Isazi sefilosofi nomlobi uDawkins Richard: biography kanye nobuciko

On the net expanses a meme isetshenziswa "ososayensi baseBrithani". Ngenxa yabo, izibalo zishicilelwa ngenani labantu baseShayina abangakwazi ukuthola ulimi lwabo emakhaleni, noma imiphumela yezifundo zethonya likaSaturn ekusebenzeni okubonakalayo kwe-cocktailos yase-Australia. Isibongo somlobi wegama elithi "meme" nguDawkins. URichard ungumuntu ovelele wezinto eziphilayo waseBrithani-isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, isazi sefilosofi, umlobi, owaziwa kakhulu wesayensi nomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Ubulungu bakhe kulolu hlobo lwesayensi yesayensi bubuzwa kahle.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Wazalwa ngo-Mashi 26, 1941 enhloko-dolobha yaseKenya yaseNairobi, futhi wakhulela eNasasland - impahla yaseBrithani eNingizimu Afrika. Uyakhumbula ukuthi okokuqala wayenesithakazelo ezenzweni zezilwane kanye ne-botani ngaphandle kokunye kwesayensi. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo samantombazane kwakuyiyise, uColonel Clinton John Dawkins. URichard nodadewabo omncane babe nesithakazelo ekufundeni kwezinkanyezi kanye nesakhiwo esijwayelekile semvelo yabantu. Umfana othakazelisayo washaywa yinkimbinkimbi yendawo yonke, futhi kuze kube yilapho-ke incazelo yakhe yoMcebo kaMdali yayimfanele, ngoba umndeni wakwaDawkins wawubhekwa njengesiNgisi.

Imfundo Dawkins kwadingeka ifinyelele eNgilandi, lapho ihambela khona ngo-1949. Ngenkomba kayise, wangena ekilasini lezinto eziphilayo esikoleni samabanga aphansi, futhi umgomo wawuyi-Oxford. Kwakuye kuye lapho asuswe ngempela yisayensi yokuphila kwemvelo. Uthisha wakhe wayengu-biologist ovelele, u-Nobel owawuzuzisa uNobel Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988). Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwakhe, umfundi ofundiswayo uRichard Dawkins waqala ukutadisha isayensi yokuziphatha kwezilwane - ethology, lapho ephumelela khona. Kubandakanya ukuthi wayengomunye wabokuqala owaqala ukusebenzisa ikhompiyutha emsebenzini wakhe, ngisho nokufunda kahle amakhono okuhlela lokhu.

Phula ngenkolo

Ukuzijwayeza okuningiliziwe nenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaba umngcele obalulekile empilweni yososayensi. Kulo mbuzo wathola impendulo kumbuzo wezimbangela zokuhlukahluka kohlobo oluthile, imvelaphi yezwe lezilwane nomuntu, kanye nokuxhumana okungenakuhlukaniswa. Njengoba uRichard Dawkins abhala kamuva, izincwadi zikaDarwin omkhulu zazibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu kuye ekuphelelweni nasekuphelelweni kunalokho okwabekwa ngabaphikisi bezandla zikaNkulunkulu.

Kuze kube manje, ubheka ukubaluleka okukhulu kwencwadi yakhe yokuqala, i-Origin of Species by Natural Selection, uCharles Darwin nemibhalo yabhaliwe. Ucabanga ukuthi uguquguquli omkhulu wezesayensi yemvelo ukuba omunye wezithombe zakhe ezibalulekile nezesayense, futhi umzabalazo wakhe nabaphikisi bemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yenze umgomo obaluleke kunazo zonke emsebenzini wakhe wokukhanyisa. URichard Dawkins, ogama lakhe livusa ukuhlukunyezwa kwabasunguli, kusukela ebusheni bakhe waba yikholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akakholelwa futhi ulwa nezinkolelo-ze emphakathini wanamuhla.

Qala ukuqala

Incwadi yokuqala, eyabangela ngokushesha udumo lwesazi phakathi kwabachwepheshe kanye nomphakathi jikelele, yanyatheliswa ngo-1976 "I-Genetic Self". URichard Dawkins wamemezela kulo msebenzi ukuthi ubukhulu bemibono yaseDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uqedela futhi ahlakulele impumelelo yawo emasimini aqhubekayo kakhulu e-biology - genetics kanye ne-ethology. Isihloko, okuyinto encane enyantisayo, umlobi naye wagcizelela indima yegesi njengento eyinhloko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, hhayi umuntu noma wonke umuntu. Ukuqothulwa kombono omusha kwakuwukuthi izinto eziphilayo zazibonakala ziyizimoto kuphela zezakhi zofuzo ezifuna ukuzigcina ezizukulwaneni ezintsha.

Uletha inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kohlaka lwezakhi zofuzo. Lapha usungula umqondo wokuziphatha okulinganayo nesakhi esibizwa nge-meme. Incwadi ethi "I-Gene Self Selfish" uRichard Dawkins wanquma ososayensi ukuba babheke izinkinga zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezilwane zasendle. Inhloso yesayensi entsha - imemetics - uhlongoze ukucubungula izigaba ezingahlotshaniswa ne-zoology ezihlanzekile noma i-botany. Kungaba yimibono, ubuchwepheshe, izitayela ezintsha emfashini nasemasikweni. Isibonelo esinikezwe encwadini sathintekayo izisusa zezingoma zithathwe ngezizukulwane ngezihlobo ezithile zezingoma zomculo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono encwadini entsha

Isikhathi siqinisekisile ukubaluleka okukhulu kwencwadi yokuqala kaDawkins. Imibono evezwe yi-prose enhle ibonakala icacile futhi ibalulekile, nakuba yayiphikisana kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ezombusazwe. UDawkins waphenduka waba yizikholo zobugovu, ephika ukubaluleka kwanoma yiziphi izinhlangano zenhlalo. Wazama ukuchaza isikhundla sakhe ngokuningiliziwe emisebenzini ethi "I-phenotype eyandisiwe" (1982), eyayiyisayensi yesayensi.

Umqondo oyisisekelo wawungukuthi: izimpawu ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezithile futhi ngokuvumelana nezinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo azikho imingcele ecacile evumelana negobolondo langaphandle lezinto eziphilayo. Zisebenza kuzo zonke izinto ezihlobene nomsebenzi wokuphila. Ngakho-ke, kuma-beavers, kungenzeka ukuthi amamashi abo, abathinta indawo yamahektha amaningana, kanye ne-spacecraft eyenziwe ngumuntu, ingawela imingcele yeGalaxy yethu.

Umzabalazo wenkululeko yesayensi

Emuva ku-Sixties Dawkins yayisebenza emphakathini, iqhaza ezenzweni zokulwa nempi. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili wazizwa esongela inkululeko yakhe njengososayensi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwesizukulwane esisha ekubeni nolwazi oluqhubekayo lwesayensi. Ama-Creationist athola ukusekelwa kwezwe, futhi imfundiso kaDarwinian inkolelo yabhekana nezingqinamba ezinkulu emazweni amaningi "akhanyisiwe". "URottweiler Darwin" - lesi sidlaliso esitholwe ngomsebenzi wakhe, uRichard Dawkins. "I-Clockmaker Blind" - incwadi ebizwa kanjalo nencwadi yakhe yethelevishini, eyakhishwa ngo-1987. Kuzo, usosayensi wachaza isimo sakhe sengqondo kubalandeli beMiklamo Ehlakaniphile.

Abahlaziyi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo bathi ukubunzima kwemvelo kubangelwa imisebenzi yoMdali, futhi umsuka womuntu ngokuguqulwa kancane kancane kwezinto eziphilayo zakudala akunakwenzeka njengokubonakala kwendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle komsebenzi ocatshangelwe. UDawkins naye waphawula ukuthi ukukhethwa kwemvelo kuphela kungabangela ukuvela kwezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezinto eziyingqayizivele.

URichard Dawkins, ongu "Blind Watchmaker" owanikezwa imiklomelo eminingi nemiklomelo, waba ngumholi owaziwayo we-militant atheism. Incwadi elandelayo, ezinikezele ezindabeni zokuxhumana phakathi kwenkolo nomphakathi, yaba yinzondo eyithengiwe kakhulu futhi evunyelwe kakhulu yibo abathintekayo bezinkolo nezinkolo ezahlukeneyo.

Esikrinini nasemakhasini ezincwadi

Ngokushesha kakhulu, uDawkins waba ngumlingisi owaziwayo eNgilandi, eYurophu nase-United States. Ukuziphendulela kwakhe, ukuphatha umlandisi kanye nomuntu oyimpoqo wamenza waba isivakashi esamukelekile seziteshi ze-TV zezemfundo nezemfundo. Uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ze-TV ezinganeni nakwabasha esiteshini se-BBB-4, ngesisekelo lapho incwadi ethi "Ukukhuphukela Esiqongweni Se-Incredible" (1996) yabhalwa, ihlale ihambisana nanamuhla. Kuwo ukhuluma ngemvelaphi yokuphila, mayelana nenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, mayelana nendima kaDarwin ekwakheni isayensi yanamuhla, mayelana nokungahambisani 'kokucabanga kukaNkulunkulu.'

Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezincwadi zakhe akuphikisana. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezivela emazweni ahlukene ziyavuma ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi zesayensi eziseduze nesayensi yemvelo, omunye ososayensi abanethonya kakhulu esikhathini sethu nguRichard Dawkins. "Indaba ye-Ancestor" (2004), "Umbukiso Omkhulu Emhlabeni" (2009), "Magic of Real" (2011) - kuphela imisebenzi yokugcina ngesikhathi. Kuzo, ukuziphendukela kwezinto eziphilayo kubonakala sengathi kuyindlela ekhangayo nenomusa, okubongwa ngayo uDawkins ngekhono elimangalisayo.

"Ngingumasosayensi, hhayi isazi sefilosofi"

Ukwelapha konke ngokucophelela futhi ubuke ubufakazi ngaphandle kokuthembela ekukholweni-yilokho okushiwo uRichard Dawkins. "UNkulunkulu njengenkolelo" (2006) yincwadi eveza lesi sikhalazo ngokucacile. Kwakuqukethe ezinye izimpikiswano eziningi ngokumelene nabalandeli, ngokumelene nokubonakaliswa okungahambi kahle kwesisekelo sezenkolo:

• Indima yokududuza kwenkolo, ukubaluleka kwayo kwezemfundo kwaqashelwa ngisho nabangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, futhi ukungaqapheli kwalokhu kwakusho uDawkins. Futhi waphikisa ukuthi ungaba umuntu ojabulayo, ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo ngaphandle kokuzithoba kwamandla aphezulu.
• Imfundiso kanye nezimfundiso zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokusekelwe ngokugcwele nangokucacile ngokucacile leli zwe. Basivumela ukuba sihloniphe ngokukhethekile ubuhle nokuhlukahluka kwawo, okwakungabonakali ngentando eyodwa, kodwa ngenkathi yenqubo encane futhi eyithakazelisayo.
• Awukwazi ukuqondisa isithombe somcabango womuntu nokuziphatha kwakhe kumfundiso, ngokusekelwe kuphela endaweni yokuzalwa kwakhe kanye nemvelo lapho akhulela khona. Umqondo wengane yamaSulumane noma ingane yamaProthestani ayikwazi ukusiza kodwa ibe yinto engenangqondo, njengengane yomntwana waseMarxist noma ingane yaseNietzschean.
• Izimfundiso zenkolo ziwumthombo wobuthakathaka nobudlova, ikakhulukazi eyingozi manje. Esikhundleni sokuphikisana nabo, ukuvunyelwa kanye nokuthululwa kwezimpahla kukhishwa kwabangqineli kanye nabasongqangi.

Ukunakekela ikusasa lomhlaba

Amabhuku nezinhlelo zezingane yingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi wezemfundo. Okuholela uRichard Dawkins. "UNkulunkulu njengenkolelo" iyincwadi kanye nefilimu yethelevishini, ikakhulukazi ebonisa ngomqondo wesithakazelo sikasosayensi ngekusasa lezesayensi nomhlaba wonke. Umbuso ekhulwini lama-21 usekela ngokuvulekile ukuvulwa kwezikole nama-universities amaKhristu namaSulumane, futhi konke okuhlobene nenkolelo yeDarwinian yemvelaphi yokuphila ihoxiswa kwikharityhulam.

Ukungabikho komkhuba wokucabanga ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kwemithonya yangaphandle, ukukholelwa okungenangqondo kumaqiniso asungulwe umuntu futhi kanye-yilokho ososayensi abona njengengozi ebuntwini abasafufusa. Ukuzimela kanye nenkululeko, ukuzimela ekutholeni izintaba ezintsha, ikhono lokuqonda ukubonakala kweMhlaba njengenhlanhla engavamile, isifiso sombono ojabulisayo wokuthi yiyona into esemqoka ingane okufanele ihambe nayo ibe ngumuntu omdala.

Impahla yobuhlakani

Igama lakhe liyiplanethi encane ye-asteroid enombolweni 8331 endaweni ekude kanye nenhlanzi yamanzi ahlanzekile emanzini ase-carp ehlala eNdiya naseSri Lanka. Ungumqoqo wamakhulu emiklomelo ehloniphekile nemiklomelo. Izincwadi ezithintekayo - I-Prospect, Isikhathi, i-Daily Telegraph ibeka igama lakhe ohlwini lwabacwaningi abavelele kakhulu esikhathini sethu.

Indoda ene-e-mail igcwele izinhlamvu ezinokuthukwa okuhlambalazayo kanye nezinsongo zamantombazane ahlukumezayo okwamanje kanye nangemva kokufa noRichard Dawkins. "Inkolo ibhubhisa konke", "Izitha Zesizathu" - abakholwayo engqondweni ephakeme abakulungele ukumthethelela ngisho namagama ezincwadi.

Uyabhala izincwadi, uphonse amafilimu, uthatha amafilimu nama-cartoons, ubamba iqhaza emibonweni nasemakhonsathini ase rock. Uhlala ngokuvumelana nalokho okushiwo ama-posters ahlanganiswe amabhasi aseLondon emkhankasweni owenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza kukaDawkins: "Kungenzeka ukuthi akekho unkulunkulu. Yeka ukhathazeka, ujabulele ukuphila. "