Umthetho kulawo ma-spikelets amathathu (isimemezelo "7-8"). Indlala yokufakelwa e-USSR, izisulu zeHolodomor

Ebonisa ubuhluku nokuhlukunyezwa kohulumeni waseSoviet, abasebenzeli bezombusazwe basebenziselwa ukuphikisana nomthetho "kulezi zingane ezintathu." Ngokombono wabalobi abaningana, lesi senzo esijwayelekile sihloswe ngqo ekubhubhiseni abalimi. Nokho, abacwaningi banombono ohlukile ngesimo.

Izici zezijeziso

Phakathi neminyaka yokucindezelwa kukaStalin , i-Code Criminal ye-RSFSR yasebenza. Yabeka izigwegwe ezihlukahlukene zobugebengu obuhlukile. Umthwalo wokweba, okwamanje, wawuncane, omunye angase athi ngisho nento engokomfanekiso. Isibonelo, ukwebiwa kwempahla ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe futhi ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa nabanye abantu, okokuqala umsebenzi wokuphoqeleka noma ijele iminyaka eyizinyanga ezintathu kubonisiwe. Uma lesi senzo sizinikezele ngokuphindaphindiwe noma izinto ezibonakalayo ezidingekayo ukuze isisulu senze into yokuqothula, isigwebo sokuboshwa kwaphela izinyanga eziyisithupha sisetshenziswa. Ukweba okuphindaphindiwe noma okwenziwe ngendlela yokusebenza, kanye nesivumelwano sangaphambili, ukuboshwa kuze kube unyaka bekubalulekile. Isijeziso esifanayo sasisongela isihloko esenze lesi senzo ngaphandle kwemibandela ekhonjisiwe kuma-piers, iziteshi zesitimela, amahhotela, ama-steamship kanye nezinqola. Ngokuba ukwebiwa kwendawo yokugcina yomphakathi noma yomphakathi, enye indawo yokugcina isitoreji esebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe noma ukuhlanganiswa nabanye abantu, noma umsebenzi ophoqelelwe kuze kube unyaka owodwa noma ukuboshwa kuka-2 amalitha ubuyekezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isijeziso esifanayo sasihloselwe izihloko ezenze isenzo ngaphandle kwalezi zimo uma zikwazi ukufinyeleleka okukhethekile ezindaweni noma zibaqaphele, kanye nesikhukhula, umlilo noma enye inhlekelele yemvelo. Ukubamba ngobukhulu ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcinwa kwempahla yomphakathi / zombuso kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla, kanye nokutholakala okukhethekile kubo, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe noma ekuhlanganyeleni nezinye izigebengu, kudingeke ukuba kufike iminyaka engu-5 ejele. Ngokusobala, lesi sijeziso sasicindezelekile ngisho nasezimo ezibucayi. Yiqiniso, lezo zigwebo azizange zivimbele abahlaseli. Inkinga yabuye yahlushwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngenxa yokubambisana uhlobo olusha lwempahla lwavela - umphakathi. Eqinisweni, kwasala ngaphandle kokuvikelwa ngokomthetho.

Isimemezelo 7-8

Inkinga yokweba yavela ezweni. U-JV Stalin encwadini eya eKaganovich uqinisekisile isidingo sokuvuma isenzo esisha sokujwayelekile. Ngokuyinhloko, wabhala ukuthi ezikhathini zamuva, ukwebiwa kwezimpahla esiteshini sesitimela sekuye kwaba njalo. Umonakalo walinganiselwa kumashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi zamaruble. Amacala okweba impahla ehlangene-epulazini nokubambisana yaba njalo. Ubugebengu, njengoba kuboniswe encwadini, behlelwe ikakhulukazi ngokudla kanye nezinye izakhi ezafuna ukunciphisa uhlelo lukahulumeni. Ngokombiko weCriminal Code, lezi zihloko zazibhekwa njengezigebengu ezijwayelekile, zathola iminyaka engu-2-3 ejele "elihlelekile". Ngokwenzayo, emva kwezinyanga ezingu-6-8. Babedluliselwa ngokuphepha. UStalin wabonisa isidingo semithwalo yemfanelo eqinile. Uthe ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo kungaholela emiphumeleni eyingozi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, isinqumo seKhomishini Election Central kanye neKhomishana Yabantu Yomkhandlu we-USSR yamukelwa ngo-Agasti 7, 1932. Izinhlawulo zokweba zaqina kakhulu. Ngokusho kwesenzo esivamile, ukwebiwa kwempahla yokubambisana nokubambisana, iminyaka eyishumi ejele yahlinzekwa phambi kwezimo ezinciphise. Uma laba bebengabikho, isilinganiso esiphezulu saqokwa. Ngenxa yobugebengu obunjalo, kwahlelwa ukudubula ngokuthunjwa. Isidingo sokukhipha isenzo esijwayelekile senziwa ngokungahlali esimweni sikahulumeni. Abantu abaningi, ababethanda imali, bazama ukusizakala ngalesi simo ngazo zonke izindlela futhi bathole inzuzo enkulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Amacala

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi umthetho "kulawo ma-spikelets amathathu" (njengoba wawuthiwa kubantu) waqala ukusetshenziswe ngokweqile ngamagunya. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvunyelwa kwayo ngoJanuwari 1, 1933, kwagwetshwa:

1. Ngesilinganiso esiphezulu - 3.5%.
2. Ngeminyaka eyi-10 - 60.3%.
3. Isijeziso esibi kakhulu sathola 36.2%.

Kodwa-ke kufanele kuthiwa akuwona wonke ama-verdicts kuya kwesilinganiso esiphezulu esenziwa ku-USSR. 1932 kwaba ngezinga elithile isilingo sokusetshenziswa kwesenzo esisha sokujwayelekile. Amanani angu-2 686 amangalelwa ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Inamba enkulu yezinqumo zenziwe izinkantolo ezithintekayo zokuthutha (812) nezinkantolo zempi (208). Noma kunjalo, Amabutho Ase-RSFSR abuyekezwa cishe isigamu semisho. I-Presidium ye-CEC ikhiphe izinqumo ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa. Njengoba amarekhodi kaKrylenko, i-People's Commissar of Justice, abonisa, inani eliphelele labantu ababulewe alizange lidlulele ku-1,000.

Ukuhlolwa kwamacala

Kunombuzo ozwakalayo: kungani iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuhlola izinqumo zamazinga aphansi? Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba lesi sigaba sokugcina, sisebenzisa umthetho "kulezi zingane ezintathu," ngezinye izikhathi zafinyelela ukungenangqondo. Isibonelo, isijeziso esibucayi sabekwa kwabasimabhizinisi abathathu, okubhekwa njengama-kulaks, kanye nezitifiketi abazifaka zona njengabantu abaphakathi. Basolwa ngokuthatha isikebhe sepulazi elihlangene, bahamba bezodoba. Isigwebo esinzima sasibekwe emndenini wonke. Abantu baboshelwe ukudoba emfuleni ogijima eduze nepulazi elihlangene. Esinye isinqumo esingaqondakali senziwa ngale nsizwa. "Wadlwengula namantombazane enqolobaneni, ngaleyo ndlela wabangela ukukhathazeka ngengulube, eyayiyipulazi elihlangene." Njengoba indawo ehlanganisiwe yayingenakuvikelwa futhi ingcwele, ijaji lagweba le nsizwa iminyaka eyishumi ejele "ngenxa yokukhathazeka." Njengoba uVivinsky, umshushisi odumile waleso sikhathi, uveza emaphepheni akhe, zonke lezi ziboshwa zithathwa ngabahluleli njengengxabano ekubalukeni kwempahla yomphakathi, nakuba empeleni babengenjalo. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, umbhali unezela ukuthi izinqumo ezinjalo zikhanseliwe unomphela, futhi abahluleli ngokwabo basuswa ekuthunyelwe kwabo. Noma kunjalo, njengoba uVyshinsky ephawula, lokhu konke okubonakalayo kubonakala ngezinga elinganele lokuqonda, ukukhanya okulinganiselwe kwabantu abakwazi ukwenza imisho enjalo.

Izibonelo zezixazululo

Isiboshwa-eyishumi sabelwa enye ye-kolkhozes yokuphathwa kabi kwezinto zokulima, okuvezwe ngokushiya okuncane ngaphansi kwezulu elivulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkantolo ayizange ifake ukuthi ngabe izinsimbi zazingekho noma zingenakusetshenziswa ngokuphelele. Inkosi yomunye wamapulazi aqoqeshwe wadedela izinkunzi emgwaqweni ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Esinye isilwane sagxuma futhi saqhekeza umlenze wayo. Ngokomthetho kahulumeni, inkabi yagwazwa. U-Narcud ugwebe isigwebo sakhe iminyaka eyishumi ejele. Omunye wabafundisi waphinde wawela ngaphansi komthetho "wezinhloli ezintathu". Ekhuphukela embhoshongweni webell ukuze ususe iqhwa kuyo, wathola lapho ummbila emasakeni amabili. UNgqongqoshe wamemezela lokhu emkhandlwini wendawo. Ukuhlola kwakuthunyelwe kubantu abathola isikhwama sesithathu semmbila. UNgqongqoshe ugwetshwe iminyaka eyishumi. Inhloko yezinqolobane yagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi ngokusolakala ukuthi ilenga abantu. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku kwaveza uketshezi olungama-375 wezinye okusanhlamvu kwelinye lezitolo. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwecala, inkantolo yabantu ayizange ithathe isitatimende somphathi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezinqolobane ezisele. Ummangalelwa wathi ngenxa yencazelo engalungile yezitatimende kwelinye isitolo, kumele kube khona ukuntuleka kokusanhlamvu ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Ngemuva kokuba isigwebo siphelile, isitatimende sekhanda sithole isiqinisekiso. Omunye wabalimi abaqoqiwe wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-2 ejele ngokuthatha uhlamvu lwesinkwa esandleni sakhe walidla, ngoba wayefuna ukudla nokuphelelwa amandla, engenakho amandla okusebenza. Wonke la maqiniso angasebenza njengobufakazi bokuhlukumeza umbuso okhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, imisho engekho emthethweni futhi engenamqondo yaqedwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokutholwa.

Imiyalo kahulumeni

Amaqiniso athi "ama-spikelets" ayibonakaliso lokubambisana nokungabi namthetho. Umbuso wawudinga abasebenzi bezobulungiswa ukuthi bangavumeli ukusetshenziswa kwesenzo esijwayelekile uma lokhu kwaholela ekudaleni kwayo. Ikakhulukazi, umthetho "kulezi zindawo ezintathu" awukwazanga ukusetshenziselwa ukweba ngemali encane kakhulu noma ngesimo esibucayi kakhulu somenzi wobugebengu. Abahluleli basekhaya babengafundi kahle kakhulu. Kanye nentshiseko ngokweqile lokhu kwaholela ekubeni "ngokweqile" okukhulu. Nokho, ezingeni likahulumeni, kwakukhona umzabalazo osebenzayo ngokumelene nabo. Ngokuyinhloko, abantu abagunyaziwe babedingeke bafake izicelo ezinecala ezincane I-Art. Ikhodi ye-Criminal Code ye-RSFSR, eyanikezela izijeziso ezinkulu. Iziphathimandla eziphakeme zibonise iziphathimandla eziphansi isidingo sokufanelekela kahle lezenzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathiwa ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho kokuhlinzekwa kokunciphisa izigwegwe esimweni sokuphila okunzima.

Indlala e-USSR ngo-1932-1933

Isimo kuleli zwe sasinzima kakhulu. Ukuhlupheka kwaphawula ku-RSFSR, i-BSSR, iNorth Caucasus, isifunda seVolga, i-Southern Urals, i-Western Siberia, nenyakatho yeKazakhstan. Ku-SSR yase-Ukraine emithonjeni esemthethweni igama elithi "Holodomor" likhonjiswa. E-Ukraine ngo-2006, i- Verkhovna Rada, waqashelwa njengesenzo sokuqothulwa kwabantu. Ubuholi be-republic yangaphambili bashaya uhulumeni waseSoviet ngokubhubhisa ngamabomu abantu. Imithombo ibonisa ukuthi le "ndlala yokufakelwa" iholele ekuhlaselweni kwabantu abaningi abayizigidi. Kamuva, ngemva kokuwa kweNyunyana, lesi simo sasivame kakhulu emaphephandabeni nasezincwadini ezihlukahlukene ezisemthethweni. I-Holodomor e-Ukraine ibhekwa abaholi abaningi njengenye yezimpawu zenqubomgomo enobudlova kahulumeni waseSoviet. Nokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuhlupheka kwenzeka kwezinye i-republic, kuhlanganise ne-RSFSR.

Ukuthengwa kwezinkwa

Ngokomphumela wocwaningo olwenziwa udokotela wesayensi yezomlando Kondrashin, indlala e-USSR ngo-1932-1933 yayiwumphumela wokubambisana kwabantu bonke. Kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni seVolga, lesi simo sasingenxa yokuthengwa okusanhlamvu okuphoqelekile. Lo mbono uqinisekisiwe ngabaningi bokuzibonela kwalezo zenzakalo. Kwavela indlala ngoba konke okusanhlamvu okuqoqiwe kwakudingeka kuthathwe kubantu abalimi. Amaphandleni ahlupheke kakhulu ngokubambisana nokuhlaselwa. Esifundeni seVolga, iKhomishana yokuthengwa kokusanhlamvu ngaphansi kobuholi bukaNobhala weKomidi eliPhezulu leQembu, iPostyshev, ikhishwe isimemezelo ngokubanjwa kwamasheya avela ngabalimi ngabanye, abalimi bezinhlamvu kanye nokudla okusanhlamvu abaluthole. Ngaphansi kokwesaba isijeziso sobugebengu, abaphathi bezinkampani, izinhloko zokuphatha zaphoqeleka ukuba zinikeze kuhulumeni cishe yonke isivuno. Konke lokhu kwakunciphisa indawo yokudla, okwakubangela indlala enkulu. Izinyathelo ezifanayo zithathwe nguKaganovich noMototov. Izinqumo zabo zithinta izindawo zaseNyakatho Caucasus nase-Ukraine. Ngenxa yalokho, ukufa kwabantu abaningi kwaqala ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuthiwe ukuthi uhlelo lokuthengwa okusanhlamvu ngo-1932 kanye nenani lokusanhlamvu empeleni livunyiwe laliphansi kakhulu kunalesi sikhathi esidlule futhi esilandelayo. Inani eliphelele lokusanhlamvu okuhlukanisiwe ukusuka emadolobheni kuwo wonke amashaneli (izimakethe, ukuthenga, ukuthengwa kwempahla) wehle ngo-20%. Umthamo wezentengiselwano wancipha kusuka kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.2 ngo-1931 kuya ku-1.73 ngo-1932. Ngonyaka olandelayo wehlelwa ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.68. Izindawo zokukhiqiza okusanhlamvu (eNyakatho Caucasus nase-Ukraine), izingcaphuno zezinombolo zahliswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, e-SSR yase-Ukraine yayingxenye yesine yezinhlamvu, lapho ngo-1930 ivolumu yayiyi-35%. Ngokusho kukaZhuravlev, indlala yahlaselwa ukuhlaselwa okubukhali ngenxa yokubambisana.

Imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwesenzo sokujwayelekile

Encwadini yophiko likasihlalo we-OGPU, Prokofiev kanye nenhloko yomnyango wezomnotho we-OGPU Mironov, igama likaStalin libonisa ukuthi amacala obugebengu avuliwe emasontweni amabili, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kukhokhelwe ebugebengu obukhulu obwenzeka eRostov-on-Don. Ukweba kusakazwa kulo lonke uhlelo lwesibhakabhaka sendawo. Ubugebengu bubekwe ezigayini, efektri, ema-bakeries amabili, 33 ezitolo lapho imikhiqizo ithengiswa khona emphakathini. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa, izinhlayiya ezingaphezu kuka-6 000 zokutshala ziphangiwe, amashukela ayizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane, amagatsha angu-500, njll. Ukungabi namthetho okunjalo kwenzeka ngenxa yokungabi nokuphendula okucacile nokulawula, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabasebenzi. Ukuqondiswa komsebenzi, okwakuhlanganiswe nenethiwekhi yokuhweba, akuzange kulungise injongo yayo. Kuzo zonke izimo, abalawuli babezenze njengabahlanganyeli ebugebengu, befaka amasignesha ngamabomu ngamanga ngamabomu ngokungahambisani nesinkwa, ukubhala phansi, nokunye. Ngenxa yophenyo, abantu abangu-54 baboshiwe, abahlanu babo babengamalungu eCPSU (b). Emnyangweni we-Union of Transport waseTaganrog, inhlangano yabantu abangu-62 yahlulwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakunabalindi, abagibeli, abashayeli, abaningi babo ababeyizidakamizwa, abadayisi, izakhi zobugebengu. Njengengxenye yenhlangano, bathatha imithwalo yempahla ethunyelwe kusukela echwebeni. Imiqulu yebiwe ngokuqondile ibonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli emacaleni babengekho abahlali.

Isiphetho

Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesenzo sokulawula ukuthutha kwesitimela kanye nokwebiwa kwempahla kahulumeni, izindinganiso ezibonakalayo ezivela kuma-artels nama-cooperatives zaqala ukwehla. NgoJanuwari 1936, ukuvuselelwa kwabantu abaningi ngamacala kwaqala. Isinqumo samukelwa ngoJanuwari 16, lapho amacala afanele ahlolwe khona. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye balabo ababoshiwe, abenza izenzo zabo bengenalo i-corpus delicti, bakhululwa emajele.