Indawo kanye nonyaka wesisekelo se-Yaroslavl: izinguqulo kanye nezinganekwane

Idolobha ngalinye linomlando walo, eligcwele izenzakalo namaqiniso athakazelisayo, njenge-biography yomuntu. Omdala ukuhlala, okuthakazelisayo nakakhulu, izinganekwane eziningi, izinganekwane nezintambo ezizungezile lezo zikhathi ezingaziwa kumuntu wanamuhla. Omunye wemizi yasendulo yaseRussia yiparele le-Golden Ring - i-Yaroslavl.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo

I-Yaroslavl yanamuhla, okokuqala, iyisikhungo sezokuvakasha, idolobha laseRussia lasendulo, umlando wayo ulinganiswa ngeminyaka eyiyinkulungwane. Kuze kube manje, unyaka wokwakhiwa kwe-Yaroslavl kungukuthi kungxoxwa phakathi kwezazi-mlando nabavubukuli. Ukucwaninga emabhange aseVolga kwenziwa njalo, okunikeza ulwazi olusha lokucabangela. Ngokusemthethweni, unyaka wokwakhiwa kwedolobha laseJaroslavl - 1010. Kungenxa yalolu lwazi ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2010 umkhosi wonyaka we-1000 ugujwa. Namhlanje yi-hub enkulu yezokuhweba nezokuthutha, ehlangene nendawo yayo. Izimboni ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu yizimboni zokuhlanza amafutha, ubunjiniyela bemishini, kanye nomkhakha wamakhemikhali.

Indawo yendawo

Indawo yesisekelo se-Yaroslavl yibhange laseVolga, ngokuqondile "umcibisholo", i-cape ephezulu yonxweme. Umfula waseKotorosl, owakhiwa ukuxhumana komfula. I-vex ne-r. Umlomo, ugeleza ku-Volga e-East European Plain, engxenyeni yayo ephakathi. Isifunda seVolga esifundeni saseYaroslavl sinomthombo wemithombo yamanzi, imifula engu 240 kanye nemifudlana encane, ukuhlanganisana, yakha inethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe eyayisetshenziselwa ukuletha izinhlobo ezahlukene zempahla. Imifula yaseVeksa neKotorosl yaba yingxenye yendlela enkulu yeVolga futhi yaxhuma iRostov Lake, iKlyazma, Oka neVolga. Loluhlelo lwamanzi lwaluthiwa indlela ukusuka "kuma-Varangi kuya kuma-Arabhu", lavumela ukugcina ubuhlobo bezohwebo ne-Arab East, eScandinavia, eKazaria. Ukuthuthukiswa nokulungiswa kweVolga kwaqala ukubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane namazwe angomakhelwane, ngenxa yalezi zinto ezidingekayo, kwaba khona futhi kuyadingeka ukusungula umuzi waseJaroslavl. Lokhu kwakungokuqala kokuhlala kwamaSlav kuVolga. Umfula iKotorosl wawuwukuphela kwamanzi okuxhuma engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeRussia noRostov. Phakathi kukaJaroslavl noRostov, umgwaqo wamanzi amakhulu eminyaka, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesitimela, kwakuyiyona eyinhloko.

Indawo yokwakhiwa kwe-Yaroslavl ayikhethwanga ngokungavamile: uma ufunda indawo yesimo sendawo, ungabona ukuthi kunzima ukuthola indawo elula kakhulu yezingqaba. Ukuhlala kwavalwa ngokuqinile emaceleni amathathu ngezithiyo zemvelo. I-Volga neKotorosl yayinqamula umuzi kusukela ensimini enkulu, i-Bear Gully (eyayiseceleni kwesinye seziteshi zomfula iKorososl) yayingenakuqhathaniswa nokuhlaselwa komuntu wesithathu. Abavikeli benqaba kwakudingeka baqinise indlela efinyelelekayo kuphela edolobheni. Eqinisweni, "umcibisholo" wawuyisiqhingi phakathi kwesikhala samanzi.

Ingemuva

Unyaka wesisekelo se-Yaroslavl usengumpikiswano. Ukuhlala kule sayithi bekukhona ngaphambili. Kodwa okudingekayo ukuba kuvele iphuzu eliqinisiwe kwakuyizivumelwano zokuhweba eziqhubekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kweVolga njengomgwaqo omkhulu wamanzi wesifunda kwaholela ekubeni inani elikhulu labathengisi lihlome imikhumbi yabo ngomkhiqizo ocebile futhi baqala umfula. Ezingxenyeni ezilula kunazo zonke emanzini omfula kwakukhona izindawo ezincane zabaphangi abaphanga imikhumbi yomthengisi. Emcibisholo, ophakathi kweVolga neKotoroslya, kwakukhona inqaba enjalo. Kusukela ekucabangeni amasu ezempi, le ndawo yayifaneleka kokubili kubaqaphi kanye neqembu eligciniwe eliqapha imingcele yecala. Lapho kulungiswa futhi kuqiniswe le nsimu, ukukhokhelwa kwanikezwe igama le-Yaroslavl. Umlando wesisekelo wedolobha lasendulo uxhunywe nesikhulu saseKiev Yaroslav. Emakhulwini okuqala okuthuthukiswa kwawo, umuzi wawuyisizinda esiqinile, okwenza indlela eya eRostov inkulu. Ngakho-ke, unyaka wokusungula i-Yaroslavl njengesiqiniseko sokuthi "isisindo" sisasemfihlakalo.

Umbhalo wokuqala

Ngokusekelwe ekucwaningweni kwezinto zakudala, kungase kuvezwe ukuthi ensimini ye-Yaroslavl yesimanje kwakukhona indawo yokuhlala yasendulo kusukela ngonyaka we-1 weminyaka BC - inkathi yokuqala kwe- Iron Age. Kodwa kule sayithi kwakukhona nezindawo zangaphambili, eziyingxenye yeminyaka eyi-III-V. Isisekelo somuzi we-Yaroslavl - X-XI leminyaka, kuze kube umzuzwana isifunda saseVolga sakhiwe abantu baseFinnno-Ugric. Ukufuduka kancane kweSlav kule ndawo kuqala ngekhulu le-VIII-IX. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abavubukuli abaningi bagcizelela ukuthi ukoloni yayingenabo ubudlova. AmaSlav asebenzisana ngokuthula nabantu, futhi isikhathi esithile izizwe zihlangene ngokuzihlanganisa. Ngonyaka wokusungulwa kweYaroslavl, amabhange aseVolga ayebanabantu abaningi, kunemibiko yezindawo zokuhlala eziningana, izakhamuzi zazo zidoba kanye nokuhweba.

Umlando wesenzakalo

Kunezindaba eziningi ezungeze ukuhlala kwendawo yakudala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi oluqondile, kuyadingeka ukuthi udwebe ulwazi oluvela ezinkulumweni nasezincwadini zemibhalo, okufana nezinganekwane futhi zinezinkolelo eziningi. I-Yaroslavl kulo mqondo akuyona into ehlukile, umlando wasendulo wemvelaphi yawo ushiya amathuba amaningi okucabanga. Ngokuqiniseka, abavubukuli abaningi kanye nezazi-mlando bangasho nje ukuthi isisekelo sikaJaroslavl sasinguJaroslav the Wise. Lokhu kungavunyelwanga ngokuqondile ngegama lomuzi. Iningi lezinto zakudala ezifunyanwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi aliphiki le nguqulo, kodwa umthombo oyinhloko walesi sitatimende kungobo yomlando wezindela. Usuku lokusungulwa kwe-Yaroslavl, indawo kanye nomsunguli wayo kuchazwe kumbhalo wesandla sombhishobhi omkhulu we-Yaroslavl uSamuel Mislavsky, owasinda kithi. Lo mbhalo wawushicilelwa umpristi uLebedev ngo-1877 futhi abahlaziyi-mlando bahlaziya kaningi. Yanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Umlando wokwakhiwa kwedolobha laseJaroslavl." Umbhalo uqukethe isiko lasendulo futhi wabhalwa emakhulwini e-XII-XI. Ngokomcwaningi u-Voronin NN, okuqukethwe kwe "Legend" kwabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningana, kodwa amaqiniso afinyelela kubantu abaphila ngesikhathi esingaphansi. Kukhona neminye imibhalo eminingi, isifundo esiqhubekayo kuze kube yilolu suku, ososayensi banamuhla lokhu kuyindaba ethakazelisayo kakhulu - isisekelo se-Yaroslavl. Izimpendulo nezendlovu azifani kakhulu, bonke ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile bakhomba ku-Yaroslav the Wise njengoba umsunguli wedolobha. Ngakho-ke, isithombe sayo somlando kufanele sifundwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Yaroslav the Wise

UMbusi Omkhulu waseKiev wazalelwa ngo-978. Ubaba ngemva kokuzalwa kukaJaroslav wamnika amazwe aseRostov ekubuseni. Usuku lokusungulwa komuzi waseJaroslavl - 1010, kwaba phakathi nalesi sikhathi isikhulu esabusa amazwe aseRostov. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kunzima ukusho into ethize: idatha ayilondoloziwe. Ukukhulunyelwa okuphawulekayo kwe-Prince Yaroslav kwaqala ngo-1010, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokudalwa kwedolobha elinqabile kwiBhange laseVolga. Okuqhubekayo kwesikhulu kuxhunywe noNovgorod, lapho bevela khona ngo-1011. Ngemva kokushona komfowabo uVysheslav, uVladimir (uyise wabafowabo), ngokudlula umdala wamadodana akhe, ubeka iJaropolk e-Novgorod, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisisiteji esikhulu sempi nesokuhweba. Iqembu lase-Novgorod laliphansi kuneKiev kuphela, futhi isimo se-Novgorod, njengedolobha, sasiphakeme kakhulu kune-Rostov. I-Yaroslav izodlula indlela enzima eya esihlokweni seNkosana Enkulu yaseKiev, ozohlanganisa amazwe aseRashiya futhi ayokwazi ukuhlonishwa kwabantu bakhe nguhulumeni ohlakaniphile nokhanyisiwe. Igama lesidlaliso esithi "Ohlakaniphile" i-Yaroslav Vladimirovich uzothola kuphela ngekhulu le-XIX, inzalo izobonga indima yakhe ekubunjweni kweRussia eyodwa futhi enamandla. Indima yakhe ekubunjweni kwedolobha laseJaroslavl cishe ayinakuphikwa, kodwa futhi igcwele izindabakwane. Kuze kube manje, kube khona izinguqulo ezimbili eziyinhloko, okufanele zixoxwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Legend of the base Yaroslavl

Sekudlule iminyaka eyishumi nambili kusukela ubhapathizo lukaRussia, kodwa izindawo eziningi zahlala zingamaqaba. Ebhange laseVolga, lapho uMfula iKororosl ugeleza kuwo, ikona laseMedvezhye lakhiwa. Ngokusho kwemibiko, abantu balapho babehlala bekhohlakele, "izinkolo ezingcolile", okungukuthi, amaqaba. Babekhulekela isithombe sikaNkulunkulu uVeles (Volos). Eduzane nokuhlala kwakukhona indlu engcwele, lapho umlilo wokushiswa wawushisa futhi kwakukhona izibalo zezithombe. Abamemezeli bekhoneni laseMedivezhye bakhulekela izilwane, phakathi kwazo indawo eyisihluthulelo yayihlala ibhere. Kwezinye i-Volosovoy izindlu, imihlatshelo yenziwa kuba onkulunkulu bamaqaba, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu, yingakho izakhamuzi zendawo yokuhlala zichazwe njengabantu ababi. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yabakhileyo ekhoneni laseMedivezhye kwakuyizinkomo zokuzalisa, ukuzingela nokudoba, kanye neholo engenayo abayitholayo ngokuphanga kwemikhumbi yomthengisi ehamba nge-Volga. Ngokusho komlando, isikhulu, ngaleso sikhathi uRostov, u-Yaroslav wadabula iVolga nge-retinue yakhe. Wabona ukuthi izakhamuzi zendawo yokuhlala zaphanga kanjani imikhumbi yomthengisi futhi zafika kubahwebi ukuzosiza. Babonga isikhulu, futhi izakhamuzi zendawo, ebona amandla eqembu laseRostov, zavuma ukumqaphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhontebhe lika-Bear alizange lihambise ngokuphelele i-Yaroslav, lapho baqhubeka benza imikhuba yamaqaba. I-Yaroslav yazisa indawo elula yokuhlala, kusukela ekubukeni kweqhinga lokuvikela iRostov kanye namazwe azungezile, ngakho wanquma ukubhapathiza izakhamuzi futhi wakha indawo engaphandle kwendawo ye-Medvezhyi. Wabuyela ne-retinue kanye nezikhonzi eziningi zesonto, kodwa abahlali abazange bahlose ukushiya onkulunkulu babo, ababemthandazele amakhulu eminyaka kangaka, kalula. Ngokushesha nje lapho isikhulu singene kule ndawo yokuhlala, "isilo esivuthayo" kanye nepakthi yezinja zanciphisa kuye kanye ne-retinue yakhe. Njengoba lesi silo sasinebhebhe enkulu - unkulunkulu ophakeme wabantu bendawo. U-Yaroslav waphonsela ibhere nge-ax, kanti izinja azizange zihlasele noma yiliphi ilungu lakhe. Kusukela kulo mzuzu isikhulu sabeka ukusika izihlahla nokwakha izikhali phezu "komcibisholo". Esikhathini esizayo i-Yaroslavl, ebizwa ngokuthi umsunguli wayo, yakhula kule ndawo yokuphuma.

Inguqulo yesibili

I-Dyakovo indawo eyakhiwe yindawo eyayiqotshwe i-Bear yalalela i-Yaroslav isikhulu samazwe aseRostov, yamukela ubhapathizo, kodwa isilwane esingcwele sobuqaba (ibhere) saqala ukuziphindisela. Wazulazula eduze nomakhelwane wakhe futhi wabulala abantu abahlubuka ekukhulekeleni izithombe. I-Prince Yaroslav yazingela ngaseRostov. Lapho ezwa ngengozi yabakhileyo ekhoneni laseMedivezhye, wagijimela ngokushesha. U-Yaroslav ngokwakhe walwela lesi silwane futhi wasinqoba. Ukuhlala kwaqiniswa ngamagundane kanye nezimo. Futhi edolobheni ngokwawo lakhiwa isonto lokuqala lama-Orthodox - isonto lika-Eliya - elibizwa ngeSt. Eliya ngosuku lokuqala kokuvulwa (ngo-Agasti 2). Esakhiweni sesisekelo esicatshangelwayo saseJaroslavl kuze kube yilolu suku kunamatshe, okusho ukuthi izazi-mlando zasebenza njengengxenye yesonto.

I-Yaroslavl, itshe lesisekelo

Emgodini we-Volga ungenye yezindlela ezivakashelwa kakhulu zedolobhana, ezingakhanjisi izivakashi eziningi nje kuphela, abantu bendawo bakholelwa emandleni omlingo okutholakala ngalo ukutholakala komlando. Itshe lesisekelo laseJaroslavl ligcwele amagalekwane nezinkondlo zasendulo, kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuvela kule ndawo lapho umlando wedolobha waqala khona. Emva kwakhe kwavela izakhiwo zokuqala, amasonto amasha nezindlu zakhiwa. Iziqondiso zithi uma ubheka eduze kwetshe isikhathi eside, khona-ke umcabango ngokwawo uzodweba izithombe zakudala: iNkosana Yaroslav ne-retinue yayo, amakhosi wabakhi, abadwebi nabazingeli, abantu abakha lo muzi. Izakhamuzi zaseJaroslavl zibonisa izakhiwo zamatshe ngamatshe. Ngokusho kwabo, ine-magnetism ekhethekile futhi ingaphulukisa izifo. Izivakashi eziningi ziphonsa izinhlamvu zemali, zikholelwa ukuthi isifiso esiyinkimbinkimbi siyogcwaliseka. Futhi lokhu akumangazi: itshe lalilele kule ndawo ngisho nangaphambi kwesisekelo somuzi, kusuka kuso kuguqa esikhathini esidala kanye nezinganekwane.

Izikhumbuzo

Unyaka wokwakhiwa kwedolobha lase-Yaroslavl - 1010, ngokulandelana, zonke izigaba zomlando wokuthuthukiswa kombuso waseRashiya zishiya uphawu lwawo kulo. Ukwakhiwa kwedolobha kunendawo ekhethekile phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zakudala. Iyakuthandwa ngabathandi besikhathi esidala futhi babhalwe ohlwini lweMagugu Lomhlaba we-UNESCO. Uma ufunda isikhungo somlando se-Yaroslavl, ungaphetha ngokuthi kuyisikhumbuzo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwe, esilondolozwe ngenxa yokuvumelanisa okufanelekayo empilweni yanamuhla yedolobha. Inani eliphelele lezikhumbuzo zomlando, izakhiwo, ubuciko, ubuciko-mbumbulu, obukhona edolobheni - amayunithi angaphezu kuka-700. Phakathi kwazo kukhona amathempeli namasonto, izakhiwo zasendulo, iminyuziyamu, amasonto, amapaki kanye nemidwebo. Yiqiniso, indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwabo yisikhumbuzo kumsunguli wedolobha u-Yaroslav the Wise. Lo muzi nawo wawususa bonke abantu abakhulu ababambe iqhaza ekusungulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwawo. Kukhona isikhumbuzo kuFyodor Volkov, Nikolai Nekrasov, Demidov Pillar.

Idolobha lanamuhla

Okwamanje i-Yaroslavl ibhekwa njengedolobha lesithathu elikhulu kunazozonke engxenyeni eyinhloko yeRussia. Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, inani labantu lidlula abantu abangu-600,000. Ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi enenzuzo kakhulu (ezokuvakasha kanye nokuhweba), idolobha linomkhakha othuthukile, inethiwekhi yezokuthutha kanye nezinsizakalo nezindlu zomphakathi. Njengoba kunamathuba amaningi okwakhiwa kwezitimela zanamuhla (izitimela ezithuthukisiwe, imizila yezindiza), i-Volga ihlale isetshenziselwa ukuthutha umthamo, imithwalo yempahla kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo ezenziwa ngesigodi samanzi edolobheni laseJaroslavl. Ezingeni elifanele yisayensi, imiphumela yocwaningo yezikhungo eziningana zokuklama isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Ngenxa yemikhiqizo yezimboni esethuthukile, amabhizinisi amasha asethwa ngokubandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. I-Yaroslavl iyaqhubeka ikhula futhi ithuthuke, ingakhohlwa mayelana nesikhathi sayo esidlule futhi igcine ngokucophelela.