Ukuvuselelwa kwezomboni. Izici zezinguquko zezimboni e-US naseRussia

Ukuguqulwa kwezimboni, okwaqala eNgilandi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 futhi kamuva yathinteka emazweni athuthukile (ekhulwini lama-19), yayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa komshini ngomshini, ukushintshela efektri kusukela ekukhiqizeni. Amakilasi ahamba phambili emphakathini yizisebenzi kanye nabezimbungqwana. Isisekelo sokukhiqizwa yinkampani kanye nefrijini ehlome imishini.

Ukuguqulwa kwezezimboni kwakuncane. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, impindiselo emva kweNgilandi yamukela iMelika. Kwabe sekufika izinguquko ezimbonini eYurophu. Futhi engxenyeni esempumalanga yezinguquko zezimboni ayizange iphele.

Ukuqala kwezinguquko zezimboni kwathinta imboni yokukhanya. Khona-ke, imboni yomshini yaqala ukumboza amanye amagatsha okukhiqiza. Le nkathi yaboniswa ukuhlinzekwa kobuchwepheshe, kufaka phakathi i-lathe, umshini wokuthunga, ukuthuthwa okusha (umthamo we-steam and steamer), izinhlobo zokuxhumana (umsakazo, ucingo, ucingo).

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ukuguqulwa kwezimboni kwadlula esigabeni esisha sokuthuthukiswa. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, injini ye injini yangaphakathi yomlilo yasungulwa, i-phonograph (idivayisi yokurekhoda nokukhiqiza), i-oli, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali yatholwa. Abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ugesi ngamandla.

Ukuziphendulela kwezezimboni kwenzeka ezimweni ezinhle. Zadalwa yimfundo yase-US. Imishini yokugaya kanye namasondo okugaya amashini avele eMelika ngo-1789. Ngemuva kokuba isisebenzi esivela eNgilandi Pleiter senze umdwebo we-loom, ngonyaka ozayo ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwe-textile factory kwaqala ukusebenza e-USA. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, ukusetshenziswa kwekotini emafrijini aseMelika kwanda izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi amabili nambili.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi omkhulu kunawo wonke ekusungulweni kwezinjini zamagesi waqaphela kusukela ekuqaleni kwezinkulungwane zekhulu le-19. Isingeniso esinjalo esiseduze kwakungenxa yokusabalalisa kwe-injini yamanzi, uma kuqhathaniswa nesithambile, eshibhile.

Ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinguquko zezimboni eMelika kwakunamathele ekwakhiweni kwezitimela. Phakathi kuka-1830 no-1850, inethiwekhi yesitimela yanda ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili.

Ukukhula komboni wokucasha kanye nembonini ye-metallurgical kwakuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwezokuthutha. Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, ukunyuka kokukhiqizwa kwengulube yensimbi kwakubonwe izikhathi ezingu-12, futhi ukukhishwa kwekhoneni kwakuyizinkulungwane eziningana.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezimboni kwenza i-US yakha imboni yayo yobunjiniyela. Ngakho-ke, ePennsylvania, eNew York, izitshalo ezinkulu zokukhiqizwa kwama-steam akhiwa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni imboni yaseMelika wenziwa yizingcweti zobunjiniyela (uColt, Singer, Morse). Izwe lalingenelela emishinini yezolimo, okwakungenxa yezidingo ezikhulayo epulazini. Phakathi neminyaka engama-40 - ama-50 eMelika, kwakhiwa izibhamu ezinomshini ezinhle kakhulu, izithombo zembewu, ama-mowers nezinye izinto zokusebenza.

Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu e-US, ivolumu yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe iye yanda izikhathi ezine, futhi amazwe angaphandle angena ku-3.7. Nokho, phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa okwamanje zisezinkhundleni eziholela ekuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

ERussia, inqubo yokuguqulwa kwezimboni yayingavumelani emkhakheni wezindawo kanye namacandelo. Lesi yisizathu sokushintshwa kwezwe leminyaka elide, lesigamu sezwe kusukela emsebenzini wezandla kuya ekukhiqizeni okuzenzakalelayo. Ukwakhiwa kwemishini kwaqala embonini yekotoni eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu, futhi kwaphela ngo-metallurgy eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ngesikhathi sokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, ngaphezu kwezingu-60% zomkhiqizo owenziwe embonini yokukhiqiza yenziwa ngabasebenzi bezimele emafektheri nasezimbonini.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwakhiwa amasu angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye okwakhiwa kwemishini, kodwa umsebenzi wezandla wawuqhubeka usetshenziselwa imetallurgy.