkhankaso hhayi kufinyelelwa, nokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland akazange athathe indawo.

Kumiswa Militia Okwesibili

Yafika 1612. Ukukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland baba kwamiswa ngenhloso izidlamlilo Okwesibili. Lo mkhankaso we indalo yayo babevela ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla class of Nizhny Novgorod, lapho uye wahlupheka kokucindezelwa okukhulu futhi ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi bevinjezelwe Polish. Nizhny Novgorod alimazanga iyiphi igunya Amanga Dmitry II, futhi Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

A indima yokuhola ukudalwa Second Yabantu Militia kudlalwa Kuzma Minin, owakhonza Zemsky induna. Wanxusa abantu bahlangane ekulweni abahlaseli. Esikhathini esizayo, lapho eyaduma njengomkhuzi webutho ngesikhathi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland nase njengendlela iqhawe abantu. Futhi ngenkathi Kuzma Minin kwaba ingcweti elula owakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinkumbi zabantu zathuthelekela ebiza Nizhny Novgorod zivela kwezinye izingxenye ze-Russia.

Phakathi kwezifiki kwaba Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, enye indoda, ngubani ayedumile njengomkhuzi webutho ngesikhathi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland 1612. Wacela elalizolwa inhlangano jikelele, sicela Prince Pozharsky ahole isizwe ekulweni abahlaseli. Isikhulu babengeke benqabe lesi sicelo, futhi azihlanganise nebutho lezempi, waqala ukuthatha ukuma ngaphansi kobuholi Minin, yena namadoda ayekanye naye.

Umgogodla izidlamlilo lalinabashumayeli Nizhny Novgorod isikaniso sakhiwa 750 abantu, kodwa kwafika ucingo kubantu inkonzo Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh nakwamanye amadolobha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ikhono eliphezulu Minin futhi Pozharsky kwetinhlavu inhlukano wamabutho, futhi ubambisene nezinye imizi Russia. Eqinisweni, zakha umzimba ukuthi wenza indima engadlalwa uhulumeni.

Kamuva, abezempi abantu wesibili e-yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland, uma kuziwa endabeni inhlokodolobha, kulekelelwa amanye amaqembu we zigoqiwe abezempi kuqala.

Ngakho, ngaphansi kwamiswa kobuholi Minin futhi Pozharsky amandla eside, bakwazi ngokuphumelelayo naleli abahlaseli. Yaqala kanjalo yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland 1612.

Personality Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Manje, ake uxoxe kabanzi ukuthi ungubani lowo muntu eyaduma njengoba isikhulu samasosha ngesikhathi yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland. It Dmitry Pozharsky kwaba abantu ngomyalo wabaholi umholi induna abezempi, futhi kube kufanele, kungokwalabo ingxenye enkulu umnikelo oya kule nokunqoba okukhazimulayo. Wayengubani?

Dmitry Pozharsky kwakungezesizwana umndeni lasendulo kwesikhulu, okwakuwuphawu legatsha ohlangothini Rurik Starodubskaya umugqa. Wazalelwa e 1578, ie ngesikhathi kumiswa nabezempi ekwindla ka-1611, wayeneminyaka engaba ngamashumi 33 ubudala. Ubaba wayesazisa kakhulu isikhundla Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky nomama - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva ukuthi amagama, waphelelwa ilobolo, Dmitry wazalwa.

Abasebenzi bakahulumeni Dmitry Pozharsky wabuyela emuva ngesikhathi sokubusa Borisa Godunova. Ikusasa umkhuzi wezempi, induna yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland, ngaphansi Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom kwaholela omunye amaqembu ukuthi inkani ibutho Amanga Dmitry II. Khona-ke wamiswa Zaraiskiy umbusi.

Kamuva, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, Pozharsky eyingoduso enhlanganweni ye ukuvukela kwabantu nabasePoland eMoscow phakathi khona Yabantu Okokuqala Militia.

Ngokwemvelo, abantu abalwé kanzima ngakho nokungenelela angaphandle, ayikwazanga ukuphendula ucingo Kuzmy Minina. Hhayi indima yokugcina ukuthi Dmitry Pozharsky wahola abezempi, kwakuwukuthi yayinendodakazi izindlu eduze Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod ie, akha umgogodla impi, kubhekwe ibe ngeyakhe.

Yilokho kwaba umuntu owasihola izidlamlilo e yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland.

Mashi ku Moscow

Thina esiphethweni owayala yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland, manje ake ukugxila vicissitudes yomkhankaso.

Militia wathutha ekupheleni Februwari 1612 e Nizhny Novgorod phezu iVolga up maqondana eMoscow. Njengoba uthuthuka, abantu abasha yamlandela. Iningi nemizana wahlangana abezempi ngokujabula, futhi lapho iziphathimandla zendawo baye bazama ukulungisa iqembu eliphikisayo, njengoba lalinjalo Kostroma, bona axoshwa esikhundleni sayo kwafakwa amasosha Russian abaqotho kubantu.

Ngo-April 1612 abezempi befika ukuze Yaroslavl, lapho isampula cishe Agasti 1612. Ngakho, Yaroslavl yaba inhloko-dolobha yesikhashana. Le nkathi ukuthuthukiswa yekululeko- bamukela igama "Emi Yaroslavl."

Ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi la tindlelanchubo eMoscow ibutho hetman Chodkiewicz, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela yayo, Pozharsky ngasekupheleni July ngokushesha wathumela eziqhelelene eziningana Yaroslavl, ngubani baphuthuma ngokushesha enhlokodolobha, futhi phakathi kuka-August, wonke amabutho abezempi abangu bagxila eMoscow.

amabutho amaqembu

Kwacaca ukuthi kwakufanele impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Sasiyini Umumo wezimpi ngesikhathi amaqembu alwayo nokubekwa yabo?

Inombolo ephelele amasosha zazingaphansi kwabakhululekileyo Dmitry Pozharsky akazange idlule abantu namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, ngokusho emithonjeni. The backbone kwezinhloko zamaviyo babe Cossack eziqhelelene isibalo sabantu 4000 amawaka, anawakanye yabacibishelayo. Ngaphandle Pozharsky futhi Minin abezempi izinduna babe Dmitry Pozharsky-lokwela (eyisihlobo izimantshi abakhulu) no-Ivan Khovanskiy Enkulu. Kuphela owokugcina kulaba ngesikhathi esisodwa wayala eside amayunithi lempi. Konke okunye noma njengoba Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, kwadingeka ukuba ayale a amayunithi elincane noma ubuholi isipiliyoni ngokuphelele ngingekho, njengasezulwini Pozharsky, namafosholo.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, omunye abaholi Militia Okokuqala, kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ngaphezulu 2,500 Cossacks. Nakuba avuma ukusiza yimbangela ejwayelekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo agodliwe ilungelo hhayi ezokhipha oda Pozharsky. Ngakho, inani eliphelele amabutho isiRashiya kwakuwulimi 9500-10 000.

Isibalo ibutho Polish Hetman Chodkiewicz, uyeza eMoscow ohlangothini olungasentshonalanga, bangu-12 000 abantu. Amandla main babe inombolo Zaporozhye Cossacks of amasosha 8,000 iphansi kwesandla sika-Aleksandra Zborovskogo. The ningi NEMPUMELELO NGAPHAKATHI ingxenye kwezinhloko zamaviyo kwadingeka ihlukane izinombolo Hetman 2,000.

Izinduna zamaviyo Polish - Chodkiewicz futhi Zborowski - kwadingeka eside nakho lempi. Ikakhulukazi Chodkiewicz zihlukaniswa e abacindezela yamuva kuvukela izikhulu kanye impi, Sweden. Phakathi kwezinye izinduna Kumele kuqashelwe Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski futhi Koretsky.

Ngaphezu kwalokho 12,000 amasosha, okwaholela a Chodkiewicz, ku Moscow ezibiyele wayesalokhu ayizinkulungwane ezintathu isikaniso Polish. Bamhola lo Jets kanye Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Nalokhu futhi, Babegogodile bomlilo, kodwa ngaphandle ithalente lempi.

Ngakho, inani eliphelele wamabutho Polish lafinyelela abantu 15 000.

abezempi Russian laliseduze ezindongeni eWhite City, kuyilapho phakathi ikampu Polish igxilile ku ezibiyele, amasosha Chodkiewicz esiphakathi edwaleni basebunzimeni. izinombolo zabo zazincane kunewemakhono nabasePoland, nezinduna azange abe okuningi okuhlangenwe nakho wezempi. Kwakubonakala sengathi isiphetho izidlamlilo uphawu.

Impi ye-Moscow

Ngakho, ngo-August 1612, impi yaqala ezaholela ekumiseni yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland. Unyaka sale mpi phakade langena umlando Russia.

Okokuqala lasungula amabutho kuhlasela Hetman Chodkiewicz sawela umfula Moskva, bafika esangweni Novodevichy Sezindela, lapho izidlamlilo kanzulu. Waqala ihhashi impi. ikhanda Polish Uzame ekuhlaselweni oluqinisayo yayo, kuyilapho Prince Troubetzkoy Ngalinda laze akazange ukusheshe kosizo Pozharsky. Kufanele ukuthi umlawuli wamabutho induna yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland ngempela ngokuhlakanipha, ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni akuqede izikhundla isitha nezidlamlilo. Chodkiewicz kwadingeka ashona.

Ngemva kwalokho Pozharsky ushintshe dislocation amabutho wathutha e Zamoskvorechye. Impi ewumnqamula-juqu senzeka ngo-Agasti 24. Hetman Chodkiewicz futhi waphonsa amabutho akhe empini, enethemba yokuchitha abambalwa nezidlamlilo. Kodwa kwathi njengoba ayefisa. amabutho Russian babeqinile okholweni, ngaphezu impi, ekugcineni noMbutho Trubetskoy.

izimbangi Bazophela amandla wanquma ukuthatha Breather. Kusihlwa, izidlamlilo waya okuhlaselayo. Bona alithatha izikhundla isitha, futhi emvimba siphumele Mozhaisk edolobheni. Ebona lokhu, ikampu Polish waphoqeleka ukuba lidele iviyo lezidlamlilo. yaphela Ngakho yokukhululwa eMoscow kusukela abahlaseli.

imiphumela

Liberation eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland 1612 lwaphuka yonke impi Russian-Polish. Nokho, isinyathelo sezempi eyathatha isikhathi eside kuze kube manje.

Entwasahlobo ka-1613 wavalelwa ku omele umbuso omusha we Romanov lwamakhosi - Mikhail Fedorovich. It usekhonze njengephayona oluqinisayo abalulekile wekuba sive Russian.

Ekupheleni 1618, ekugcineni waphetha Deulino ceasefire phakathi Russian kanye Polish. Ngokusho imiphumela lokhu kuthula, Russia waphoqeleka ukunikeza izindawo ezinkulu e-Commonwealth, kodwa agcinwayo okubaluleke - wekuba sive yayo. Esikhathini esizayo, it kwamsiza ukuba bazithole phansi elahlekile, ngisho iqhaza kwesigaba kakhulu e-Commonwealth.

Inani yokukhululwa eMoscow

Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka ukukhululwa kwe-dolobha Russian zomlando wezwe. Lo mcimbi zabasiza zenza isimo Russian e kunzima ngokumelene abahlaseli. Ngakho-ke, Battle of eMoscow olotshwe wonke izincwadi kumlando Russian futhi ingenye izinsuku eziphawuleka kakhulu.

Khumbula nathi futhi abaholi abezempi Okwesibili - Prince Pozharsky futhi Kuzma Minin, ubani isikhathi eside ube isimo amaqhawe esizwe. Anikela ngamaholide, ukubeka izikhumbuzo sokukhumbula.