Izinsimbi Idoyelo: ensimini, USB. Idoyelo Metallurgy

Izinsimbi - ke awusoze ulahlekelwe ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo izinto. Basuke kabanzi ekhaya umkhakha. Yiqiniso, manje thina yasungulwa eziningi ezahlukene, ngokusekelwe ngalo impahla etholakele isuke eliphansi in izinga kuya izinsimbi. Nokho, abakwazi esikhundleni ngokuphelele. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izinto ezicijile namasango, grates, izembozo mgodi, amathuluzi kanye ngaphezulu enye into.

Nakuba epulasitiki, ingilazi, abicah, i-polyethylene ne-polypropylene ziye zaba ingxenye yokuphila yesimanje, kunzima ukuba esikhundleni izakhiwo eyisisekelo imininingwane eminingi izimoto nezinye izimoto kunoma iyiphi izinsimbi okunye. Kumane nje kwenziwa ukuthi cha.

Izinsimbi System Periodic

I System Periodic ka Elements izinsimbi luthathe ehola isikhundla. Kulaba ezaziwayo manje 117 izikhundla ezihlobene izinsimbi ezingaphezu kuka 90. Zonke lezi zinto benezingane eziningi izici ezivelele ezikuvumela ubheke kubo iqembu izinsimbi:

1. Onekhono beqhuba kagesi.
2. Have conductivity.
3. Oluthambile, ductile, ugingqe amenable ku amashidi kanye wire (akuzona zonke).
4. Have sheen silvery (ngaphandle ithusi negolide).

Ngaphezu sezindawo jikelele element ngayinye enjalo enezinto eziningi ethize, futhi lokho kwenza edingeka kangaka.

typology

Zonke izinsimbi into elula kungabuye yizigaba ezintathu:

1. Black.
2. Coloured.
3. Precious.

Ukuze izinsimbi non-ayoni konke kodwa eziyigugu nensimbi. Lokho, ithusi, mercury palladium, i-chromium, ne-nickel, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-calcium, aluminium, phambili, ithini, nokunye.

Ukuze izinsimbi eziyigugu zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

• esiliva;
• igolide;
• platinum.

Idoyelo izinsimbi - okuyinto bephathwa?

Kulesi isigaba kuhlanganisa:

• yensimbi nazo zonke Alloys yayo;
• manganese;
• -chrome;
• vanadium;
• titanium;
• kanye nokwe-uranium actinides (cindezela, plutonium, neptunium, nabanye);
• tungsten;
• izinsimbi alikhali.

Okungukuthi, kusukela ezihlukahlukene lezi izinto kwi isabelo izinsimbi ayoni ebangela ingxenye ezincane. Futhi ngokuyisisekelo hhayi ezivamile (ngaphandle yensimbi) atholakala uqweqwe futhi ingaphakathi emhlabeni.

Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi insimbi ayoni ethulwa eziningi izakhi ambalwa, ajwayelekile kakhulu voluminous ekukhiqizeni nokucutshungulwa. Isisindo imikhiqizo, izingxenye, izesekeli wenza ngokunembile zensimbi Alloys yayo.

Idoyelo izinsimbi lisabalele ngokwanele futhi waphoqelela emhlabeni wonke. Isizinda nokucutshungulwa yensimbi - izinkinga cutting edge lobuchwepheshe nezomnotho emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise naseRussia.

Imali ngezinto ayoni emhlabeni

yensimbi ukukhiqizwa isikali lifaka kuqala phakathi kwazo zonke izinsimbi. Okuqukethwe kwalo isisindo emvelweni, kuhlanganise e ungqimba lomhlaba, kulinganiselwa izigidigidi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kongoti, umuntu kuze kube manje uye wathola amathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane kuphela, anamakhulu mane.

Uma sikhuluma ezifakwa wezwe izinsimbi ayoni, ngokuyinhloko yensimbi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi bakuphi ku wonke amazwekazi, kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, ngaphandle nephuzu enyakatho. Ukusatshalaliswa ngamazwe efana okulandelayo (kusuka kwezinkulu kwehle):

• Russia (amane amaphesenti izinqolobane emhlabeni);
• Brazil;
• Australia;
• Canada;
• US;
• China;
• India;
• Sweden.

Imali eRussia

I-Russian izinsimbi ayoni eziqukethwe cishe zonke ezinkulu izifunda sikahulumeni.

1. Central Federal District (Kurskaia anomaly kazibuthe) - phezu 59%.
2. Urals Federal District - 14%.
3. ESiberia District - 13%.
4. Kude - 8%.
5. Northwestern Federal District - 4%.
6. IVolga - 0.5%.

Esimweni ngasinye kulezi izifunda yinkampani, owenziwa yokusansimbi ayoni. IRussia ingelinye umholi ecacile emhlabeni kule inkomba, futhi, nahlulele kusukela izinqolobane, ngakho-ke ngeke kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.

isizinda impahla

ukukhiqizwa metal ayoni kuhilela kuyinkimbinkimbi isinyathelo inqubo eziningana. Okokuqala, izinsimbi ayoni engatholakali ifomu bomdabu, futhi ingxenye yalo efanele itshe elinensimbi (manganese, yensimbi nokunye). Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi sithola metal ukuba ezikhishwe emhlabeni edwaleni - nsimbi.

Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa bakhululeke abezimboni zezimayini. Ngakho imikhando equkethe yensimbi, kungenziwa elihlale abacebile noma nenyama engenamafutha kwensimbi. Ngakho-ke, ucezu kuthathwe zamakhemikhali ukuhlaziywa kumiswa ore ngemva isizinda. Uma okuqukethwe metal kuyinto ambalwa phezu 57-60%, bese ukusebenza uyaqhubeka. Uma engezansi, bese ayeke noma kwenye indawo ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ephezulu grade emkhandweni wensimbi. Uma kungenjalo, lokhu nqubo umane kwezomnotho ezingenanzuzo.

Isigaba esilandelayo, okubandakanya ukukhiqiza metal ayoni - kuyinto ukucutshungulwa ore ekhishwe ngesikhathi isitshalo ekhethekile. Le nqubo ibizwa yokusansimbi ezaziwayo. Kungaba ngezinhlobo eziningi:

1. Hydrometallurgy - ubuchwepheshe ezinze isizinda insimbi ukucubungula ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Ngo inqubo izinsimbi leaching netshe seningene ngaphakathi isixazululo, bese ekhishwe eletroliza ngefomu okumsulwa. Amandla impahla, le ndlela kuyabiza, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kuphela izinsimbi ezikhethekile.
2. Pyrometallurgy - isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukusetshenziswa imishini umlilo. ukushisa inqubo yokwelapha amatshe kuqhuma amaziko usebenzisa amalahle coked. Indlela ejwayelekile kakhulu ore kusebenziswe futhi yokutakula metal. Isetshenziselwa embonini steel.
3. Biometallurgy. Kususelwa isenzo eziphilayo, it is usanda wokuzama umkhuba, ithuthukiswe-biotechnology. Iphuzu liwukuthi ikhono ezinye izilokazane ezincane kukhishwe insimbi inqubo ukuphila netshe.

ukucutshungulwa

Ngesikhathi imikhando processing plant misela equkethe izinsimbi ayoni, angaphansi ukwelashwa ngokucophelela. Zonke lezi zinqubo ziyabonakala ethebuleni elingezansi.

inqubo	Ingqikithi inqubo	yi
1. Ore	Ukwehlukanisa ingxenye netshe equkethe metal, kusukela gangue. Kungenzeka kwelinye ngezindlela ezintathu: kazibuthe (ferromagnetic yensimbi-based); amandla adonsela phansi (isizinda - ukuminyana ezahlukene namadwala ezingenalutho-ocebile); flotation (okusekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ne-ejenti yesivini).	Ukunikeza okumsulwa, ocebile ayoni substrate sensimbi, okuyinto ithunyelwa kucutshungulwe.
2. Agglomeration	Ore inqubo sintering. Olwenziwe ukuthola impahla okumsulwa ngaphandle okuphothula amagesi nothuli nokunye.	Etholwe ezintathu izinhlobo ore kusetshenzwe: ore sintered (wabhaka okushisa aphakeme ngaphandle ukufinyelela air); I ahlukaniswe (ngokuhlukana nahlanza); okatyshnaya (mass equkethe fluxes yensimbi).
3. Blast inqubo esithandweni	Coking amatshe kwesithando somlilo kuqhuma ukusetshenziswa uphethiloli nensimbi ekunciphiseni ejenti kwemalahle oxides zayo.	Etholwe yensimbi okumsulwa kakade tho ne-carbon ukwakha steel uma kunesidingo.

Lena sitholwa kanjani yensimbi kanye Alloys yayo. Umkhawulo izindleko impahla esetshenziselwe ukukhokhela ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa coke (amalahle). Lokho kuba ejenti ekunciphiseni sensimbi, nophethiloli, umthombo ukushisa, i-carbon umphakeli. Ngakho-ke, ngo-inqubo echazwe isebenzisa imali kahle esikhulu ngakho, kungakho ephakeme izindleko imali.

izimo isitoreji

Ukuze izinsimbi ayoni, ngokuyinhloko lihlobene yensimbi kanye Alloys yayo. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi lena impahla ukugqwala eziguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, abamnyama isitoreji metal kudinga ukunamathela emithethweni ethile, ikakhulukazi uma akusiyo mayelana izakhiwo kanye nemikhiqizo, kanti okuthiwa Scrap ayoni (udoti, ware eziphukile, amashidi, izinduku, nokufakwa nokunye):

1. Ikamelo lapho impahla kufanele ibe zivalekile kusuka umswakama ingress (imvula, iqhwa). I ephansi nomswakama, isikhathi eside ekuphileni eshalofini.
2. Insimu ishede kumelwe ube mkhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba siqhubeke isakhiwo leaf of izinsimbi ayoni eduze komunye nomunye, njengoba lokhu kuzophazamisa ukuqalisa i ukugqwala ekuseni.
3. Zonke izinto ezikhona kumele ihlelwa brand kanye nosayizi.

Ngokulandela lokhu imithetho elula, ungaba eside ngangokunokwenzeka wokuvimba izinqubo nolokubhujiswa metal izakhiwo.

ayoni metal Alloys

Ukuze labo wamukelwe yensimbi Alloys, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:

1. Steel. metal Idoyelo elixutshiwe ne-carbon, kunikeza umphumela elandelayo.
2. Iron. yensimbi Basic, okuyinto ikhiqizwa kuqhuma amaziko e ukucutshungulwa netshe, wenza ukuba kuhlalwe njengendlela material ukwenziwa Imishini nezimpahla zasendlini. Muhle ulula kakhulu. Kumele eminye kusetshenzwe ngendlela yensimbi ukugcwaliswa ne-carbon, ukuze uthole kakhulu impahla okuhlala. Futhi ezinye izici wanezela ukuthuthukisa ukugqwala ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ngcono ukusebenza.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Injongo eyinhloko yale Alloys - Ukusebenza ngcono impahla lokugcina.

steel

Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke Alloys izinsimbi ayoni isuswe steel. Namuhla wafunda ukufeza imiphumela ebalulekile kakhulu ekukhiqizeni lokhu kwaziswa izakhiwo predetermined ezibalulekile. Lolu hlobo Fusion - into ebaluleke kakhulu ngemboni, unikezwa ukuthi izinsimbi ayoni. Yini baqala ukuvela?

1. Izindaba Ezintsha - esetshenziswa ukwenziwa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene.
2. Insimbi engagqwali (kuhlanganise ipayipi ukwenza, izingxenye refractory, amathuluzi ukusika, imishini ashiselwe nokunye).
3. -chrome Ferritic.
4. Martensite-chrome.
5. Doped.
6. Nickel.
7. I-Chrome.
8. -Chrome-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Manganese.

Ngu Isihloko kusobala ukuthi lezi zingxenye kunezelwa nensimbi exutshwe ne-carbon endaweni isilinganiso esithile. Lokhu kuthinta ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni property izinto etholwe.

izinsimbi yesibili

Ngeshwa, njengoba singathanda bathande, izinto ezingahlali phakade. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, konke kuza laphinde labhidlika - Broken amabhithi, uguge futhi emfashinini. Kunjalo-ke nangobufakazi imiklamo esenziwe ayoni. Steel, yensimbi inkatho kanye neminye imikhiqizo, izingxenye nje ayisadingeki.

Bese behlala kwi ibhizinisi ekhethekile wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa izinto zokusetshenziswa kufikile labhidlika. Manje black metal yesibili. Yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-kuhlulekile futhi ezingadingekile ekhaya imikhiqizo metal esenziwe ayoni.

Labo izinkampani, okuyinto afeze iqoqo Scrap, kumelwe uhambisane nemithetho ethile kwisitoreji yayo, ukuthekelisa nokudayiswa. Nemithetho yezwe lethu ngalolu daba isethelwe GOST. izinsimbi Idoyelo, kanye umbala, lokwelekelela kulawulwa umthetho.

izinsimbi yesibili kungenziwa kabusha kanye kabusha ukuqala ukukhiqizwa. Kuyinto ukudayiswa ngenhloso enjalo, futhi wathenga ayoni edayisa izinsimbi osomabhizinisi abaxhumanisi.

Namuhla, ukuze izinsimbi ayoni nomunye iphathwa khona ngenhlonipho, bona anesikhundla okuholela umkhiqizo emakethe efanele.

Ukusetshenziswa ubunjiniyela

Steel nensimbi waphonsa izinto, izingxenye, namadivayisi ehlukahlukene kuyizinto kabanzi kunazo kwezobunjiniyela. Ifuna ukuthotshelwa hhayi kuphela endleleni, kodwa futhi phezu zamakhemikhali, Aerospace yokukhiqiza, futhi shipbuilding. Konke lokhu sibonga amandla akhethekile lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu, ukushisa nokumelana kwazo futhi ukugqwala ukumelana. Idoyelo izinsimbi yiwona impahla base ukwenziwa izinhlobo eziningi imikhiqizo. Phakathi ezivamile:

• uhlangothi ikhava igiya;
• amabombo;
• valve;
• nokufakwa kwayo;
• bushings;
• amapayipi;
• Car amasilinda nakwezinye izinto zokuthutha;
• amagiya;
• chain links kogandaganda;
• ukubopha izigubhu;
• ukuthutha;
• ihlanganisa nokunye.

Uhlu angase siqhubeke unomphela, ngoba imikhiqizo ephuma izinsimbi ayoni futhi Alloys zabo eziningi ngempela.

Izicelo kwezinye izimboni

Kunezindawo eziningana ezinkulu lapho zisetshenziselwa izinsimbi ayoni:

1. umkhakha Chemical.
2. isiqoqi sama-softwe.
3. Ukwakha ifenisha, injongo ekhethekile.
4. Inkinga izitsha.
5. Ukwenza izingxenye zesakhiwo.

Yiqiniso, akuyona uhlu oluphelele, kodwa ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu, ebangela iningi imikhiqizo yokusansimbi ayoni kuphela.