Abaningi basolwandle nabokuthola kwabo

Isikhathi sabathola amazwe amasha kubantu baseYurophu kwakuwukuphela kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, leshumi nesithupha neshumi nesikhombisa. Abantu abanobuciko nabangenasiphelo bahlanganiswa emazweni amathathu: iPortugal, iSpain neRussia.

Ukutholwa okubaluleke kunawo wonke kwamakhulu amabili

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu, abalingani basolwandle abavela ePortugal sebevele basesha emazweni asentshonalanga naseningizimu ye-Afrika esekude, ngo-1492, uChristopher Columbus wagijima waya eBahamas, Lessers Antilles futhi wathola iMelika, kanti ngo-1497 nayo yabaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni izindawo: Vasco da Gama Uthole indlela eya olwandle eya eNdiya, ejikeleza izwekazi lase-Afrika. Futhi ngo-1498, uColumbus, uVespucci no-Omaha baba amaphayona eNingizimu Melika, ababafundela iminyaka emihlanu, kanye neCentral America.

Izigijimi ezinkulu zaseRashiya zazihlolisisa kakhulu i-Arctic Ocean. Bahamba phesheya enyakatho enkulu ye-Asia, bethola iNhlonzwa Yamal kanye neThaimyr Peninsula, i- Peninsula yaseChukchi, yabonisa ukuthi i-America ayiqhubeki i-Asia, ivela e-Arctic kuya ePacific ngeBering Strait. Leli hambo laliholwa ngumqhubi omkhulu waseRussia S. Dezhnev, kanye noF. Popov. Kusukela ngo-1735, uKhariton noDmitry Laptev badabula olwandle lwaseSiberia, elinye lalo libizwa ngegama lawo. Amagama abathunjwa abakhulu ngokuvamile akhona emephini abhalayo.

UDutchman V. Barents wahamba azungeze uMhlaba Omusha noSpitsbergen. IsiNgisi uMnuz H. Hudson nabangane bakhe bavula iGreenland, iBaffin Earth, i-Peninsula yaseLabrador, i- Hudson Bay. UmFulentshi S. Champilin wathola ama-Appalaki aseNyakatho nawo wonke amahlanu aseMelika eNorth America amakhulu. USpanish L. Torres wavakashela eNew Guinea. I-Dutch V. Jansson no-A. Tasman bafaka imephu e-Australia, eTasmania naseziqhingini zaseNew Zealand.

Okuthile mayelana ne-Columbus

Indoda eyimfihlakalo yahlala yenzalo kaChristopher Columbus. Yiqiniso, lezi zithombe azange zakhiwe okwamanje. Kodwa kwakukhona ama-portraits. Kuzo sibona indoda enamehlo ahlakaniphile futhi, kubonakala sengathi, ikude nanoma iyiphi i-adventurism. Umuntu wonke kanye nobunzima bekusasa likaChristopher Columbus kukhona okungaqondakali, okungaqondakali, kungenzeka ukubhala inkulumo-mlando, futhi ngisho nalapho ayikwazi ukuqukatha zonke izinkinga zokuphila kwakhe.

Ngokwesinye sezihumusho eziningi, wazalwa esiqhingini saseCorsica ngo-1451. Kulesi sihloko, kusekhona izimpikiswano ezibucayi: imizi eyisithupha yase-Italy neSpain ifunga ukuthi ikhona lapho indawo yokuzalwa yaseColumbus.

Ukuphila kwakhe konke kungumlando. Into eyodwa icacile - wayehlala eLisbon, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho wahamba kakhulu emikhumbi ngaphesheya kweMedithera. Ukusuka lapho, kusukela ePortugal, ukuhamba okubaluleke kakhulu kweColumbus kwaqala, okwamanje okwakungakaze kwenziwe nabaningi bokudoba emhlabeni.

Isiqhingi saseCuba nabanye

Ngo-1492 wahamba ngesiqhingi saseCuba. Lapho, uColumbus wathola omunye wabantu abakhulile kakhulu baseLatin America, abakhele izakhiwo ezinkulu eziqoshwe izithombe ezimnandi, ukotini okhulayo oye wajwayele eYurophu namazambane awaziwa ngokuphelele kanye nogwayi, owawunqoba umhlaba wonke. Kuze kube manje kulesi siqhingi usuku lokuzalwa lukaChristopher Columbus luyisiholide sezwe.

Iphayona lomdwebo wase-Atlantic oshisayo, owaqala ukungena eLwandle LwaseCaribbean, wathola iNingizimu Melika nendawo yesigodi seCentral, i-Bahamian archipelago, i-Small and Great Antilles, iziqhingi zaseCaribbean Sea, esiqhingini saseTrinidad, bonke uChristopher Columbus. Isithombe sitshengisa nendoda enhle, ibukeka ngokuzithoba evela kuleso sikhumba, ngaphandle kokuncane kakhulu kokukhathazeka ebusweni bakhe.

Vumela abaseYurophu bathi indlela eya eNyakatho Melika ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus iphulwe yiVikings evela e-Iceland kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanye. Ezikhathini Ephakathi, ukuya olwandle ngaphesheya kolwandle futhi isikhathi seshumi kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyingozi. Futhi kunoma yikuphi, kunamanye amazwe amaningi emazwenikazi amabili aseMelika, okungekho muntu owathola ngaphambi kukaColumbus.

Kusuka ezinkampanini eziya kubadobi abakhulu

UFernand Magellan wazalwa ngo-1480 enyakatho yePortugal futhi eneminyaka eyishumi nezintandane. Ngifuna ucezu lwesinkwa, ngangihlala enkantolo yasebukhosini - isithunywa. Futhi olwandle waphuma okokuqala ngehora emibili nanhlanu, nakuba ulwandle luthanda kusukela ebuntwaneni. I-Magellan yayingaphuthelwa yize ngabaningi bezinhlanzi zasolwandle kanye nokuthola kwabo. Wakwazi ukungena eqenjini likaF. De Almeida, owathutha kuqala imikhumbi ngaphansi kwefulege yaseSpain eya eMpumalanga.

UMagellan waba umfundi onamandla kakhulu, ngokushesha washesha umsebenzi wezempi kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Wahlala eNdiya, esehlala eMozambique, ekugcineni waba induna. Kwakungenzeka ukubuyela ekhaya.

Eminyakeni emihlanu wancenga umbusi wasePutukezi kuzo zonke izinzuzo zemikhumbi yasempumalanga, kodwa le ndaba ayizange ihambe kahle, futhi ngo-1517 uMagellan wabhalisa enkonzweni yeNkosi uCharles, okwakuyisikhathi sokuqala neSpanishi, kodwa esikhathini esizayo - umbusi woMbuso WaseRoma.

Uhambo olujikelezayo emhlabeni

Ngo-1493, uPapa waseRomania wakhipha inkunzi lapho amazwe asanda kuvuleka empumalanga ayeyiPutukezi, nasentshonalanga neSpanishi. UMagellan wahola loluhambo olusentshonalanga ukuletha ubufakazi bokuthi iziqhingi lapho izinongo zikhula khona yiSpanishi.

Futhi lolu hambo, olunemigomo encane nenemigomo, luphenduke luhambo lokuqala emhlabeni jikelele. Ngasemuva kwakukhona abakhulu bokuhamba olwandle, nokutholakala kwabo, okwakuthiwa uMagellan emaphupheni abantwana. Uhambo olunjalo aluzange lwenziwa nanoma ubani, ikakhulukazi njengoba izwe lizungezile, ngaleso sikhathi akuzona zonke izihambi ezacatshangwa kuqala.

UMagellan wayenaso isikhathi sokwethula umhlaba ngobufakazi bokucabanga kwakhe, washona kulolu hambo - ePhilippines. Noma kunjalo, wafa ngokuqiniseka ngokufaneleka kwakhe. Izinsalela zethimba zabuyela eSpain kuphela ngo-1522.

I-Cossack Ataman

USemyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - umkhumbi wase-Arctic, uCossaman ataman, umhloli wamazwe nokuthola izinto eziningi, wazalwa emndenini wasePomor, ePinega, ngo-1605. Isevisi yeCossack yaqala ngasese eTobolsk, wabe esedluliselwa eJeniseisk, futhi kamuva - eya kuJakutia. Nomaphi lapho ayekwazi khona amazwe amasha, imifula, waze wawela uLwandle LwaseMpumalanga YaseSiberia emkhokheni we-hohi ovela emlonyeni ka-Indigirka kuya e-Alazeya. Ukusuka lapho, yena nabangane bakhe emikhumbi emibili eyenziwe yaya eMpumalanga.

Emfuleni wase Kolyma, bavuka umfula base beqala idolobha laseSrednekolymsk. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva umjikelezo oya empumalanga waqhubeka - waya eBering Strait, okwakungeke kube yiBering iminyaka emashumi ayisishiyagalombili: UDezhnev wadlulisa lo mkhuba kuqala. Iphuzu elisempumalanga kunazo zonke liyi-cape, elibizwa ngeDehnnev. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqhingi, i-bay, isiqhingini kanye nomzana ubizwa ngegama lakhe. Maphakathi nedolobha laseVeliky Ustyug esifundeni saseVologda unesikhumbuzo. Ukuthembeka kwakuyindoda. Uthembekile futhi usebenza kanzima. Hardy. Strong. Walwa. Amanxeba ayishumi nantathu - amathathu asindayo. Kodwa njalo futhi kukho konke ukuphikisana nokuthula.

Izwekazi laseNingizimu

Ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa lesikhulu baseYurophu babona iziqephu eziyinhloko zePlanethi yoMhlaba. Noma kunjalo, izindawo ezingaqashiwe zazikhulu. Amakholoni ahlakaniphile kunazo zonke afuna ukuhlola lezi zindawo. Izazi-mlando azikaze zithole indlela umnikazi wase-Dutch ojwayelekile u-Abel Tasman waba ngayo umkhumbi, kodwa ukuhamba kwakhe kwaletha izwe ukuthola izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.

U-Aristotle ngisho nangaphambi kwenkathi yethu wayeqiniseka ukuthi kukhona izwe elingenalwazi elingeningizimu. "I-Terra Australis incognita" ("Izwe elingaziwa eNingizimu") - kusho amanothi akhe. Leli zwe futhi waya ku-Explorer Tasman emkhunjini wemikhumbi "Zehaan". Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, imvelo ayibuhlobo. Umoya we-icy futhi cishe awunaso ilanga. Eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga kuthumela iziphepho ezinkulu. Amagagasi anjalo azenzeki eduze nezwe, ngakho-ke, izwe laseNingizimu lendawo akukhona lapha. Futhi u-Tasman, lapho ecabanga ngakho, washintsha inkambo ebekwe ngaphambilini. Ngaphambili kwakungenakuqinisekiswa okuphelele.

Ukukhetha okulungile

Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwesifundo, imvelo yavuleka ngaphezu kwabalwandle - amafu asele eceleni, futhi ilanga lishisa ngokushesha umkhumbi. Ngokushesha umhlaba wavela. Kwenzeke ukuthi uTamman ufike esiqhingini, esizobizwa ngegama lakhe, ikakhulukazi eningizimu yezwe. Uvele elahlekelwe u-Australia ngokwakhe. I-Tasmania ihlolwe futhi ihlolwe. Khona-ke umuzi uzovuka lapha. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho lutho okumele lwenzeke lapho - isimo sezulu asijabulisi, amadwala asuke enzima, imvelo isendle, abantu bendawo abakwazi ukunikela noma yini.

U-Tasman waqhubeka. Wayenelungelo lokuthola iziqhingi. Okulandelayo kwakuyi-New Zealand. Yiqiniso, amaMaori wendawo ahlangana no-Tasman, kanye nabo bonke abahamba ngezinyawo, abangenabuhlobo. Kungenzeka, ngisho nobutha. Lapho bezama ukuhlola umhlaba omusha, kwabulawa amalungu amaningana eqembu. Ngakho-ke uTasman washiya lo msebenzi enzalweni yakhe, futhi "uZehaan" washiya ekhaya ngokushesha. Akazange athole uhambo olufushane ukuya eChile. Kodwa wabonisa ukuthi i-Australia ikhona.