Uhlelo zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi. Izici isakhiwo zezinhlanzi

Ngenxa yokuthi zonke kokuba abanalo izitho emishinini yokuphefumula, zonke sithola into ngaphandle esingakwazi ukuphila - umoya-mpilo. Zonke nezilwane zasezweni futhi abantu, lezi zindikimba abizwa ngokuthi emaphashini, okuyinto ukuncela lemali-oksijini evela emoyeni. uhlelo zokuphefumula futhi siqukethe izinhlanzi gills, okuyinto kubuyiswe emzimbeni oksijini evela amanzi, lapho incane kakhulu ukwedlula emoyeni. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu Ukuklanywa komzimba kwalesi silwane kuhlukile kusukela zonke eliwumhlaba yezilwane ezinomgogodla nezidalwa. Nokho, ukubheka zonke izici isakhi inhlanzi, isimiso sazo zokuphefumula nezinye izitho ezibalulekile.

Kafushane mayelana izinhlanzi

Ukuze uqale, ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi yini silwane, sengathi baphila kanjani, yiziphi ubuhlobo nomuntu. Ngenxa yokuthi manje uqale biology yethu sifundo, isihloko "inhlanzi Marine". Lona superclass yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezihlala kuphela imvelo yasemanzini. Sici sici ukuthi yonke le chelyustorotnye izinhlanzi futhi ube zokuphefumula. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zibalo kukhona isici ngasinye kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu nesisindo. Kulesi subclass yokuphila komuntu ufeza indima ebalulekile engenisa umnotho, njengoba iningi lamalungu alo zidliwa.

Futhi kunenkolelo ukuthi izinhlanzi babe ekuqaleni kwemvelo. Lawa izidalwa owawungaziphilela ngaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa kwakusadingeka kungekho emihlathini, enanikade kuphela abakhileyo emhlabeni. Kusukela kwezinhlobo kwazivelela, abanye baye baphendukela izilwane, ezinye ezazingaphansi kwawo amanzi. Yilokho sonke biology sifundo. Isihloko "inhlanzi Marine. Umlando omfishane" kubhekwe. Isayensi ukuthi etadisha nezinhlanzi zolwandle, ubizwa ngokuthi "ichthyology". Ake ujike ekutadisheni lezi zidalwa iphoyinti echwepheshile umbono.

Isikimu jikelele isakhiwo zezinhlanzi

Bebonke singasho ukuthi umzimba zezinhlanzi ngalinye ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu - ekhanda, esifubeni kanye nomsila. Inhloko uphela endaweni gill (e ekuqaleni yabo noma ukuphela - kuncike superclass). Umugqa isiqu iphela ingquza zonke bale ekilasini ngezinto eziphila olwandle. Tail efanayo - engxenyeni zokucathula umzimba, ehlanganisa induku fin.

Ukuma komzimba kuncike kakhulu ku-zezemvelo. Inhlanzi ukuthi uhlala phakathi ikholomu amanzi (salmon, ushaka) has simise torpedo, okungenani - umcibisholo. Labo izidalwa zasolwandle, okuyinto ukubhukuda ngenhla phansi, abe ukuma isicaba. Lezi zihlanganisa ulwe, ulwandle izimpungushe nezinye izinhlanzi, okuyinto bephoqeleka ukuba ukubhukuda phakathi izitshalo noma amatshe. Ziba ukuma beshesha kakhudlwana, ezithinta Kuningi ukufana okukhona phakathi izinyoka. Ngokwesibonelo, induna ungumnikazi umzimba side eqinile.

Ikhadi izinhlanzi - amaphiko ayo

Ngaphandle amaphiko akunakwenzeka ukucabanga isakhiwo, neyezinhlanzi. Isithombe ethulwa ezincwadini zezingane, qiniseka ukuze basibonise ukuthi ingxenye yomzimba zezakhamuzi zasolwandle. Yini abakubonisayo?

Ngakho, amaphiko zibhangqwe futhi ayibhangqiwe. Lungase luhlanganise a thoracic ngababili besisu okuyizinto ziyalingana bese ukuhambisa synchronously. Ayibhangqiwe uvezwa njengoMahluleli umsila, fin amaphiko (eyodwa kuya kwemithathu), kanye anal namafutha, okuyizinto itholakala ngokushesha ngemuva fin amaphiko. Ngamandla abo, amaphiko yakhiwa imisebe kanzima futhi ezithambile. Kusekelwe inani imisebe ibalwa ifomula likwazi usetshenziselwa ukukhomba kohlobo oluthile lwezinhlanzi. izincwadi Latin Fin indawo bazimisele (A - Anal, P - thoracic, V - besisu). Izinombolo Landelayo Roman akhombise inani imisebe kanzima, futhi Arab - esithambile.

Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlanzi

Namuhla okwesikhashana zonke izinhlanzi zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili - uqwanga bone. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa abakhileyo enjalo kolwandle, amathambo endoda esakhiwa uqwanga ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Lokhu akusho ukuthi onjalo njengoba ithambile futhi ayikwazi ukuhamba. abameleli Abaningi uqwanga superclass Uqinisa, kanye kwabantu yayo iba cishe like a bone. Eyesibili isigaba - nezinhlanzi bony. Biology njengoba isayensi uthi lena superclass kwaba ukuqala kwemvelo. Crossopterygii izinhlanzi yokuqothulwa ababengamasela uhlaka yayo kusukela kungenzeka okwenzeka zonke izilwane ezincelisayo eliwumhlaba. Ngokulandelayo, sithatha sihlolisise isakhiwo umzimba izinhlanzi ngayinye yalezi zilwane.

uqwanga

Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo isakhiwo we izinhlanzi cartilaginous akuyona into enzima futhi engavamile. Lena skeleton evamile, esakhiwa uqwanga kanzima kakhulu futhi ezinzima. kwakwakhe ngamunye ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali-calcium nosawoti, ukuze basize kule uqwanga futhi kukhona amandla. Horda kugcina ezakheke kukho konke ukuphila, ngesikhathi ingxenye encishisiwe. Ugebhezi ixhunywe isiphanga nemihlathi lapho skeleton izinhlanzi ine isakhiwo ebalulekile. Ukuze-ke amaphiko futhi enamathiselwe - umsila, lesisu abhanqiwe nasesifubeni. Nemihlathi zitholakala ohlangothini ventral of amathambo, nokuhlonza izinhlobo emakhaleni ezimbili ngaphezu kwabo. skeleton cartilaginous futhi uhlelo kwemisipha zezinhlanzi kusukela ngaphandle ihlanganiswa ne izikali obukhulu, okuthiwa placoid. It yakhiwa dentine, okuyinto ukubunjwa bayo ufana namazinyo abavamile yazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo umhlaba.

Njengoba uqwanga ukuphefumula

Uhlelo zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi uqwanga superclass umelwe izimbotshana ngokuyinhloko gill. akhawunti bona ngazimbili 5 kuya ku-7 emzimbeni. Ngo izibilini-mpilo it is lisabalaliswe valve Kuvunguza okuyinto welula kuwo wonke umzimba, neyezinhlanzi. Isici nobuntu wonke uqwanga wukuthi azinabo esinyeni bhukuda. Yingakho kumele babe sendleleni njalo, hhayi ukuya phansi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi umzimba izinhlanzi cartilaginous abahlala amanzi priori okunosawoti equkethwe eliningi okungenani usawoti uqobo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ku igazi urea superclass kakhulu, esakhiwa ogxile nitrogen.

ithambo

Manje cabanga, okuqondene superclass ithambo libukeka amathambo endoda inhlanzi, kanye ukuthola ukuthi yini enye libhekene ngabameli kulesi sigaba.

Ngakho, lolu hlaka lwamathambo uvezwa uhlobo inhloko, umzimba (zikhona eceleni, njengoba kuqhathaniswa icala odlule), kanye abhanqiwe futhi ayibhangqiwe emikhawulweni. Skull ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - ubuchopho visceral. Eyesibili kuhlanganisa umhlathi futhi lwaleli hyoid, okuyizinto Izingxenye ezisemqoka ama-apharathasi emhlathini. Futhi iyatholakala ku gill lwaleli amathambo endoda nenhlanzi bone, okuyinto zenzelwe ubambe apharathasi gill. Njengoba for imisipha kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, zonke zibe isakhiwo segmental, futhi eziphambili kakhulu kuzo - kungcono emhlathini, fin futhi gill.

Breathing apharathasi eziphila olwandle bony

Mhlawumbe kuyacaca ukuthi wonke umuntu ukuthi umgudu wokuphefumula iyona superclass ka nenhlanzi bone ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe gills. Basuke esisogwini yayinamakhothamo gill. Kuyinto futhi ebalulekile ingxenye ingxenye inhlanzi enjalo izimbotshana gill. Basuke embozwe ngesivalo kwegama elifanayo, okuyinto yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlanzi uphefumule esimweni yisimo (njengoba kuqhathaniswa cartilaginous). Amanye amalungu ithambo superclass uphefumule ngesikhumba. Kodwa labo abaphilayo ngaphansi nje kwamanzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela neze ngokujulile phansi, kunalokho, ukuqonda emoyeni nge gills zabo emkhathini, kunokuba kusukela naphakathi aqueous.

Isakhiwo gills

Gills - umzimba ehlukile ngaphambili ezehlela bonke izidalwa protoaquatic ophilayo Emhlabeni. Kwenzeka gidrosredoy inqubo negesi lokushintshisana phakathi umzimba futhi lapho basebenzisa ziphi izindlela. Gills zezinhlanzi besikhathi sethu azihlukile kakhulu kulezo gills, okwakukhona esivela abakhileyo ngaphambili kakhulu kule planethi yethu.

Ngokuvamile, zivezwa ngesimo amapuleti ezimbili ezifanayo zazo lwangena by inethiwekhi aminyene kakhulu imithambo yegazi. Ingxenye ebalulekile gills uketshezi coelomic. Lokho kwenza inqubo negesi lokushintshisana phakathi naphakathi aqueous futhi umzimba, neyezinhlanzi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi incazelo umgudu wokuphefumula of hhayi kuphela inhlanzi, futhi abaningi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo futhi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo abakhileyo izilwandle nasolwandle. Kodwa siyini ekhetheke ngawe eqinisweni umgudu wokuphefumula, okuyizinto emzimbeni zezinhlanzi, funda ku.

Ukuphi gills

Uhlelo zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi anesizotha bagxila kule umphimbo. Kwakuthinta lapho ibekwe nemengamo gill, okuyinto inamathelisiwe elinegama elifanayo imizimba gas exchange. Basuke ethulwa ngesimo amacembe, okuyinto zidlula futhi emoyeni, futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu uketshezi esindisa impilo ezingaphakathi zezinhlanzi ngamunye. Ezindaweni ezithile ukuphuza threaded gill izimbotshana. Kuyinto ngabo mpilo okungena emlonyeni senhlanzi ukugwinya ngamanzi.

A qiniso elibalulekile kakhulu wukuthi, uma iqhathaniswa nayo ubukhulu umzimba kwezinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle, gills zabo ziphezulu kakhulu ngabo. Kule ndaba, emizimbeni yabo unenkinga ne osmolarity of plasma yegazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi njalo baphuze amanzi olwandle futhi ukuyikhulula ngokusebenzisa izimbotshana gill, kanjalo usheshisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene umzimba. It has ukuthungwa esingaphansi igazi, ngoba ngokushesha futhi kahle inikeza gills kanye nezinye izitho zangaphakathi nomoya-mpilo.

kakhulu Inqubo ukuphefumula

Lapho izinhlanzi nje okuzelwe, uphefumula cishe wonke umzimba wakhe. imithambo yegazi kuwowonke ngamunye umzimba yayo efaka i udonga lwangaphandle, ngoba i-oksijini, okuyinto emanzini olwandle lingena singene umzimba unaphakade. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngamunye onjalo ucala kutfutfukisa gill ukuphefumula, njengoba anezikhala kakhulu imithambo yegazi ifakwe gills nazo zonke izitho eduze. Lapha kulapho kungena khona kumnandi iqala. Inqubo ukuphefumula inhlanzi ngayinye incike izici zayo yokwakheka, ngoba ichthyology zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili - ukuphefumula yekwentiwa. Uma asebenzayo zonke ecacile (nhlanzi okuphefumulayo "ngokuvamile", ngiphakamisa oksijini gills nokuliphatha unjengomuntu), i-yokwenziwa thina uzame ukuqonda kabanzi.

ukuphefumula Passive futhi okuyindawo kuncike

Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuphefumula eyinqaba kuphela ngesivinini abakhileyo izilwandle nasolwandle. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ushaka, kanye namanye amalungu superclass we uqwanga akukwazi isikhathi eside ngaphandle ezihambayo, njengoba azinabo esinyeni bhukuda. Lokho kukhona esinye isizathu - okungukuthi, kuba umoya yekwentiwa. Uma inhlanzi aphinde abhukude abuyele ngesivinini, ivula umlomo, futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo amanzi engena. Esondela tracheas nangezimbobo zokuphefumula, ahlukaniswa oxygen woketshezi, okuyinto feeds umhlali umzimba zasolwandle skorohodnymi. Yingakho isikhathi eside ngaphandle ezihambayo izinhlanzi ukuvimbela ukuthuthukisa indlela esibukeka ngayo ukuba sikwazi ukuphefumula, ngaphandle kokuchitha yimuphi umzamo namandla. Ekugcineni, siphawula ukuthi ezifana ngesivinini abakhileyo amanzi usawoti ngokuyinhloko futhi oshaka wonke amalungu bonito.

Imisipha eyinhloko izinhlanzi umzimba

Ingabe silula isakhiwo inhliziyo izinhlanzi, okuyinto siphawula emlandweni lesi sigaba kwezilwane, neze savela. Ngakho lokhu umzimba ube chamber double. Umelelwa ngomunye futha main, okubandakanya emakamelweni amabili - i-ATRIUM futhi ventricle. inhliziyo Fishy iphampa igazi emithambo yegazi kuphela. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of kohlobo inikezwe eziphila olwandle kuyinto irherho le-closed. Igazi ukhiphela ngokusebenzisa kapilyarchiki gills, bese kukhishelwa endlini iziqukathi, bese futhi washintsha ku-capillary ezincane, esevele unikezwe ezinye izitho zangaphakathi. Khona-ke "wachitha" igazi eqoqwe ngemithambo (banayo nezinhlanzi ezimbili - hepatic futhi inhliziyo), kusuka kuyo inhliziyo samaqanda.

isiphetho

Lokho kwaphela emfushane biology Esifundweni sethu. inhlanzi Isihloko kwenzakala ngempela ezithakazelisayo, okuthakazelisayo futhi kulula. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda idatha eziphila olwandle kubaluleke kakhulu cwaningo, njengoba kunenkolelo ukuthi bangabafokazi ezakhamuzi zokuqala ezahlala iplanethi yethu, ngamunye wabo - lena umkhondo kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti komzimba izinhlanzi kuba lula kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye. Futhi usayizi lezi zinambuzane amanzi Stoch kuyinto ngempela akwamukeleki isibuyekezo esinemininingwane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke izinhlelo nemfundo ilula futhi kufinyeleleke, ngisho izingane esikoleni.