Iron compounds. Hardware: ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali izakhiwo

Imikhiqizo yokuqala zensimbi Alloys yayo eziye zatholakala lapho bemba nosuku kusuka mayelana 4th yeminyaka BC. Okungukuthi, abaseGibhithe lasendulo futhi Sumerians esetshenziswa ezifakwa meteoric efana ukukhiqiza imigexo nendlu izinto, kanye izikhali.

Namuhla, izinhlobo ezahlukene yensimbi compounds nensimbi okumsulwa - lena impahla ezivamile futhi wasebenzisa. Shono XX yensimbi khulu leminyaka laba kubhekwe. Ngempela, kuze eduardo plastic okwandile izinto ezihlobene, lokhu kwakwakhe kubaluleke esiwujuqu abantu. Uyini isici asebenzayo futhi esiyingxenye ketshezi, esizoyicabangela kulesi ephepheni.

Chemical isici yensimbi

Uma sicabangela isakhiwo ye-athomu, kufanele uqale ucacise indawo yayo ohlelweni gqwa.

1. Inombolo ye-serial - 26.
2. Inkathi - yesine ngobukhulu.
3. Iqembu Eight, sideline iqeqebana.
4. isisindo Atomic - 55,847.
5. Isakhiwo amagobolondo zangaphandle electronic ezikhonjiswe ngefomula 3d ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Chemical isici uphawu - Fe.
7. Igama - yensimbi, ukufunda ku-formula - "Ferrum".
8. Emvelweni, kukhona isotopes ezine esitebeleni timphawu ne mass izinombolo 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical isici yensimbi Ubuye isotopes-20 ahlukene ukuthi akuzona esitebeleni. namachibi Okungenzeka okungase abonise athomu asebenzayo:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Okubalulekile akukhona nje element ngokwayo, kodwa futhi compounds yayo ehlukahlukene Alloys.

izakhiwo

Njengoba into elula, yensimbi Izakhiwo has a metallism evelele. Okungukuthi, e-silver ezimhlophe gray tint metal kokuba malleability okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ductility futhi ukuncibilika okusezingeni eliphezulu nokubilisa amaphuzu. Uma sicabangela izici kabanzi bese:

• Ukuma - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Abilayo - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Umsebenzi - isilinganiso;
• refractoriness - okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• ziphephile liphinyiselwe izakhiwo kazibuthe.

Kuye ngokuthi izimo okushisa, kukhona ukushintshwa eziningana esiyingxenye yensimbi. Izakhiwo wabo zehluke yokuthi ezahlukene crystalline ngehele.

1. Ifomu i-alpha, noma ferrite ukhona lokushisa 769 ⁰ C.
2. Kusukela 769 kuya 917 ⁰ C - beta fomu.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-ifomu, noma austenite.
4. Ngenhla 1394 ⁰ C - yensimbi sigma.

Zonke ukulungiswa ehlukile izinhlobo crystal ngehele isakhiwo, kanye izakhiwo ezahlukene kazibuthe.

chemical izakhiwo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-iron kwakwakhe elula ubukisa reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Nokho, ngefomu fake ihlukaniswe uyakwazi angesabi okhela umoya-mpilo omningi ngendlela emsulwa ishisa lensimbi uqobo.

Corrosion ikhono kuphezulu, ngakho Alloys imbozwe yalolu ketshezi alloying compounds. Iron uyakwazi basebenzisane:

• acid;
• mpilo (okuhlanganisa umoya);
• yisibabule;
• halogens;
• lapho ukufuthelana - nitrogen, phosphorus, i-carbon ne-silicon,
• nosawoti ezisansimbi kancane esisheshayo, abuyisele kubo izinto ezilula;
• umusi oyingozi;
• nge nosawoti yensimbi isimo namachibi +3.

Ngokusobala, ukubonisa umsebenzi onjalo, sebakwati metal compounds ahlukahlukene nasezindaweni ezibandayo ehlukahlukene izakhiwo. Futhi ngakho-ke kwenzeka. Insimbi compounds yayo zihlukene kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa ehlukahlukene, ubuchwepheshe, izinto ezenziwa abantu ezimbonini.

Distribution ngokwemvelo

compounds Yemvelo yensimbi ivamile impela, ngoba eyesibili elementi amaningi kakhulu emhlabeni ngemva aluminium. Esikhathini okumsulwa ngendlela kwensimbi kukalutshwana kakhulu e emkhathini, okubonisa amahlukuzo awo ezinkulu kangakanani emkhathini. Kwenqwaba sokuqanjwa kuqukethwe imikhando, amatshe namaminerali.

Uma sikhuluma iphesenti sakhi nemvelo, kungenzeka ukuba usho izibalo ezilandelayo.

1. Kanti i-nuclei amaplanethi eliwumhlaba - 90%.
2. uqweqwe eMhlabeni - 5%.
3. Ngo isiphuku eMhlabeni - 12%.
4. core womhlaba - 86%.
5. Amanzi emfuleni - 2 mg / L.
6. Ngo ulwandle kanye ocean - 0.02 mg / l.

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu i yensimbi kuhlanganisa amaminerali ezilandelayo:

• magnetite;
• limonite futhi limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit nabanye.

Kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwethu hhayi ephelele uhlu, ngoba kuyizinto kakhulu ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Alloys ezahlukene kabanzi zidalwe indoda. Nalokhu futhi, ezifana yensimbi compounds, ngaphandle okuyinto kunzima ukucabanga ngokuphila abantu yesimanje. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• inkatho yensimbi;
• steel.

Futhi, kuyinto kwalokho okuyigugu yensimbi ukubunjwa eziningi nickel Alloys.

yensimbi compounds (II)

Lezi zihlanganisa lezo isimo namachibi kuyinto +2 ukwakha isici. Ziyakwazi ngokwanele eziningi, ngoba zihlanganisa:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• kwakwakhe kanambambili;
• nosawoti kulokulukhuni
• compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Inqubo ye zamakhemikhali okuyinto umbukiso wathi isimo yensimbi namachibi ekilasini ka ngamunye. Cabanga leyo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi evamile.

1. Iron oxide (II). Black powder, zingaxazululeki emanzini. Ubunjalo uxhumano - eziyisisekelo. Nokho, ingabe ngokushesha oxidize, futhi sehliselwe into elula unga kalula. Ancibilikisa e acid esebumba usawoti okuhambisanayo. Formula - Feo.
2. Iron hydroxide (II). Kuyinto ziyazika emhlophe amorphous. Zikasawoti ezakhiwe ukuphendula lezisekelo (alikhali). Liveza izindawo obuthaka eziyisisekelo, uyakwazi ngokushesha oxidized emoyeni ukuze yensimbi compounds kuyinto +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Zikasawoti sakhi namachibi wathi. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile isixazululo okhanyayo-green kahle oxidized ngisho emoyeni, ukuthola amnyama umbala onsundu wedlula ukuze 3. usawoti yensimbi ziyoncibilika emanzini. Izibonelo ezibangela: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (CHA _{3) 2.}

Ukubaluleka esiwusizo phakathi izinto esinelebuli babe zezakhi ezingaphezu. Okokuqala, yensimbi chloride (II). Kuyinto umphakeli main ion emzimbeni womuntu, ukuntuleka kwegazi emzimbeni wesiguli. Lapho lesi sifo sitholakale umuntu isiguli, wagunyaza amalungiselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuncike enkompolo embuzweni. Ngakho kukhona replenishment yensimbi ukuntula emzimbeni.

Okwesibili, yensimbi sulfate, isb sulfate ayoni (II), ngethusi isetshenziswa ukubulala izinambuzane izitshalo. Indlela ukuba iyiqede ngempumelelo akulona kweshumi iminyaka yokuqala, ngakho-ke kakhulu baziswa abalimi.

usawoti Mohr sika

Le ngxube, okuyinto hydrated yensimbi sulfate futhi ammonium. Formula akhe alotshwe njengoba FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} SO ₄ * 6H ₂ O. Esinye yensimbi compounds (II), eye kabanzi umkhuba. Izindawo ezisemqoka yokusetshenziswa kufanele kube umuntu.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. Ukucwaninga kososayensi futhi laboratory titrimetric ukuhlaziywa (ukucacisa okuqukethwe chromium, i-potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - njengenhlangano okufakiwe e ukudla ngaphansi ukushoda yensimbi emzimbeni wesiguli.
4. Ukuze impregnation imikhiqizo sokhuni, njengoba usawoti Mohr sika zivikela kwamazinyo izinqubo.

Kukhona nezinye izindawo lapho izidakamizwa isetshenziswa. Igama layo ke yaqanjwa wemithi isiJalimane, eyaqala ukutholwa sezindawo embukisweni.

Izinto nge degree of namachibi yensimbi (III)

I izakhiwo zezakhi yensimbi lapho liveza degree of namachibi of +3, athé ukwehluka kulawo okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla. Ngakho, ubunjalo oxide ehambisana ne hydroxide akuzona eziyisisekelo futhi amphoteric wazwakalisa. Ake uchaze izinto eziyisisekelo.

1. Iron oxide (III). Powder okuncane, umbala obomvu-brown. Amanzi zingaxazululeki, wavuma esidi imibukiso izakhiwo amphoteric ngaphezulu. Formula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). Into ukuthi kwenze ngesikhathi isenzo alkalis kuya esihambelanayo yensimbi nosawoti. Ubunjalo amphoteric yakhe sho umbala onsundu ansundu. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Zikasawoti okuyinto zihlanganisa seka Fe ^3+. sebuningini okunjalo esabiwe, ngaphandle carbonate, njengoba hydrolysis kwenzeka futhi ukhiqiza-carbon dioxide. Izibonelo ezithile zikasawoti ifomula: Fe (CHA _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (SO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, kanye nabanye.

Phakathi izibonelo ngendlela yokuhlakanipha kubalulekile crystalline ezifana FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ O, noma ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). It is lisetshenziswe imithi ukumisa ukopha replenishment yensimbi ion emzimbeni ezimweni igazi.

Nonahydrate yensimbi sulfate (III) isetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa amanzi okuphuza, njengoba iziphethe njengoba coagulant.

yensimbi compounds (VI)

Formula chemical compounds yensimbi, lapho uveta isimo namachibi ethile +6, ingabhalwa kanje:

• K ₂ Feo _4;
• Na ₂ Feo _4;
• MgFeO ₄ nabanye.

Bonke babe igama ezivamile - ferrates - futhi babe izakhiwo ezifanayo (ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni). bona bayakwazi zokukhipha igciwane futhi zibe nomphumela amagciwane. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngoba impatho amanzi okuphuza ngezinga ezimbonini.

compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kubaluleke kakhulu e utho lomklamo, hhayi kuphela izinto ezikhethekile. Enjalo ukuthi ifomu e aqueous usawoti izixazululo. Le ngxube eziyinkimbinkimbi yensimbi. Ethandwa kakhulu kahle wafunda lezi ezilandelayo.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Enye igama uxhumano - ophuzi igazi usawoti. Isetshenziselwa ukuzimisela qualitative yensimbi ion e isixazululo Fe ^3+. Ngenxa yalokho yesixazululo iba enhle umbala bright blue aye amiswa ngomunye eziyinkimbinkimbi - Prussian blue KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi udayi indwangu.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Enye igama - abomvu usawoti. Isetshenziswa njengesici qualitative ukuzimisela reagent Fe ²⁺ yensimbi ion. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka kwenze blue kokuba eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka igama turnbuleva. Liphinde lisetshenziswe njengoba udayi Indwangu.

Iron siyingxenye ye izinto eziphilayo

Insimbi compounds kwakhona, njengoba sesibonile, kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu okungokoqobo ukuphila kwezomnotho lomuntu. Nokho, ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yayo begazi emzimbeni akuyona ngaphansi omkhulu, ngempela kwenzeka okuphambene.

Kukhona kubaluleke kakhulu kwakwakhe organic, iprotheni, okubandakanya element asebenzayo. Lokhu e-hemoglobin. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kuye kwenzekani ukuthwala umoya-mpilo futhi wenza iyunifomu kanye exchange ngesikhathi esifanele amagesi. Ngakho-ke, indima yensimbi e izinqubo ezibalulekile - ukuphefumula - omkhulu.

ngaphakathi nje umzimba womuntu liqukethe mayelana 4 amagremu yensimbi, okumele njalo agcwaliswa ngokusebenzisa ukudla washisa.