Decembrists eRussia. Ukubulawa kwama-Decembrists. Indawo nosuku lokubulawa kwama-Decembrists

Sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-200, ukuvukela kukaDemembrist kuye kwabangela ukunaka kwababhali-mlando. Kubhalwe inombolo enkulu yezihloko zesayensi ngisho nokuchasiswa ngalesi sihloko. Kungani lokhu kunentshisekelo? Into yokuthi ngokomlando ama-Decembrists eRussia ayengowokuqala owazama ukuphikisa amandla we-tsar. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abahlubuki ngokwabo baqala ukuphenya ngalesi simo, bahlaziya izimbangela zokuvukela iSanate Square nokunqotshwa kwayo. Ngenxa yokubulawa kwama-Decembrists, umphakathi waseRussia walahlekelwa umbala kakhulu wobusha obukhanyisiwe, ngoba babeyinzalo yemindeni yabahloniphekile, abahlanganyeli abakhazimulayo empini ka-1812. Ukuvuswa kwabathinta isiphetho sezinkondlo ezinethalente. Ngakho, u-A. Pushkin, ngenxa yokuxhumana kwakhe namalungu emiphakathi eyimfihlo, wathunyelwa ekuthunjweni.

Bangobani abaDembembrists?

Bangobani abaDembembrists? Ngamafuphi angabonakaliswa kanje: bangamalungu ezinhlangano eziningana zezombusazwe ezilwa nokuqedwa kwe-serfdom kanye nokushintsha kwamandla wombuso. Ngo-December 1825, bahlela ukuphikisana okwakunqotshwa kabi.
Abantu abahlanu (abaholi) bathengiswa amahlazo ngenxa yezikhulu zokubulawa. Abakwa-Decembrists-abahlanganyeli badingiselwa eSiberia, abanye badutshulwa ePeter noPaul Fortress.

Izizathu zokuvukela

Kungani amaDembembrists aphakamisa ukuvukela? Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Okuyinhloko, okuyinto bonke, njengenye, eyenziwa ngesikhathi sokuphenywa ePeter noPaul Fortress - umoya wokucabanga okukhululekile, inkolelo emandleni abantu baseRussia, ekhathele ukucindezelwa - konke lokhu kwazalwa ngemva kokunqoba kukaNapoleon. Akukhona nje ukuthi abantu abangu-115 abaphakathi kwama-Decembrists bahlanganyele ngeParriotic War of 1812. Ngempela, phakathi nemikhankaso yamasosha, ukukhulula amazwe aseYurophu, abazange bahlangabezane nobudlova be-serfdom noma kuphi. Lokhu kwabaphoqa ukuba bacabange isimo sabo sengqondo ezweni labo "izigqila nabahlonishwa."

Kwakusobala ukuthi insimbi yayiphelile. Ukulwa nohlangothini nabantu abavamile, ukuxhumana naye, ama-Decembrists ezayo afika esiphethweni sokuthi abantu bafanelwe isiphetho esingcono kunokuba khona kwezigqila. Abalimi babebuye banethemba lokuthi ngemva kwempi isimo sabo siyoshintsha kangcono, ngoba baphala igazi ngenxa yezwe. Kodwa, ngeshwa, umbusi kanye neningi lamakhosikazi abambelela ngokuqinile kwi-serfs. Yingakho kusukela ngo-1814 kuya ku-1820 kwavela ukuvukela kwabantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ezweni. I-Apotheosis kwaba ukuvukela uColonel Schwartz Semenovsky Guards Regiment ngo-1820. Inkohlakalo yakhe kumasosha ajwayelekile aya ngaphesheya kwemingcele. Abagqugquzeli bezinhlangano ze-Decembrist, uSergei Muravyev-Apostol noMikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, bafakaza lezi zenzakalo, njengoba bekhonza kulo mbuso.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umoya othize we-freethinking wanikeza iningi labahlanganyeli be-Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum: ngokwesibonelo, abaqeqeshwayo babe ngu-I.Pushchin, V.Kiukhelbeker, kanye nezinkondlo zokuthanda inkululeko zasetshenziswa njengemiqondo ekhuthazayo.

Southern Society of the Decembrists

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ukuhamba kwama-Decembrists akuzange kuvele ngaphandle: kwavela emibonweni yezinguquko emhlabeni. UPavel Pestel wabhala ukuthi imicabango enjalo ivela "kusukela ekugcineni kweYurophu kuya eRussia," kuhlanganise ngisho nokuphambene okunjalo, eTurkey naseNgilandi. Imibono kaDembembrism yaqaphela ngomsebenzi wemiphakathi eyimfihlo. Eyokuqala kulawa yiSalvation Union (iSt. Petersburg, 1816) kanye neNyunyana YezeNhlalakahle (1918). Okwesibili kwavela ngesisekelo sokuqala, kwakunobulungiswa obuncane futhi kufaka inani elikhulu lamalungu. Ngo-1820, yahlakazwa ngenxa yokubukwa okungafani.

Ngo-1821 inhlangano entsha ivela, ehlanganisa izinhlangano ezimbili: iNyakatho (eSt. Petersburg, eholwa nguNicita Muravyov) naseNingizimu (eKiev, eholwa nguPavel Pestel). Umphakathi waseningizimu wawubhekene nemibono eminingi yokusabela: ngenhloso yokwakha i-republic, bahlongoza ukubulala inkosi. Isakhiwo seSouth Society sasimelwe yiminyango emithathu: owokuqala, kanye noP. Pestel, uholwa ngu-A. Yushnevsky, owesibili ngu S. Murav'ev-Apostol, owesibili ngu-V. Davydov no-S. Volkonsky.

UVavel Ivanovich Pestel

Umholi weSouth Society, uPavel Ivanovich Pestel, wazalwa ngo-1793 eMoscow. Uthola imfundo enhle eYurophu, futhi lapho ebuyela eRussia uqala inkonzo yakhe e-Corps of Pages - ikakhulukazi enelungelo phakathi kwezicukuthwane. Amakhasi ayajwayele wonke amalungu omkhaya wamakhosi. Lapha, ngokokuqala ngqá, ukubukwa kwenkululeko yePestel encane kubonakala. Uqedile ngokucophelela e-Corps, uqhubeka ekhonza embusweni waseLithuania esiteji sesibonakaliso sabalindi abaPhila.

Phakathi nempi ka-1812, uPestel wathola isilonda esinzima. Ngemuva kokuphulukisa, ubuyela enkonzweni, ulwa ngokuzikhandla. Ekupheleni kwempi, uPestel unemiklomelo eminingi ephezulu, kuhlanganise nesibhamu segolide . Ngemuva kweMpi yePatriotic, wathuthela enkonzweni yeCavalry Regiment - ngaleso sikhathi indawo yokukhonza ehlonishwa kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi eseSt. Petersburg, uPestel ufunda ngomphakathi othile oyimfihlo (i-Salvation Union) futhi ngokushesha ungene kuwo. Ukuphila kokuguquka kukaPawulu kuqala. Ngo-1821 wahola iNingizimu Afrika - ngalokhu wasizwa ngezwi elihle, umqondo omuhle nesipho sokukholisa. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo, ngesikhathi esifanele uzuza ubumbano bemibono yezinhlangano zaseNingizimu naseNyakatho.

Umthethosisekelo wePestel

Ngo-1923 uhlelo lweSouth Society, olwakhiwa uPavel Pestel, lwasungulwa. Kwamukelwa ngokuvumelana nawo wonke amalungu enhlangano - i-Decembrists ezayo. Ngamafuphi, kwakuqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

1. I-Russia kufanele ibe i-republic, eyodwa futhi engabonakali, ehlanganisa izifunda ezingu-10. Ukuphathwa komphakathi kuzokwenziwa yi-People's Veche (ngokomthetho) kanye no-State Duma (executive).
2. Ekubhekiseni umbuzo we-serfdom, u-Pestel uhlongoze ukuthi ususwe ngokushesha, uhlukanise umhlaba zibe izingxenye ezimbili: kulabo abalimi kanye nabaninikhaya. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi lesi sigaba sizoqasha ukulima. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uma ukuguqulwa kuka-1861 ukuqeda isisetshenziswa kuhamba ngokulandela uhlelo lukaPestel, khona-ke izwe lizoqala maduzane indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho.
3. Ukuqedwa kwesakhiwo sezindawo. Bonke abantu bezwe babizwa ngokuthi izakhamuzi, balingana ngokulinganayo ngaphambi komthetho. Inkululeko yomuntu kanye nokungahambi kahle komuntu nomuzi kwamenyezelwa.
4. I-Tsarism yalahlwa yiPestel ngokuyinhloko, ngakho yafuna ukubhujiswa komzimba wonke womndeni wasebukhosini.

Kwacatshangwa ukuthi "Iqiniso leRussia" lizoqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nje lapho ukuvukela sekuphelile. Kuyoba umthetho oyisisekelo wezwe.

I-Northern Society yama-Decembrists

Umphakathi wasenyakatho uqala ukuba khona ngo-1821, entwasahlobo. Ekuqaleni, kwakunamaqembu amabili, kamuva ahlanganiswa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iqembu lokuqala lalinamandla kakhulu, ababambiqhaza balo babelana imibono kaPestel futhi bamamukela ngokuphelele "iqiniso leRussia".

Izishoshovu zaseNorthern Society zaziyiNikita Muraviev (umholi), uKondraty Ryleev (iphhini), izikhulu u-Obolensky noTrubetskoi. U-Ivan Pushchin wadlala hhayi indima yokugcina eNhlanganweni.

INorthern Society yayisebenza kakhulu eSt. Petersburg, kodwa yayinegatsha eMoscow.

Indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwemiphakathi yaseNyakatho neyaseNingizimu yayiyinde futhi ibuhlungu kakhulu. Babenokuphikisana okukhazimulayo ezindabeni ezithile. Nokho, enkomfeni ngo-1824 kunqunywe ukuqala inqubo yokuhlanganiswa ngo-1826. Ukuvukela ngoDisemba 1825 kwabhubhisa lezi zinhlelo.

Nikita Mikhaylovich Muravyov

UNikita Mikhaylovich Muravyov - uvela emndenini ohloniphekile. Wazalwa ngo-1795 eSt. Petersburg. Ngathola imfundo enhle eMoscow. Impi ka-1812 yamthatha isikhundla sombhalisi ohlangene eMnyango Wezobulungiswa. Ekulweni, ubalekela endlini, wenza umsebenzi omuhle ngesikhathi sezimpi.

Ngemuva kweMpi yePatriotic iqala ukusebenza njengengxenye yemiphakathi eyimfihlo: i-Union of Salvation kanye ne-Union of Prosperity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhala umqulu wezokugcina. Ukholelwa ukuthi ifomu likahulumeni elimele i-republic kumele lisungulwe kuleli zwe, kuphela ukuxoshwa kwezempi kungasiza. Phakathi nohambo eya eningizimu uhlangana noP. Pestel. Noma kunjalo, ihlela isakhiwo sayo - iNorthern Society, kodwa ayiqedi ukuxhumana nabantu abafana nalokho, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, ibambisana ngokuhlanganyela.

Isiqalo sokuqala soMthethosisekelo wakhe sabhalwa ngo-1821, kepha akazange athole impendulo evela kwamanye amalungu eNhlangano. Ngemva kwesikhashana, uzobukeza imibono yakhe futhi uzokhipha uhlelo olusha, oluhlongozwa iNorthern Society.

Umthethosisekelo weMuravyov

UMthethosisekelo kaN. Muraviev ufaka izikhundla ezilandelayo:

1. I-Russia kufanele ibe umbuso wezomthethosisekelo: amandla angokomthetho yi-Supreme Duma, ephethe amakamelo amabili; Isikhulu - umbusi (ngokubambisana - umphathi oyinhloko). Ngokwehlukana, kwathiwa wayenalo ilungelo lokuqala nokuqeda impi ngokuzimela. Ubukhulu emva kokufundwa kathathu umbusi kwakudingeka asayine umthetho. Wayengenalo ilungelo lokumisa i-veto, wayengahlehlisa kuphela ukusayina ngesikhathi.
2. Ngokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, umhlaba wabanikazi bendawo kufanele ushiywe kubanikazi, futhi abalimi - iziqephu zabo, kanye nokufaka okweshumi endlini ngayinye.
3. I-suffrage yilabo abanini bomhlaba kuphela. Abesifazane, abakwa-nomads nabangewona abanikazi basuswa kuwo.
4. Ukuqeda isakhiwo sezindawo, ulinganisa zonke ngegama elilodwa: isakhamuzi. Uhlelo lwezokwehlulela lulodwa kubo bonke.

U-Muravyov wayazi ukuthi inguqulo yakhe yomthethosisekelo yayizobhekana nokuphikisana okukhulu, ngakho-ke yabona isingeniso sayo ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali.

Ukulungiselela ukuvukela

Imiphakathi eyimfihlo echazwe ngenhla yahlala iminyaka eyishumi, emva kwalokho uvuko lwaqala. Kumele kuthiwa isinqumo saso savuka ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ngesikhathi e-Taganrog, u-Alexander I wafa. Ngenxa yokungabikho izindlalifa, uConstantine, umfowabo ka-Alexander, wayezoba umbusi olandelayo. Inkinga yukuthi ngesikhathi sakhe washiya ngasese isihlalo sobukhosi. Ngakho, ibhodi idlulisela kumfowethu omncinyane, uNicholas. Abantu babephikisana, bengazi ngokulahla. Kodwa uNicholas uthatha isinqumo ngoDisemba 14, 1925.

Ukufa kuka-Alexander kwaba yisiqalo sabavukeli. Baqonda ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo, naphezu kokungqubuzana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwemiphakathi yaseNingizimu naseNyakatho. Bayazi kahle ukuthi babenesikhathi esincane sokulungiselela ukuvukela, kodwa bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyisiphambeko sokuphutha umzuzu onjalo. Yileyo ndlela u-Ivan Pushchin abhalela umngane wakhe waseLyceum u-Alexander Pushkin.

Ukuhlangana ebusuku ngaphambi kukaDisemba 14, lezi zihlubuki zilungisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Iphekwe ngamaphuzu alandelayo:

1. Misa umphathi we-Prince Trubetskoi.
2. Zisebenzela i-Palace Palace kanye nePeter noPaul Fortress. U-A. Yakubovich no-A. Bulatov bamiswa njengabaphethe lokhu.
3. ULieutenant P. Kakhovsky kwadingeka abulale uNicholas. Lesi senzo kwakuzoba isignali esenzweni sabavukeli.
4. Yenza umsebenzi wokukhungatheka phakathi kwamasosha bese ubagqugquzela ukuba bahlangane nabavukeli.
5. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iSanate ukufungela umbusi wanikelwa iKondratiya Ryleeva no-Ivan Puschina.

Ngeshwa, akubona bonke abacabangela ama-Decembrists ezayo. Umlando uthi abahlukumezi abavela phakathi kwabo bahlaselwa ukuhlubuka okuzofika eNicholas, okwakugcina kumqinisekisa ukuba akhethe iSenate esifungweni ekuseni ekuseni kaDisemba 14.

Ukuvukela: ukuthi kudlula kanjani

Ukuvukela akuzange kulandele isimo abavukeli ababehlele. I-Senate ikwazi ukufunga ukuthembela kumbusi ngaphambi kokuhlukunyezwa.

Kodwa-ke, ukulawulwa kwamasosha ekuhleleni kwempi kuhlanganisiwe eSanate Square, wonke umuntu ulindele izinqumo ezithinta izinqumo eziyingxenye yobuholi.
U-Ivan Puschin noKondraty Ryleyev bafika lapho futhi baqinisekisa ukufika ngokushesha komyalo, u-Prince Trubetskoi. Lezi zinsuku, ezishintshe lezi zihlubuki, zahlala e-Tsarist General Staff. Akakwazanga ukufeza lezo zenzo eziyimfuneko ezazidingeka kuye.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvukela kwacinywa.

Ukuboshwa kanye nenkantolo

E-St. Petersburg, ukuboshwa nokubulawa kukaDembembrists kwaqala. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwabantu ababoshiwe akuzange kuthathwe yiSenethi, njengoba kwakudingeka, kodwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, okuyiyona kuphela eyenziwe yiNicholas I. Eyokuqala, ngisho nangaphambi kokuvukela umbuso, ngoDisemba 13, waboshwa uPavel Pestel. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphambi nje kokuvukela, wamukela amalungu eSouth Society, A. Mayboroda, owaba ngumthengisi. U-Pestelya uboshwa eTulchin futhi wanikelwa ePeter Petersburg uPeter noPaul Fortress.

U-Mayboroda wabhala isiqalekiso noN. Muravyov, owaboshwa endaweni yakhe.

Ngaphansi kophenyo, kwakukhona abantu abangu-579. Abayishumi nambili kubo baboshelwa emsebenzini obanzi eSiberia (kuhlanganise noNikita Muravyov), bonke babehlazekile emaqenjini empi. Izihlubuki ezinhlanu zagwetshwa ukufa.

Ukwenziwa

Ukubuyela enkantolo ngendlela engenzeka yokubulala ama-Decembrists, uNicolai uthi igazi akufanele lichithe. Ngakho-ke, bona, amaqhawe eMpini yePatriotic, bagwetshwa umuthi ohlazozayo.

Ubani ababengabakwaDecembrists ababulawe? Amagama abo yilokhu okulandelayo: Pavel Pestel, uPeter Kakhovsky, uKondraty Ryleev, uSergei Muraviev-Apostol, uMikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Isigwebo sifundwa ngoJulayi 12, futhi baxhonywa ngoJulayi 25, 1926. Indawo yokubulawa kwama-Decembrists yayihlomele isikhathi eside: umgodi wakhiwa ngendlela ekhethekile. Kodwa-ke, kwakungekho ngaphandle kokudlulela: abantu abathathu baqhekeza amazinyo, kwakudingeka baphinde baxhomeke.

Indawo endaweni yasePeter noPaul, lapho amaDembembrists abulawa khona - i-kronverk yayo. Kukhona isikhumbuzo, okuyi-obelisk nokubunjwa kwe-granite. Ifanekisela isibindi lapho ama-Decembristi abulawe aphikisana nemibono yawo. Amagama abo aqoshwe etsheni lesikhumbuzo.