Imali: umsuka nemisebenzi

Imali, umsuka wayo ohlobene eduze nokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezimpahla kanye nokubunjwa kokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo, manje sekuyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile yomnotho wezwe. Umlando wokubunjwa kwawo waqala amakhulu eminyaka edlule, kodwa ngisho namanje singabona ukuthuthukiswa kwawo okunye nokuguqulwa.

Imali. Umsuka

Izinkolelo ezimbili zokukhokha kusho ukubunjwa okuqashelwa ngokomthetho:

1. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuningi okusekelwe emlandweni.
2. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kucwaningwa kusuka ekubukeni kwesayensi, kudalwe futhi kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe nguKarl Marx.

Ngokokuqala, imali ibonakala njengensimbi yokukhokha ngenxa yesivumelwano phakathi kwabantu. Ngosizo lwabo kwakulula kakhulu ukushintshanisa izimpahla ngezinhloso ezahlukene.

Umsunguli we-theory yesibili nguK. Marx, owanikeza umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi "Capital", lapho echaza khona inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokukhokha. Le nto ingumcebo womuntu, ihlolwe ngekhwalithi, isikhathi kanye nezindleko zomsebenzi ekukhiqizeni kwayo. Kuvela ukuthi umkhiqizo ngamunye unenani lokushintshanisa. Ukungavumelani okwenziwe ekusetshenzisweni kokushintshaniswa kwempahla kwaba yisisusa sokunikezwa kwesigaba esikhethekile esilinganayo. Kwakukhona ukuqala ukuveza inani elilinganisiwe lemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza. Lesi sigaba esikhethekile kwakuyimali, umsuka wayo ongahlanganiswa ngokungahambisani nokuthuthukiswa kokushintshaniswa kwe-barter nomphakathi wonkana.

Inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iphikisana nenkolelo ye-rationalist futhi ifakazela ukuthi isimo kanye nokuqonda kwabantu okungaqondakali kwakungenalo ithonya elihle emvelaphi yemali. Ngamafuphi, umkhiqizo owakhiwe usuvele unamanani, okwakhiwe ngesisekelo se-criterion yesidingo. Kuze kube yilolu phuzu, noma yikuphi okungahambisani nemali.

Imisebenzi yokukhokha kusho

Inani lezimpahla liveza imali. Imvelaphi, isisekelo nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ukwazi. Imisebenzi yokukhokha kusho ukunciphisa izinto ezilandelayo:

1. Isilinganiso senani. Umsebenzi oyinhloko oqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwemali njengenani elilinganayo lomhlaba wonke, elichazwe ngentengo yezimpahla.
2. Kusho ukujikeleza. Ebhekene nenqubo yokunyakaza komkhiqizo emakethe ngokwemiklamo: impahla yezimpahla-zempahla.
3. Izinkokhelo zokukhokha. Imali iyisivumelwano esimweni sokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla, ngoba njengomphumela wokuthengiselana, ukubalwa akukwenziwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokheshi. Ngokuvamile, amafemu asebenzisa izimali ezibolekiwe noma izikweleti, kanye nokukhokha okubuyisiwe. Izimali ezikhokhwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ziba yingxenye yokugcina yokuthengiselana.
4. Izinyathelo zokulondoloza, izimali nokulondoloza. Imali, umsuka wayo ohlotshaniswa nokushintshaniswa kwempahla, kuyindlela yokuthola izinzuzo ezengeziwe nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila. Ngakho-ke, abantu abaningi bamatasa namuhla ngokuphindaphinda kwengcebo.
5. Imali yomhlaba. Zisebenza njengezindlela zomhlaba jikelele zokukhokha kanye nokubonakaliswa kwengcebo yomphakathi. Ngaphambilini le ndima idlalwe yizinhlamvu zegolide, kodwa nanamuhla nemali yangaphandle, kanye nesabelo sokugcinwa kwe-IMF, namalungelo okudweba okhethekile.