Iphepha ezenziwe ngokhuni: okuyindawo senziwa

Paper sokudliwa abantu izinto eziningi ezinkulu. Per umuntu ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amakhilogremu ngonyaka. Kulokho futhi kanjani iphepha, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

Imininingwane zomlando

Kudala, e 105 BC, Cai Lun - isakhamuzi Imperial China, ekhiqizwa iphepha emthini kamalibhele. Wenza inhlanganisela yayo ukhuni, Hemp, zidwedwe, ukhuni umlotha futhi wanezela konke zibekwe phezu kwesikrini ukuze ome. Khona omisiwe itshe mass iphucuziwe.

Ngiyithola iphepha ngokhuni, umthenwa Chinese Cai Lun kwaba umbhali wokuqala ubuchwepheshe yayo. Ngakho bathi amaShayina. Kodwa abantu unombono ohlukile lososayensi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abavubukuli ngokuvamile okutholakala China iphepha ezilahliwe, okuyinto uphola inkathi ngaphambili.

izinto zokusetshenziswa

Iphepha ekhiqizwa ngokhuni uginindela nezinye Imicu umsuka yemifino: umhlanga, irayisi utshani, Hemp, futhi kusukela amanikiniki imfucuza, imfucuza yephepha kanye nezinye izinto. Ukuze izihlahla ukusetshenziswa izinkuni uginindela ezahlukene. Izinkuni uginindela ingalungiswa ngezindlela eziningana.

Kuthathwa kube ukonga kakhulu indlela lokukhanda. Lolu khuni ibhizinisi Woodworking inqanyulwa, uphendulela ingane. Kuyinto luhlanganiswe kahle namanzi. Iphepha kusuka uginindela akhiqizwa ngale ndlela, ethambile, ukukhiqiza amaphephandaba yilo. Ikhwalithi ephezulu iphepha likwazi cellulose ukuthi etholwe usebenzisa indlela zamakhemikhali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izingodo uthathe chips ezincane. Wakhe ihlelwa ngosayizi. Khona-ke egxilile isixazululo ngamakhemikhali, abiliswe umshini ekhethekile. Ngemva lokhu ehlungiwe wageza, lapho ukungcola extra ziyasuswa. Njengoba kuvela iphepha impahla okuthiwa ukhuni uginindela. Kusukela uveza wephepha omagazini, izincwadi, emaphamfulethi, evala izinto amandla aphezulu.

Elenziwe sawdust ngezandla zakhe

Sawdust kusuka zikaphayini noma ngesihlahla sonwele zigcwele amanzi okuphekiwe ncamashi suku. Amanzi ukungezwa soda caustic. Ukuze yokuntuleka ezinjalo, ungasebenzisa baking soda. Ngemuva ukupheka, ingxube ukuthi sihlanzwe ngamanzi futhi wakhama. Khona-ke futhi, sawdust batheleka ebhodweni ngamanzi bese gqoka umlilo. Uma ethumbeni, pan off ukushisa, nokuqukethwe kwalo uchotshoziwe mixer. It uphendulela mass pulpy ka ukungaguquguquki iyunifomu.

Nakuba chips okuphekwe, wenza uhlaka ubekwe Pallet, kuba gauze welulela. mass eliphekiwe kuthululwe ungene Uhlaka futhi basakaza nombala phezu bonke ubuso. amanzi okweqile ngeke kuyayiqeda phakathi sump. Kodwa ukususwa okusheshayo umswakama kufanele promakivat indwangu umswakama. Khona-ke Uhlaka nabokhulumile futhi ishidi eyatholakala kusukela isisindo, kalula ahlukaniswe yilo.

Ishidi kudingeka ukumboza zombili iphepha noma iphephandaba wafaka phakathi amabhodi phezu ukumpintsha into esindayo. Naphezu kwalokhu kucindezeleka, kumelwe ihlale imizuzu emihlanu. Ngemva kwalokho, ishidi ngobunono olubekwa ucwecwe yomiswa elangeni, kuhhavini, uvale ibhethri.

isakhiwo

Iphepha ikhiqizwa uginindela izinkuni-based, ekhiqizwa usebenzisa indlela mechanical ukukhiqizwa. Ngezinye izikhathi ngesisekelo ezinye izinto zivela. Leli phepha zingenziwa ngisho ekhaya. Kodwa-ke kuyoba eliphansi.

Namuhla uginindela ibhalwe ngu imithi usebenzisa izinqubo. Ukuze eliphezulu iphepha ngezithako zawo kumelwe unazo izithako ezilandelayo:

• Ukuhlola hydrophobic, okuyinto evimbela ekusakazekeni inki ephepheni. Abanaso ubonakale ohlangothini reverse of the ishidi. Njengoba lisetshenziswe rosin Sizing ingcina.
• Resin anamathelayo noma isitashi. Ngenxa yalaba izinto iphepha ngokhuni okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi ukumelana namathonya ezihlukahlukene kuwo.
• Kaolin, talc noma wokulinganisa ukwenza iphepha kancane esobala futhi ukwandisa kwabantu bayo.

izinhlobo izinkuni

Kunzima futhi ezithambile. Uhlobo lokuqala lwemithi etholakala izihlahla softwood: pine, * nomthidari, sonwele-redwood, futhi ngumhlonyane. Softwood eyatholakala kusukela izihlahla ezibanzi enezicabha: beech, Maple, Poplar, birch kanye oki. Ngo tropical izifunda - teak, mahogany kanye nabantu abamnyama.

Iphepha ngokhuni yalezi zinhlobo kuyancomeka. Kodwa, ngeshwa, zikhula kancane. Bagawula ezingaphezu kuka ukwanda. Ngakho-ke, emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nezihlahla eyigugu iba ezincane.

ukukhiqizwa Paper namuhla

Leli phepha nguye ikhiqizwa mass imicu ngabanye okuyinto etholakala macerating feedstock cellulosic. Isisindo iqale exutshwe namanzi bese Ketha fomu, elenza anezikhala sisalokhu. namadreni amanzi ngokweqile, uDries mass, ishidi iphepha eyatholakala. Lena yindlela isakhamuzi Chinese Cai Lun ithole ocezwini lwakhe lokuqala ephepheni. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, nakuba kwaba iminyaka ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezimbili, izinguquko eziphawulekayo azibikezela ziye zenzeka.

Namuhla, ukwenza iphepha Kwenziwa ezimbonini esine izitolo ezinkulu, imishini ukuthi imisebenzi ehlukene. Ngemva kokuthola le micu ukhuni uginindela ukungadluliseli ifomu isakhiwo, okuyiwona iphepha okokusebenza exutshwe anamathelayo kanye inhlaka. Yesigcilikisha okucasulayo amanzi kusukela iphepha, futhi resin kuvimbela ekusakazekeni inki. Iphepha ezenziwe ngokjuni, okumelelwe isithombe obala, hhayi abadinga ukwelashwa okunjalo ngezinhloso ukuphrinta kusukela inki akusho ukusakaza.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo imidwebo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, leli phephandaba ibekwa mixer nge zombala noma udayi. Khona amakhowe kufakwa umshini, othiwa ephepheni. Phela ukucutshungulwa izinyathelo kule isisindo umshini iba roll iphepha iribhoni oludlula ezinamasondo eminingi omunye ngazo amanzi, nezinye - bome tape, eyesithathu - polishes.

In the isinyathelo esilandelayo iphepha ithunyelwa workshop for ezimanzi ukuphokophela. Lapho, le micu kuthiwa degreased futhi ohlangene ngaphezulu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka iphepha ezomile izinkuni ezimhlophe, ahlala phezu imiqulu omkhulu ukuthi ukuya iphrinta. Lapho, esikwa usayizi edingekayo.