Ukusabela qualitative for organic izinto anions, cations

ukuphendula qualitative ukuba izinto eziphilayo, ion futhi cations kungacacisa ukuthi khona compounds ehlukahlukene usebenzisa etholakalayo, ezimweni eziningi izindlela ezilula. Abakwazi kwenziwe ngendlela yezinkomba, hydroxides, oxides. Isayensi ukuthi etadisha izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo izinto ezihlukahlukene, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda-chemistry ". ukusabela qualitative ayingxenye kwesigaba esisebenzayo yalesi isayensi.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto wezinto

Zonke izinto zihlukaniswe organic wezinto ezingaphili. Iqembu lokuqala bangabanye babo amakilasi compounds, ezifana nosawoti, hydroxides (isizinda, acid amphoteric) kanye oxides lapha futhi ezingaphezu elula (SІ2, I2, N2 kanye nezinye ehlanganisa isici esisodwa).

Zikasawoti sakhiwa seka we metal ne-acid anion ezisalayo. La ma-molecule isakhiwo acid zihlanganisa H + cations futhi anions izinsalela ene-asidi. Hydroxides yakhiwa metal cations futhi anions ngesimo iqembu hydroxyl OH-. Ukwakheka oxide molecule kuhlanganisa athomu ezakhi ezimbili zamakhemikhali, Oxygen omunye wabo liyadingeka. Zingaba esidi, eziyisisekelo kanye amphoteric. Njengoba ukuqonda kusukela isihloko yabo, ziyakwazi ukwakha amakilasi ezahlukene izinto eyingozi ezithile. Ngakho, oxides acid ukusabela ngamanzi ukwakha acid eziyisisekelo - isisekelo. Amphoteric, kuye ngokuthi izimo, kungase abonise izakhiwo zombili izinhlobo oxides. Lezi zihlanganisa yensimbi, beryllium, aluminium, ithini chromium, phambili. Lezi hydroxides nazo amphoteric. Ukuze sithole khona isixazululo izinto ezihlukahlukene wezinto asetshenziselwa qualitative ukusabela ion.

A ezihlukahlukene izinto eziphilayo

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa zamakhemikhali,-molecule e-Ukwakheka edingekayo zihlanganisa yekhabhoni nomoya-hydrogen. Bangaphinde aqukethe ama-athomu zihlangana nomoya-mpilo, nitrogen, Sulphur nezinye izakhi eziningi.

Basuke luhlukaniswe amakilasi ezinkulu ezilandelayo: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, acid organic (okunamafutha nucleic ayegcwele, amino acid, njll), aldehydes, amaphrotheni, amafutha kanye carbohydrate. Abaningi ukusabela qualitative ku udaba eziphilayo eyenziwa usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene hydroxides. Ngenxa yalezi reagents ingasetshenziswa ezifana potassium permanganate, oxides acid.

Qualitative ukuphendula engokwemvelo

Ukuba khona alkanes ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa indlela inyumbazane. Uma ufaka i-potassium permanganate, ngeke discolor. Burning lezi izinto ilangabi ilambu elikuhlaza. Alkenes kungatholakala ngokwengeza yamanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa noma potassium permanganate. Zombili lezi izinto kuthiwa ezishintshe umbala by ukusabela nabo. Ukuba khona phenol kunganqunywa ngokungeza isixazululo of uxhumano lokudlulisa. Ngakho-ke uba kungekho nto enemibala emihle kanye kwenze ukuwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona imfuyo kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa chloride isixazululo ferric anikeza umbala violet ansundu nge ukusabela ngayo. ukusabela qualitative izinto zemvelo kukhona alcohols ekilasini ngaphezu sodium kubo. Kulokhu, lo savela hydrogen. Amandla omlilo alcohols ephelezelwa ukukhanya ilangabi okwesibhakabhaka.

Glycerin kungatholakala nge Cuprum hydroxide. kwakhiwa Ngakho glycerate, anikeza isixazululo umbala cornflower. Ingabe ukuthola ubukhona aldehydes usebenzisa Argentum oxide. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi simo ukhiqiza Argentum okumsulwa lapho ehlele.

Kukhona yokusabela qualitative ngoba aldehyde, okuyinto eyenziwa usebenzisa zethusi hydroxide. Ukuze nokuqaliswa kwalo kufanele ukufuthelana isixazululo. Kulokhu, kufanele uqale ushintshe umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze ophuzi bese ibe bomvu. Amaphrotheni kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa acid nitrate. Ngenxa yalokho, uwe ophuzi kwenze. Uma sifaka Cuprum hydroxide, kuba onsomi. ukusabela qualitative izinto zemvelo ikilasi of acid kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izindawo zokusebenza litmus noma yensimbi chloride. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ikhambi kushintsha umbala obomvu. Uma sifaka sodium carbonate ukukhulula-carbon dioxide.

Qualitative ukuphendula cations

Zingasetshenziswa ukucacisa khona ikhambi ion kwanoma iyiphi izinsimbi. ukuhlolwa qualitative ku acid yilezi ukukhomba seka ka H +, konke okubaliwe Ukwakheka kwabo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokusebenzisa litmus noma methyl orange. Eyokuqala i naphakathi esidi kushintsha umbala yayo abomvu, nasenqoleni yesibili - in pink.

I cations ka lithium, i-sodium ne-potassium ungabahlukanisa ilangabi yabo. Okokuqala ovuthayo e abomvu, nasenqoleni yesibili - yellow, eyesithathu - ilangabi violet. Calcium ion kutholwa indlela yokwengeza izixazululo of carbonates whereupon a kwenze emhlophe.

Qualitative ukuphendula anions

Okuvame kakhulu wabo - ukuhlonza OH-, lapho ungathola ukuthi zikhona izizathu isixazululo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izinkomba ezidingekayo. It phenolphthalein, methyl orange, litmus. Umsuka kule mvelo ozuza umbala njengegazi, kwesibili - ophuzi, wesithathu - Blue.