Ukukhanya okuFrance

Ukukhanyiselwa (umkhuba wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekhulwini lama-17 neye-18) kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi ngokwazi kwalowo myalelo wemvelo ohambelana nomuntu wangempela womuntu nomuntu, ingqondo nesayensi badlala indima eqondile. Abakhanyisi babengabangela izinhlekelele zabantu babhekwa ukukhathazeka ngokwenkolo, ukungazi nokungazi lutho. Njengoba bephikisana nombuso we-feudal-absolutist, baqinisekisa ukulingana komphakathi kanye nenkululeko yezombangazwe.

Imfundo yaseFrance yathola inkulumo yakhe ecacile ngo-1715-1789, futhi akuyona into emangalisa ukuthi le nkathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "Age of Enlightenment" (siècle des lumières). Ihlanganisa abameleli abaqhubekayo bezobuciko, ososayensi bemvelo, izazi zefilosofi, abameli nabanye.

Imfundo yesiFulentshi yekhulu le-18 yakha umqondo omusha wobudlelwane obuphakathi kombuso nomuntu, izinto eziza kuqala kanye nokuqondiswa okuyinhloko komunye umuntu okhanyisiwe namuhla, umthwalo wemfanelo wakhe wokuziphatha njengomphathi wesigungu esiphezulu - ingqondo.

Ekhulwini le-18 eFrance, ngokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane be-bourgeois kanye nokuqiniswa kwezohwebo, ama-feudalism abe yiziqu, ezazibonakalisa kuphela kwisakhiwo senhlalo yomphakathi. I-Bourgeois, ngokungafani nabangaphambi kwayo, yayikholelwa ukuthi ukusetjenziswa kwezinto ezithuthukako kungcono kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukulingana okunamandla njengemfundo - ukuphatha ulwazi, imfundo eqondanisa kahle ingqondo nokukhulula ubandlululo.

Imfundo yaseFrance iye yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu eYurophu. Kubalandeli bakhe, indima yokucabanga yayiphakeme kunokholo, baphikisana ne-absolutism, isonto, inkululeko yokucabanga kanye nokudala ubuciko. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuziqhenya kwe-bourgeoisi kwakha ngokuqinile.

Kusukela ngama-30-40. Ekhulwini le-18, ngomsakazo wokuqala wokukhanyisa ukukhanya, izingxabano zobuciko kanye namafilosofi zaqala ukuthola ubukhali obukhulu nokubukhali. Kusukela ngo-1757, eSolon eParis ejwayelekile, imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yobuciko isiqalile ukuboniswa, inikeza ukudla okukhulumisana okufuthekayo.

Ifilosofi yesikhanyiso saseFrance, esabonakala ngokuphindaphindiwe ngefomu elibhaliwe lokubhala, ihlukaniswa nokujwayela kwayo okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle nezokuzenzisa.

"Izinzalamizi" zokukhanyisa eFrance ziyizibani zaseFrance iVoltaire neMontesquieu, owabeka izisekelo zalo kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engu-40. Wahlala wabaholi bakhe, belahlekelwa isigaba esizukulwaneni esisha. UMontesquieu wayengakahlosiwe ukubona isikhathi sakhe (60-70), Nokho, u-Voltaire kulezo zinsuku wayejabulela inhlonipho nokuthandwa okukhulu.

I-Voltaire, i-Rousseau, i-Montesquieu, i-Holbach, i-Diderot, i-Helvetia, i-Dahlamber yilabo bantu abakhulu abangakwazi ukubona inhloso enhle yokudala i-"Encyclopedia" eningi lapho imisebenzi yokufundisa izakhamuzi, isayensi yokusakaza, ukucula ngomculo. I-Encyclopaedists, njengabalobi bokukhanyisa babizwa, bahlambalaza kakhulu umyalelo wezwe, inkolo, imibono endala emphakathini kanye nemvelo. Ngaphandle kokusanhlamvu okuqakatheke kakhulu okuyizinto ezisekelwe ezimfundisweni zabo, akukho ukukhululeka, noma intando yeningi, noma ubuhlanga bekhulu le-19.

Ukukhanyiselwa kubhekwa njengezinhlobonhlobo ze-utopias zomuntu, ezinokuqukethwe kwangempela okunamandla. Ukukhanyiswa kwesiFulentshi kuwukuphela kokuphezulu komuntu. Isici salo esiyinhloko sokubukwa kwezwe nokufundiswa yikuphikisa futhi kungenangqondo. Izigaba zakudala azizange zimelele izimbangela, izimo nemiphumela yemisebenzi yabo, yingakho zibeka phambili, kodwa ekugcineni azifinyeleleki, ezingenakufinyeleleka.

Imvelo yeklasi yemodeli yokukhanyisa ibonisa ukuhluka kwayo nokuhlukile okuhlukile, kodwa yiyona imigomo yefomethi yayo yesiFulentshi eye yaba yinqaba, umgomo wanoma yikuphi ukunyakaza okufanayo. Ukukhanyiswa kwesiFulentshi kwaba ngumkhulumeli wazo zonke izinto ezivamile kule nqubo njengento eyisiko lomhlaba.