Umkhakha Electronic yeRussia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-electronics umkhakha

Electronics yasekhaya umkhakha enqobe yokugubha usuku eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu. It has kwaqala eSoviet Union, futhi lapho yayikhona ukwakheka izikhungo zocwaningo eziholayo zobuchwepheshe amabhizinisi. Thina ayesendleleni, futhi izikhathi ezimnandi futhi ishabalale. Ngalesi sikhathi, isu yentuthuko electronics umkhakha kuze kube 2025, kanye nokufaka uhlelo ahlangene Union State "Isisekelo."

umkhakha esitimela

Electronics ingafaniswa ne "grey cardinal" emnothweni - ngentuthuko kule ndawo akuvamile kuhlobisa sematheni, kodwa ukukhula kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho isimo global wamabhizinisi eziningi ezimbonini kanye umkhakha lempi. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, awukwazi njalo sebenzisa izingxenye abalingani angaphandle, kanye nezinzuzo kwezomnotho imikhiqizo yasekhaya isobala. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane esikhathini Ministry USSR Electronic Imboni ngenza ezifana imidondoshiya Microelectronics ngokuthi "Micron", "Integral", "a", "Zenith", "Lomo", "amabanga amade zokuxhumana" nabanye.

Esedlule nesizayo

ESoviet Union electronics umkhakha wamabhizinisi besakazeke nsimu yabo enkulukazi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yeRussia, Belarus ne-Ukraine. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zakha isakhiwo olulodwa oxhumene, okuyinto lashabalala wokugoqa Union.

Esikhathini "eligadulayo 90" iningi izinkampani Russian ezikhethekile eqinisweni walahlekelwa amandla ayo. umkhakha Electronic eRussia uye kakhulu kuye ikhishiwe: ngasinda kuphela umholi ongenambangi JSC «Research Institute Yamamolekhula Electronics" batshale "Micron" OJSC ( "Micron") futhi JSC "Angstrom", etholakala Zelenograd.

Kwezinye izimo best kwaba Minsk "Integral", asekelwe mathupha nguMengameli Lukashenko. Nokho, walahlekelwa oda ekulu injongo esikabili. Le nkampani iye yanciphisa izinga lokukhiqiza, kodwa sibonga yesibonelelo sikahulumeni kanye gxila oda elincane imikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe kubathengi yasekhaya futhi abathengayo base electronic-ingxenye (ECB) bakwamanye amazwe ukuze ingaziki.

Ngenhlanhla, maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000. ubuholi Russian uye bakuqaphela ukubaluleka amasu ka ukuthuthukiswa electronics ayo, futhi ngo-2007 amukela le "Strategy yentuthuko umkhakha electronic kuze 2025". Kakade kunezinguquko sobala omuhle kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi ezempi isikhala umkhakha nokuvikeleka.

"Isisekelo"

In parallel ekutfutfukiseni imibono yasekhaya wethula uhlelo "okuyisisekelo", ukuhlinzeka wokubuyiselwa amanethiwekhi zesayensi kanye ukukhiqizwa phakathi ucwaningo nezikhungo futhi amabhizinisi of Russia nase Belarus ngaphakathi Union State. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi "isizinda" kwaba wemigomo lehamba embili eLuhlelweni eliphakeme, edlulele izinhlelo zentuthuko e Aerospace, amakhemikhali umkhakha, yokukhanya, ukukhiqizwa udizili amayunithi, ukuthuthukiswa laser ubuchwepheshe.

Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye wavuselela umkhakha electronic yase-USSR - noma kunalokho, amandla ayo. Ethembele umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela kulesi sigaba, ukuhlanganiswa initiators ozama ukubhala ikhasi elisha emlandweni ukuvuselelwa electronics, kodwa nge twist wesimanje, kokuya esifundeni submicron. Phambili lapha asethwe izinjongo zamasu ngoba uthi yethu - ukuphepha kanye nokugcinwa izivikelo.

isipiliyoni angaphandle

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umkhakha electronic zezwe iphokophele phambili ngokukhulu ukushesha. E-US, isibonelo, electronics kwesokunxele ngokuya umkhiqizo ungeze kwasekuqaleni, ngaphambi kwemoto kanye zezindiza izimboni. Active uhulumeni ukweseka ngemboni babe China, Taiwan, India, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, iMalaysia. Lapha, electronics zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo ephumelelayo isigwedlo bephakamisa nomnotho wamazwe futhi ukungena emakethe emhlabeni.

Zobuchwepheshe corporations ukufuna ukuze sikhuthazeke lesi siqondiso yesayensi, wakwenza ukusizwa. Njalo ngonyaka ngosuku okwenzeka izinhlelo zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe zisesikhathini bhiliyoni 12 zamaRandi.

Amathrendi kanye nentuthuko

Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ekuthuthukiseni sub-Micron ubuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu izifunda edidiyelwe (VLSI). Kule minyaka 30-40 iminyaka, base isici Useke wadlula ezizukulwane eziningana ukuthuthukiswa: kwakukhona ezinkulu (LSI), ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu futhi ohlelweni-on-chip (SOC) isisekelo slozhnofunktsionalnye.

Sekuyisikhathi eside Abahlaziyi kuqashelwe ukuthi kuleli zwe lanamuhla electronic inquma intuthuko emikhakheni ehlukahlukene - .. nokuxhumana, umkhakha, ezokuthutha, ezokuxhumana ngezingcingo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, yasebhange namasimu kwezenhlalo, nezempi, njll Ubuchwepheshe obusha e-electronics umkhakha baye bavumela emazweni amaningana, ezifana USA, England, Japan, Germany, France, abanye, ubambe iziyisikhombisa ka nokubuswa kwezwe: wezempi, ezobuchwepheshe, ezezimali kanye nezombusazwe.

Cutting-Edge

Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi ngokoMthetho ukukhiqizwa electronics global umkhakha wadala idlula ukukhiqizwa uwoyela ongahluziwe, uphethiloli kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa amaminerali cishe 4.5 izikhathi, imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali amapulasitiki - izikhathi 3 ivolumu wezimpahla - izikhathi 2.5, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye negesi - ezingaphezu kuka izikhathi 2. Okungenani kubukeka kukuhle futhi ibalwa cost-ukusebenza kwe-electronics emazweni athuthukile:

• wemboni ukukhula rate ephakeme kathathu kuka nokukhula kwe-GDP;
• isilinganiso payback amaphrojekthi - iminyaka 2-3;
• dollar elilodwa ukutshalwa ikuvumela ukuthola kufika ku $ 100 umkhiqizo wokugcina;
• 1 kg yezingxenye chip kuyinto amathani angaphezu kuka-100;
• kudalwa indawo eyodwa yokusebenza e-electronics umkhakha kuholela imisebenzi ezine kwezinye izimboni.

Kungani ukuthuthukisa electronics

Nakubukwa yabaholi bomhlaba, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa electronics umkhakha kuholela umphumela ebalulekile, ngalé nje umkhakha. Ukhuthaza ukukhula kwemikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe, ngcono ukukwazi ukuncintisana kanye ezingeni kwezobuchwepheshe computer, ama-missile kanye nezindiza mkhathi, zezindiza, ubunjiniyela, ngemgwaco, umshini nezinye izinto.

Umqulu ka ukukhiqizwa zikagesi iye yayiqhubeka ikhula, sokunquma intuthuko ezindaweni ethembisayo - Aerospace kanye nezimboni electronic, amarobhothi kanye Instrumentation, njll ..

Imboni electronics Russia kanye Belarus

Kusobala ukuthi ukuhlala kude lezi izinqubo global bahluleka futhi amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union. Ukuze kube izinto eziza kuqala ukuthuthukiswa electronics futhi akukho ezindaweni ezingabalulekile ethandwa - Microelectronics, njengoba "amaphuzu sokukhula" komnotho futhi ukulondeka kwezwe, kwaba umphumela umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela ngaphakathi kohlaka Union State.

Kubaluleka ukubambisana isinqumo ngempumelelo imisebenzi e Microelectronics imvuselelo njengento yokuqala emkhakheni wezimboni bese kuthi ukudala amadivayisi amasha Semiconductor phezu Russian-Belarusian ingxenye isici ezisekelwe izinhlelo Union babeka "Microsystems", "Base", "Pramen".

electronics National umkhakha uye wathola umfutho: inqwaba yeminye ingxenye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezisebenza-ezikhethekile microelectronic, amazinga afanele ngamazwe. Ngo-2013, wawuqeda omunye umsebenzi ezinkulu iqhaza ochwepheshe nososayensi zamazwe ethu - uhlelo "Design kanye nokuthuthukiswa uchungechunge izifunda okuhlangene kanye namadivayisi Semiconductor imishini ekhethekile futhi ezimbili-ukusetshenziswa". Isabelomali ohlangothini Russian ichazwa imali eyizigidi ezingu-975 ruble Russian, Belarus - 525 million.

esiseduze esizayo

Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka ukululama wawubona emakethe yasekhaya ka zikagesi, kunakwa nokuxhaswa ejensi kahulumeni, imibiko yabezindaba, ngokuba umsebenzi asebenzayo kakhulu. Sekuvele ngokoqobo futhi engenzeki ukuthuthukiswa ikusasa Microelectronics esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Xazulula emsebenzini obalulekile izingxenye isakhiwo sokuthuthukiswa nohlu enwetshiwe futhi ukugcwaliseka izimpahla ezisebenza ngogesi, izinhlelo, zokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini kanye ekhethekile, ngokuvumelana ukuqedwa kazwelonke electronics umkhakha kusukela ukungeniswa kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo yokuthekelisa yaso.

By the way, ngesidingo ukudala nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe basekhaya Microelectronics Russian Academician K. A. Valiev wathi kowezi-2000 okuqala. Nokho, Wavuma ukuthi lokhu akuwona umsebenzi olula, futhi kungenziwa kuphela uma kukhona imishini ekhethekile zanamuhla kwezobuchwepheshe ukusebenzisa. I kudingekile uxhaso yenhlangano Microelectronics bakwazi ukukhomba izinhlelo efakwe ezingeni wombuso.

Ukuvikela Motherland

Ngokuphathelene sphere amasosha, Microelectronics ephezulu ukucacisa ezibhalise lapha isikhathi eside. Namuhla sikwazi ukukhuluma ukudalwa base yesimanje electronic-ingxenye ukwenziwa izindlela eziphumelelayo kakhulu yokuzivikela. New amadivayisi Semiconductor nelezifunda ziye zasetshenziswa abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu we izindlela zakamuva kwezikhali. izindawo Main yokusetshenziswa:

• radar;
• anti-aircraft missile izinhlelo, kuhlanganise owaziwa C-400 no-C-500 lakhiwa;
• izinhlelo zempi electronic: nokucindezela ukuphazamiseka, ukucabhela, umsakazo ukucindezelwa.

wamiswa kahle khona phakathi abathengi Russian samasosha zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi, isakhiwo esisha kanye nezixazululo zobuchwepheshe kanye typology IC, enelungelo lobunikazi e Russian Federation ukuqinisekisa nokwethenjelwa eliphezulu nokutholakala amadivaysi ezimweni emisebeni yanda, ngemisebe ngu neutrons, gamma futhi-X-ray ngemisebe, ishayela kagesi. Ukucaciswa okunjalo nedatha ibalulekile kakhulu izikhali izinhlelo, isilawuli izinhlaba nakwezempi isikhala ubuchwepheshe, nokulawula izinhlelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha isitshalo.

flagships ka microelectronic

Ukudala ubuchwepheshe ephezulu ukucacisa ezinjalo, ifakwe ECB eyinkimbinkimbi, kwakudingekile ukuhlanganisa imizamo izikhungo zocwaningo kanye flagships of Microelectronics eRussia kanye Belarus. Kanjalo, isimiso "okuyisisekelo" Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukushumayela ekudalweni ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Ubude ekwenzeni njengoba abadlali main nabahlanganyeli kukhona zocwaningo 40 namabhizinisi ezimbonini. Umphakeli eyinhloko microelectronic isizinda nenjongo ekhethekile izingxenye-double-ingxenye - Belarusian OJSC "Integral". Ohlangothini Russian baton ukudalwa imikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe ngesisekelo electronics yesimanje ucosha iqembu izinkampani "Micron" - kunazo zonke post-umenzi Microelectronics, ingxenye eliyifa yezimboni OJSC "RTI".

JSC "Micron" - inkampani cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka yomlando, umholi kwezobuchwepheshe Russian Semiconductor umkhakha. Kukhona namuhla waziphatha ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa, ukwakhiwa nokudayiswa izifunda ihlanganiswe, kuhlanganise emazweni angaphandle. Ngo-2012, umkhankaso umugqa omusha ukukhiqizwa-microchip okugcina ukwaziswa nge ezingeni topological 90 NM. Abalingani ale Nhlangano isimo RUSNANO futhi European giant STMicroelectronics.

Isayensi Imboni

Electronics umkhakha akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ucwaningo lwesayensi. inkampani Umzali "Micron" ephathiswe enifeza isethi esibanzi R & D (ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa zokuhlola), lokho okumsizayo izinkampani umsakazo-electronic 15 ngobukhulu Russian.

Isakhiwo R & D eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisa umsebenzi ucwaningo kanye 26 ukuthuthukiswa ekudaleni 54 okuyingxenye izinhlobo izingxenye yokungenisa-abambele electronic ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa, eqondile kakhulu kanye nezici sokusebenza. Ikakhulukazi, "Micron" exazulule eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinkinga, enye yazo lunikezelwe ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza VLSI sekhompiyutha nge isistimu yokusebenza esishunyekiwe ngamakhadi smart futhi imibhalo electronic.

Afterword

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi yakamuva izinga okusezingeni Microelectronics izinkampani ezempi kanye angaphandle amabhizinisi ezifuyiwe yikona ekujaheni ukuthengisa imishini isikhala. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi eyinhloko ngekusasa eliseduze ukuqaliswa izinhlelo zamasu zemikhakha - ukuqaliswa ukufohla zobuchwepheshe esikhathini esizayo.