Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza zezindiza. Abazalwane Montgolfier

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-aeronautics kubonakala uqediwe. Namuhla ezimpilweni zethu kukhona izindiza zezindiza, izindiza nezinye izimoto eziningi ezingavamile. Kodwa-ke, ezinhliziyweni zabantu kuze kube phakade kwaba ngumlingo kanye nokuthandana, okuhambisana nomsebenzi onjalo othakazelisayo njengokushayela ebhalini. Futhi namuhla abantu bahamba kuwo. Abaningi bangaba nesifiso sokwazi ukuthi konke kwaqala kanjani. Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlanzi zizocatshangwa ngokufishane kule ngxenye.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

U-Bartolommeo Lorenzo, waseBrazil, ungowomaphayona, ogama lakhe alizange likhohlwe ngumlando. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yabo enkulu yesayensi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka babuzwa noma bahlala bengaziwa.

U-Bartolommeo Lorenzo yigama langempela lomuntu owe emlandweni wezindiza, njengoLornzo Gusmao, umpristi wasePutukezi, umdali weprojekthi okuthiwa i-Passaroles, kuze kube yilapho esanda kubhekwa njengenganekwane. Ngo-1971, ngemva kokucwaninga okukhulu, kwakungenzeka ukuthola imibhalo echaza izenzakalo zalesi esidlule esedlule.

Baqala ngo-1708, ngenkathi sebefudukela ePortugal, uGusmao wangena eCyimbra eyunivesithi futhi washaywa umqondo wokwenza indiza ehamba ngezinyawo lapho umlando wezindiza wawuzovula khona. Physics kanye nezibalo, lapho Lorenzo wabonisa ikhono elikhulu, wamsiza kulokhu. Waqala ukuqaliswa komsebenzi wakhe ngokuhlolwa. UGusmao wadala izinhlobonhlobo eziningana ezaba yizimpawu zomkhumbi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuboniswa kokuqala komkhumbi uGusmao

Ngo-1709, ngo-Agasti, lezi zithombe zenzelwe ukuhlonishwa kwamakhosi. Indiza eyodwa ibhaluni yaphumelela: igobolondo elincane elincane elinesibhamu esincane ngaphansi kwalo, cishe amamitha amane ukusuka emhlabathini. UGusmao ngalowo nyaka waqala ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi yakhe "Passaroles." Ngeshwa, ukuhlolwa kwakhe kolwazi akulondoloziwe. Kodwa-ke, kunoma yikuphi, uGusmao wayengowokuqala owathi, ngokusekelwe ekutadisheni izimo zemvelo, wakwazi ukuthola indlela yangempela yokukhuphuka, futhi wazama ukuwusebenzisa ngokusebenza. Ngako-ke umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwama-aeronautics waqala.

Josef Montgolfier

Kusukela kuJoseph, umfowabo omdala, u-Etienne Montgolfier, owayenegayipi lombhalo edolobheni elincane laseFrance, wathola incwadi ngo-1782 lapho umfowabo emcela ukuba apheke izintambo ezingaphezu kwezindwangu nezethusi ukuze abone enye yezinto ezimangalisayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Leli gama lisho ukuthi ekugcineni uJosefa wathola lokho abazalwane ababekusho ngokuphindaphindiwe emihlanganweni: indlela umuntu angavuka ngayo emoyeni.

Igobolondo, egcwele umusi, yayiyithuluzi. UJ. Montgolfier, ngenxa yomzamo owodwa olula, waphawula ukuthi indwangu eyenziwe ngezingcezu ezimbili zendwangu, ibhokisi lembumbulu elisebhokisini, lagijimela ngemva kokuba ligcwele umusi. Ukutholakala akuthathi kuphela umlobi ngokwakhe, kodwa futhi nomfowabo. Ukusebenza ndawonye, abacwaningi bakhipha imishini eminye ye-aerostatic (babiza amabhaluni abo ngale ndlela). Embuthanweni wabangane nezihlobo, omunye wabo waboniswa. Yenziwe ngendlela yebhola, ububanzi bayo buyizingamamitha amathathu.

Impumelelo yokuqala ye-Montgolfier

Ukuphumelela kokuhlolwa kwaphelela: cishe imizuzu engu-10 emoyeni igobolondo isinda, ngenkathi ikhuphukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-300 futhi cishe nekhilomitha idabula emoyeni. Abafowethu, baphefumulelwe yimpumelelo, banquma ukubonisa ukuthi basungulwe kumphakathi jikelele. Bakha ibhaluni elikhulu, elingamamitha angaphezu kwangu-10 ububanzi balo. Igobolondo ehlanjwe kusuka kwendwangu yabuye yaqiniswa ngendwangu yethambo, futhi yahlanganiswa nephepha ukuze kwandiswe ukungapheleli.

Ngo-1783, ngoJuni 5, ukubonakaliswa kwakhe kwenzeka emakethe lapho kuba khona ababukeli abaningi. Ibhaluni egcwele umusi rose. Yonke imininingwane yalolu phiko yaboniswa yi-protocol ekhethekile, eyayisindiwe ngamasignatures wezikhulu ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho okokuqala ngqangi lo mbhalo wawuqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni, ovule indlela yokuthola ama-aeronautics.

UProfesa Charles

EParis, isithakazelo esikhulu sabangelwa yizindiza zabazalwane baseMontgolfier ebhaleni. Bamenywa ukuthi baphinde baphinde bahlangenwe nakho kwabo enhloko-dolobha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uJacques Charles, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, wayala ukuba abonise indiza ayeyidalile. UCharles wangitshela ukuthi umoya oshisayo, i-Montgolfier gas, njengoba kwakuthiwa ngaleso sikhathi, akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza ukuphakama kwe- aerostatic .

UJacques wayazi kahle izimpumelelo zakamuva emakhemikhali futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen, ngoba lilula kunomoya. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ekhethile leli gesi ukuze agcwalise izixhobo zakhe, lo profesa wabhekene nezinkinga eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Okokuqala, kwakudingeka ukunquma ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngegobolondo elikhanyayo elikwazi ukugcina igesi elinamandla isikhathi eside.

Ukushayela kokuqala kwibhaluni

Abazalwane uRobey, izakhamuzi, bamsiza ukuba abhekane nalo msebenzi. Benza izinto ezinezimfanelo ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokhu, abafowethu basebenzisa indwangu yelinen elincane elinesigqebhezana senjoloba nge-turpentine. Ngo-1783, ngo-Agasti 27, e-Paris e- Champs de Mars yavuka indiza kaCharles. Wagijimela ekuphakameni kwababukeli abayizinkulungwane ezingu-300 futhi ngokushesha wabonakala. Lapho umuntu oyedwa owayekhona lapho ebuza ukuthi yiyiphi iphuzu kukho konke lokhu, uBenjamin Franklin, ososayensi odumile waseMelika nomsosayensi, futhi ebona indiza, waphendula: "Kuyini iphuzu ekuzalweni komntwana osanda kuzalwa?" Le nkulumo yayiyisiprofetho. "Usana olusanda kuzalwa" lwazalwa, futhi lwalusungulelwe ikusasa elihle.

Abagibeli bokuqala

Nokho, abazalwane i-Montgolfier, impumelelo kaCharles ayizange iqede ngenhloso yakhe yokukhombisa ukuthi uqobo lwakhe lwakhiwe eParis. U-Etienne, ezama ukuzenza umqondo omkhulu, wasebenzisa ithalenta lakhe njengomklami omuhle kakhulu. Ibhaluni ayakhayo ngomqondo othile umsebenzi wobuciko. Ubunjengejamo obunjengobunjengoba negobolondo, ukuphakama kwalo okungamamitha angaba ngu-20. Kwakuhlotshiswe ngaphandle ngaphandle kwemidwebo emibalabala kanye nemigogodla.

Ibhaluni, eliboniswe yi-Academy of Sciences, laphakamisa ukubonga phakathi kwabameleli bayo. Kwaqunyiwe phambi kwenkantolo yasebukhosini ukuphinda lo mdlalo. Ukuboniswa kwenzeka eParis, eVersailles, ngo-1783, ngo-September 19. Yiqiniso, ibhaluni eheha ukunconywa kwabafundisi abazange baphile ukubona lolusuku: igobolondo ihlanjululwe imvula, ngenxa yalokho yawela phansi. Kodwa abazalwane uMontgolfier abazange bayeke lokhu. Ukusebenza kanzima, bakha ibhola elisha ngesikhatsi esihleliwe. Wayengekho ngaphansi kobuhle kunangaphambili.

Ukuze bakhiqize umthelela omkhulu, abazalwane babenezela i-cage kuwo, lapho bahlwanyela khona i-rooster, idada nenqama. Lawa yiwona ama-aeronauts okuqala emlandweni. Ibhaluni lagijimela futhi, ngemuva kokuhamba ngendlela engamakhilomitha angu-4, emva kwemizuzu engu-8 ivikelekile ngokuphepha emhlabathini. Amaqhawe alolo suku kwakuyi-Montgolfier abafowethu. Banikezwa imiklomelo ehlukahlukene, futhi wonke amabhaluni, ayevame ukudala amandla okuphakamisa umoya othumayo, kusukela ngalolo suku waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-balloons ashisa emoyeni.

Indiza yomuntu ebhaleni lomoya oshisayo

Ngendiza ngayinye, abazalwane baseMontgolfier basondela emgomweni ababewuthandayo-ukuhamba komuntu. Ibhola elisha, elakhiwe yilo, lalikhulu. Ukuphakama kwalo kwakungamamitha ayi-22.7, futhi ububanzi bayo babuyizingamitha ezingu-15. Igalari ye-annular yayihlanganiswe engxenyeni engezansi yayo. Yenzelwe abantu ababili. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi siklamo kwaqhubeka nomlando we-aeronautics. I-physics, okwakufezekiswe kuyo, ngaleso sikhathi yavumela izindiza ezilula kakhulu ukuba zenzelwe. Indawo yokushisa utshani imisiwe phakathi kwegalari. Wakhanyisa ukushisa, ekhanda lakhe ngaphansi komgodi. Lokhu kushisa kwafudumala emoyeni, okwenza kube lula ukwenza indiza ibe yinde. Waze waba nokuphathwa kahle.

Emlandweni wezindiza, ungathola amaqiniso ahlukahlukene. I-Aeronautics ngumsebenzi owenziwe ngobukhulu nodumo olukhulu ngekhulu le-18. Abadali bezindiza abafuni ukuwabelana nabanye. Nokho, uLouis XVI, iNkosi yaseFrance, wayevimbela ukubamba iqhaza kwababhali bephrojekthi endizeni. Ngokombono wakhe, lokhu kuyingozi ekusebenzeni komsebenzi kwakudingeka kuphathwe izigebengu ezimbili ezagwetshwa ukufa. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kwabangela imibhikisho kaPilatre de Rozier, omunye wabahlanganyeli ekwakheni ibhaluni lomoya oshisayo.

Le ndoda ayikwazanga ukubuyisana neqiniso lokuthi amagama ezigebengu azokwehla emlandweni we-aeronautics. Uphikelela ekubambeni indiza. Imvume isitholiwe ekugcineni. Omunye "umshayeli" wagibela ibhaluni. Yaba iMarquis d'Arland, umshayeli wezindiza. Futhi ngo-1783, ngoNovemba 21, basuka emhlabathini futhi benza indiza yokuqala emlandweni. Imizuzu engu-25 emoyeni ibhaluni laseMongolia eligcinwe, cishe 9 km ukuhamba ngendiza ngalesi sikhathi.

Ukuhamba komuntu esithombeni

Ukuze kufakazele ukuthi amabhola (amabhaluni nama-shells agcwele i-hydrogen) angokwesikhathi esizayo sama-aeronautics, uProfesa Charles wanquma ukwenza indiza eyayimelwe ibe yinto emangalisa kakhulu kunalokho ehlelwe abazalwane baseMontgolfier. Edala ibhaluni lakhe elisha, wakha izixazululo eziningana zokwakha, amakhulu eminyaka asetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo.

U-Charler, owakhelwe nguye, wayenegridi ehlanganisa indawo engenhla yebholuni, kanye nemigqa lapho i-gondola imiswe khona kule gridi. Kukhona abantu ku-gondola. I-vent ekhethekile eyenziwe egobolondo ukuze kuphunyuke i-hydrogen. I-valve egobolondo, kanye ne-ballast egcinwe ku-gondola, yasetshenziselwa ukushintsha ukuphakama kwezindiza. Kwakukhona futhi ihange ukuze kube lula ukuhlala.

I-Charler, ebanzi bayo engaphezu kwamamitha angu-9, ngo-Disemba 1, 1783 epaki amaTuileries aqala. UProfesa uCharles waya kuye, kanye noRobert, omunye wabazalwane abahlanganyela kakhulu ekwakheni ama-arnas. Basuka ngokuphepha eduze nomzana, behamba cishe amakhilomitha angu-40. Khona-ke uCharles waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe yedwa.

UCharlesier wagijima ngamakhilomitha amahlanu, kanti ekhuphukela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu isikhathi - amamitha angu-2750. Cishe isigamu sehora kulokhu kuphakama okukhulu, umcwaningi ufike ngokuphepha, ngaleyo ndlela aqedela indiza yokuqala kumlando wezindiza ebhaluni enegobolondo eligcwele i-hydrogen.

Ibhaluni elihamba ngezinyawo phezu kwe-English Channel

Ukuphila kukaJean Pierre Blanchard, umshini wesiFulentshi owenza ukushayela okokuqala ebhalini ngeLaManche, uyaphawuleka ngoba wawungumfanekiso wokuguqula okwenzeke ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ekuthuthukiseni ama-aeronautics. U-Blanchard waqala nomqondo wokugudluza indiza.

Wakha ngo-1781 i-apparatus amaphiko ayo aqhutshwa ngumzamo wezinyawo nezandla. Ihlola ukuthi imiswe ngendophi ephonswe phezu kwebhuloki, umsunguli wasukuma waya endaweni ephakeme yesakhiwo se-storey, ene-counterweight cishe eyi-10 kg. Ejabule ngempumelelo yokuqala, wanyathelisa ephephandabeni imicabango yakhe mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhamba indiza indoda.

Umoya uhambela amabhaluni wokuqala, kanye nokufuna ukulawulwa kwezindiza, uphinde waletha uBlanchard umqondo wamaphiko asevele asetshenziselwe ukulawula ibhaluni. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kokuqala akuphumelelanga, umcwaningi wemizamo yakhe akazange ashiye futhi wasuswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokunyuka kwesibhakabhaka sasezulwini.

Ngo-1784, ekwindla, izindiza zakhe zaqala eNgilandi. Umcwaningi wayenomqondo wokuhamba ngenqamula iSiteshi ku-ibhaluni, ngaleyo ndlela aveze ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhulumisana emoyeni phakathi kweFrance neNgilandi. Ngomnyaka ka-1785, ngoJanuwari 7, lokhu kuhamba komlando kwenzeka, lapho umsunguli ngokwakhe ehlanganyela khona, kanye noDkt Geoffrey, umngane wakhe waseMelika.

Age of Aeronautics

Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zezindiza wawuhlala isikhathi esifushane. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ukuhamba kwamabhanoyi nama-ballon kuya ekuqedeni okuphelele, kubonakala sengathi kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150. I-balloon yokuqala yamahhala yakhuliswa emoyeni ngabazalwane baseMontgolfier ngo-1783, kwathi ngo-1937 i-LZ-129 Gindenburg yashisa phansi, i-airship eyakhiwe eJalimane. Lokhu kwenzekile eU.SA, eLakehurst, emgodini wokugubha. Ebhodini kwakukhona abantu abangu-97. Kulaba bantu abangu-35 babulawa. Le nhlekelele yashaya umhlaba wonke umphakathi ukuthi amandla amakhulu ayezimisele ukuyeka ukwakhiwa kwezindiza ezinkulu. Kanjalo kwaphela isikhathi ngenkathi kusebenza izinkanyezi, lapho iminyaka engu-40 eyedlule kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwezindiza ezinamandla, ezithi Zeppelins (omunye wabadali bawo abakhulu kwakunguFerdinand von Zeppelin, umphathi waseJalimane).

Ibhaluni, eyakhiwe abazalwane baseMontgolfier, yayingenakugwenywa. Ngo-1852 uHenri Giffar, umklami waseFrance, wadala ibhaluni elawulwayo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside onjiniyela bezama ukuxazulula inkinga yokuqina kwezindiza. UDavid Schwartz, umklami wase-Austria, wakhuphuka nomqondo wokwenza umzimba wabo wensimbi. EBerlin ngo-1897, ibhaluni leSchwarz lafika. Umzimba wayo wenziwe nge-aluminium. Nokho, ngenxa yezinsizakalo ze-injini, ukuthutha okuphuthumayo kwenziwa.

Count Zeppelin

U-Count von Zeppelin, owayejwayele umsebenzi kaDavid, wabona amathuba abo. Wakhuphuka ngefreyimu eyenziwe ngamapulazi e-box box-case ayekhishwe emaphethini aluminium. Izimbobo ezibekwe kuzo zanyatheliswa. Isakhiwo senziwe ngamakheli ensimbi. Babexhunywe yi-stringer.

Ikamelo eline-hydrogen labekwa phakathi kwamapulangwe amabili (isamba esingu-1217 izingcezu). Ngakho-ke, uma izinsimbi zangaphakathi eziningana zonakaliswa, ukugcinwa okungazithokozi kwagcinwa yibo bonke abanye. Ehlobo lika-1990, u-Zeppelin oyinhloko yamathani ayisishiyagalolunye enamakhilogremu ayisishiyagalolunye (ubude obunamamitha angu-12, ubude - 128) wenza impumelelo engamamitha angu-18, aguqule umdali wawo, wabe eseduzane nomuntu oyedwa edolobheni.

Muva nje, izwe elahlekelwa yimpi namaFulentshi lithinta inhliziyo yomqondo jikelele walesi sikhali esimangaliso. Zeppelin - i-airship, eyasetshenziswa ngamandla ekusebenzeni kwezempi. Umqondisi weMpi Yezwe Yokuqala wakha imishini eminingana, ubude obuyi-148 m. Bungafinyelela ngesivinini esingama-80 km / h. Izindiza ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Count Zeppelin zenzelwe, ziya empini.

Ikhulu le-20 leminyaka kamuva lihambise izindiza ezinomdemokhrasi. Izinkanyezi zanamuhla ziye zaba mnandi kubantu abaningi. USolomon Auguste André ngo-1897, ngoJulayi, wenza okokuqala ukugibela e-Arctic ebhaleni lomoya oshisayo. Ngo-1997, ngokuhlonishwa kwekhulu leminyaka kulo mcimbi eNorth Pole, ama-aeronauts agubha iholidi lebhola. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amaqembu anesibindi afika lapha njalo ngonyaka ukuze akhuphukele esibhakabhakeni. Umkhosi wama-aeronautics uyinto ekhangayo, abantu abaningi bayakujabulela.