I Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi. isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, neyezinhlanzi. Izici Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi

Kulesi sihloko sibheka isakhiwo bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, neyezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, thina chaza kafushane izici kwemvelo nokukhiqizwa la magciwane. Fish, mhlawumbe - iqembu yimpumelelo kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Akukhona nje kuphela ziningi kunezinwele namanye amaqembu, kodwa futhi abacebile kakhulu zinhlobo: Cishe okungenani 23 000. zingabantu I Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi kanye imikhuba ukutholakala kwalezi zilwane zihlukene kakhulu. Ezinye zazo bahlala kolwandle, kuyilapho abanye - ngamanzi agobhozayo; omunye agcinwa endaweni ukujula okukhulu, elinye - ngaphezulu; abanye ngokuthula zidla ulwelwe, plankton ezingenamgogodla, kuyilapho abanye - Abantu abahlukumeza abanye nolaka, ehlasela uhlobo hhayi kuphela yabo siqu, kodwa futhi abanye nezilwane zasezweni.

inhlanzi umoya

Zonke izinhlanzi ukuphefumula ngokumpompa amanzi ngokusebenzisa fake branched gills emphethweni eziningi akha surface omkhulu ongakwazi ukuhlalisa iyavuleka oksijini evela amanzi nokukhululwa-carbon dioxide. I amanzi akhishwa esebenzisa ukunyakaza emlonyeni pharynx, futhi bone izinhlobo - operculum, nge okolozhaberny ukunyakaza sayo samanje okuphambene igazi zokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokho, umhlangano ngamanzi ahlanzekile, igazi is ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo futhi ebugqilini-carbon dioxide.

Lolonga umzimba inhlanzi

Fish ezahlukene kakhulu isesimweni kanye nosayizi. Yiqiniso, sibonisa ukuhlukahluka izindlela ukuzivumelanisa ezihlukahlukene izindawo, okungase kuphela ezitholakala emanzini zasolwandle kanye fresh. Ngakho, umzimba we inhlanzi ezihlala phakathi ulwelwe, kungenziwa zimbozwe amaqhubu isici noma babe umbala slozhnoraschlenennuyu. Bobabili amadivayisi ukugqiba imigomo, kanye ikhono ezinye inhlanzi ukushintsha umbala ufane ngemuva. Ngoba abakhileyo Amanzi anodaka libhekene khona barbels ethintekayo naseduzane komlomo, babasize lapho zifuna ukudla. Ukuma komzimba inyamazane izinhlanzi - bushelelezi kulayini nentaba nomlomo omkhulu ngamazinyo abukhali.

Ngokuphambene, ulwe flat kancane futhi ukuqoqa impango ephansi olwandle. Ngitshele kabanzi ngalezi izinhlanzi engavamile. Zonke ezihlanganiswe flatfish flatfish lamabutho. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda lezi zinhlanzi nje iphuma eceleni. Amathambo Yekhanda, isibonelo, sigudluke ngendlela yokuthi amehlo akhe ohlangothini olufanayo ikhanda. Izinhlanzi omdala sekuqhamuke ohlangothini iba emuva; it is kakhulu esikhunjeni, kuyilapho ohlangothini izimpumputhe emhlophe. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo, babesuka rock phansi esihlabathini, kanye noHezekeli, ngokulandelana, ukushintsha umbala.

Ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo izinhlobo zezinhlanzi

I Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi athuthukile ngesikhathi izigidi zeminyaka kwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa ngesivinini esiphezulu nokushesha emanzini. Abaningi okuzingela bony zinhlobo - kukhona ababhukudi kakhulu. Abakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini ubude esuka kwemithathu kuya kweyisithupha imizimba yabo wesibili zisashisa ngaphakathi ibanga elilinganayo komunye obuphelele umzimba kuphela. eqa kwemvelo ngoba izinhlanzi bony kwaba ukuthuthukiswa bhukuda yabo esinyeni. izinhlanzi cartilaginous, ogama skeleton siqukethe uqwanga, ube esinyeni sibhukuda, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukucwila, uma ayisekho ukubhukuda. Phakamisa ukuba banikezele pectoral amaphiko. Nokho cartilaginous izinhlanzi abaningi baye bathuthela ku yokuphila benthic. Amathambo, sibonga esinyeni bhukuda uthenge buoyancy njalo. Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi bony kubenza bakwazi ukusebenzisa amaphiko pectoral efana amabhuleki noma izigwedlo ukuhambisa emuva. Lokhu kwandisa maneuverability futhi likuvumela balukhulume ezandayo niches emvelweni. Locomotor amakhono lezi zilwane zahlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi lokhu kubonakala amaprotheni yabo kwemisipha. Ngo ababhukudi okusheshayo, sengathi tuna izinhlanzi noma ebhekene umthwalo anda, ezifana salmon ezifudukayo, imisipha ikakhulukazi ezibomvu, kuyilapho kancane elintantayo inhlanzi, ezifana ulwe, - omhlophe.

amaphiko inhlanzi

Kuyadingeka esikhulumi ukwenaba amaphiko, echaza Sakhiwo sangaphandle. Fish, njengoba wazi, ukusebenzisa ngabo ukuhambahamba. Nokho, akubona kuphela kuye. Fins izinhlanzi bony zinemisebenzi eyahlukene zibuye. Ngakho, amaphiko nobendunu ungavumeli kombhala neyezinhlanzi. Amaphiko pectoral ngokuvamile amabhuleki. Besisu ukuvimbela ukuphakamisa sokuphela phambi komzimba kancane ngibhapathiza izinhlanzi. amaphiko Kubhangqiwe avumele lezi zilwane ukuvela, futhi yacwila ukwenzeka. Sakhiwo sangaphandle kanye nokunyakaza izinhlanzi kuhlobene. iphini ngokuyikho kuyinto fin caudal. Oshaka kukhona amaphiko ngenkathi ushayela: i-amaphiko, anal nomsila ukuvimbela ukuphambuka kusuka Yiqiniso. Ukuze oshaka, akukho esinyeni sibhukuda, lungaphezu umsebenzi ebalulekile umsila futhi pectoral amaphiko, oshaka ukunikeza buoyancy kudingekile ngenxa buoyancy yayo.

Ukulahlekelwa ezinoqwembe zokuzivikela

Ephetha ukuchaza izici Sakhiwo sangaphandle izinhlanzi, futhi siphawula ukuthi izici okuqhubekayo zinhlobo yesimanje kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo ukulahlekelwa nesembozo zabo ezisindayo zokuzivikela. Ezidla ezinye ezinolaka, inhlanzi cartilaginous, asikho isidingo sokuvikelwa enjalo, futhi esikhundleni ziye zasungula isikhumba eqinile anolaka. Ngo izinhlanzi bony igobolondo ubudala salandelwa isembozo ukukhanya nonoverlapping izikali ukuvikela izilwane, kodwa abe namahloni okutshela ukunyakaza kwakhe.

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinhlanzi

Fish oyisemkhulu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ifa ngokwemvelo emgogodleni - nokunikezela usekelo ukunyakaza kwemisipha. Fins silondoloze imishayo Friend, ehlanganisa ithambo, uqwanga noma izikali ukushintshwa. izibilini zawo izinhlanzi bony kuyinto esinyeni bhukuda. I-aorta besisu sithwala igazi elinikeza ukuba imithambo gill. Gills zivikelwe ikhava gill. Ubuchopho is kahle. Oshaka ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe isibani olfactory. Kufundza ngababili izinso amanga ngaphansi yomgogodla, isibindi - ngemuva inhliziyo. Ithumbu ukuvulwa anal ekugcineni elise phambi izikhathi genitourinary.

I izinzwa zezinhlanzi

Ukuze kusebentisana ukunyakaza okuzingela, ukugwema ingozi noma inhlangano iphakethe (ngenjongo collective ukuzivikela) inhlanzi kudingeka evuthiwe izinzwa, enokwethenjelwa ukubazisa ngemvelo. Ngakho, ushaka ukuthola inyamazane isungule umuzwa ecashile kakhulu iphunga. Izinhlanzi eziningi ezinamehlo abukhali, kanye baphumula kahle imibala ovelele kwamanzi nephuzi.

Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi abe indlebe ezinhle, wasebenzisa ukuze bezibona yekuchumana amasignali womshado noma umhlambi. uhlaka ukuzwa liyingxenye uxhaxha of endlebeni izilwane - umzimba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ihlola isikhundla umzimba emkhathini kanye ukusheshisa emincane, kubalulekile ukuba sihlale silinganisela ngesikhathi ebhukuda. I zolwandle kanye nemifula unenye umzimba esiyingqayizivele - i-lateral line, okuyinto usebenza njengomgcini wamabhuku indlebe yezilwane ezinomgogodla, kodwa cha perceive amaza omsindo, futhi esonta ahlukahlukene emanzini, okubangelwa ukuhamba.

sideline

Lokhu umzimba ukhonza njengelungu uhlobo ezikude yokwamukela ethintekayo. I-lateral line ugijima kusukela ekhanda kuya umsila nhlangothi zombili umzimba senhlanzi. Kuyinto uketshezi egcwele isiteshi, okuyinto ixhunywe ngaphandle eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini izimbobo izikali. Njalo hole is isitho ebucayi - neuromasts. Siqukethe gelatinous mass - Cupula - namaqembu sezinzwa zengaphakathi, izinzwa lapho ithunyelwa ubuchopho.

inhlanzi ingqondo

Ulwazi kusukela izitho umqondo iza ethile ubuchopho esifundeni, phakathi lapho kukhona engazi ukuthi isiqalo ngokuzenzekelayo lezigqi zokuphefumula futhi inhliziyo. ukuzwa kanye nokulinganisela izitho imizwa ehambisana kuya obungemuva, futhi ama ezinkulu olfactory, olfactory, noma chemoreception - ne forebrain. Kukholakala ukuthi chemoreception udlala indima ebalulekile Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, umsoco futhi iyisikhathi. Izinhlanzi ephelele kakhulu yobuchopho elawula ukuziphatha kwabo - kuyinto ezibukwayo elihlobene ne-amehlo. I cerebellum uhlela ukuhamba kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nemizwa.

Ngakho, siye echazwe isakhiwo bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, neyezinhlanzi. Ekuphetheni, amagama ambalwa mayelana ukwanda kwabo.

Indlela ukuzalela inhlanzi

Breed lezi zilwane ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kwezinye kukhona kokukhulelwa yangaphakathi; abanye - zangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona hermaphrodites phakathi izinhlanzi. Kodwa noma yini indlela ukuveza, izinhlanzi zifana uvundile impela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-cod (ngenhla) kwelinye igxathu buttonhole amaqanda 8 million, nakuba iningi - kuphela ezinkulungwane. Izingane ngokuvamile usayizi ezincane, okokuqala ingxenye plankton. Kwenqwaba yalo elishabalalayo ngaphambi kokuba esefinyelele ukuvuthwa, kodwa kakhulu kwezinhlobo uyasinda. Ososayensi bakholelwa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-Atlantic, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ^ngu-10 Disemba ngokuzawa. inhlanzi Sea ziwumthombo obalulekile wamaprotheni kubantu abantu.