Belovezhskoe sivumelwano ngo-1991. Bialowieza isivumelwano nokuqedwa eU.SSR ukudalwa CIS

1991, iSoviet Union. Uma ngibheka emuva bese uzama ukunikeza ukuhlolwa zomlando izenzakalo kuka-1991, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi izwe lethu libhujiswa zimo ezifanayo nalezo ezazisetshenziswa eLibya, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, futhi manje e-Ukraine. Ngenhlanhla, abaningi abahlanganyeli wokugoqa zase-USSR, nezinkumbulo wabhala e Umlando wakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi yomlando ebhalwe victors. Kulesi sihloko, sizama bajwayelane timvo letehlukene ku izenzakalo ezaholela ukuvela idokhumenti ezifana Belovezhskoe Isivumelwano 1991.

umcimbi Ingemuva

Ngo-1985, wafika amandla intokazi, sezombusazwe unethemba uMikhail Gorbachev. Phela onobhala-jikelele yangaphambili abantu abadala wamphatha kahle kakhulu. Kodwa kamuva kwekuhlela kabusha yakhe waxosha izwe ibe izinkinga zezomnotho, zezombangazwe ngisho kwamasiko. Buya babhekane nezinga elikhulu ngokuya sobala sabantu kuleli zwe, ukuvela umphakathi isigaba esisha - the oligarchy. Ngo-republic abaningi bandisa inhliziyo ubuzwe, konke ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokuzumayo babefuna uzibuse.

Gorbachev: wayeyiqhawe noma imbuka?

Ingabe Gorbachev ebonakale ukusola Belovezhskoe Isivumelwano 1991? Isabelomali elaseSoviet Union ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukudayiswa imithombo. Izwe uya eminakweni sokubolekwayo. Kancane kancane ngaphambi Gorbachev bekuwukukhetha - noma-ke lucwaningo kwekuhlela kabusha ezizuzisa-United States, futhi uthola ukubolekisa kusukela IMF, noma owenza okuthile egameni yezwe labo. Wakhetha ukhetho lokuqala. Libuye umbono zithandwa wukuthi wafika amandla ngosizo-United States. Ekuqaleni, le ndoda kwakudingeka ithuba kancane njengoba iningi amalungu Politburo ethambekele ukhetho Romanov futhi grishin. Long ayengakwazi ukuvumelana, ngakho kwakuba nemihlangano eminingana. Ngenxa yalokho, "ngokuphazima kweso" sima Gorbachev. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa wahola izwe kuze kube seqophelweni lapho kungayi lubuyayo, ngemva kwalokho kwakungekho ukubuya.

Ithonya kusuka ngaphandle ku kuqedwa eU.SSR

Likhanya republic eziningi labetibambile referenda wendawo wokuzimela. Ayikho into efana? Ukraine, isibonelo? Ukubukeka okukhulu kweqembu ukuhluleka ukuhambisana kahle nezimfuneko ekubusweni Balaklava hhayi okwethusayo? UMikhail Gorbachev ubezama ahlale ezihlalweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuleli zwe kwakudingeka ukubolekisa, futhi ingatholakala ngokufaka ku umkhuba izinguquko ozibekile, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayefuna ukwenza kangcono i-USSR. Lokhu kufakazelwa izenzakalo ngo-November 1990 futhi isinqumo ukuba livotele lonke Gorbachev ukubeka endaweni isizwe sokugabadela.

Ngo-November 1990, abaholi republic amathathu aseBaltic efika e-Paris for ukusayinwa Charter of the states Europe. Kwaba sibonga kuphela lokubhikisha Gorbachev kubo baxoshwa ehholo. Ngakho-ke ngeke sikwazi nge 100% ngokuqiniseka ukuthi icala sokuchitha eSoviet Union amanga ngokuphelele kuye wakhaphela lokhokho. Omunye umbuzo uwukuthi kungasiphi isisekelo laba baholi ngokuvamile kwenziwa emhlanganweni OSCE. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isimo sishubile eyayenziwe. Kuzuza bani?

Ukucunula emazweni aseBaltic

Sibambe ubusika US igxile ngokuphelele yalwa Iraq, ngaphansi ukucindezela Kryuchkov, Pugo futhi Yazov, Gorbachev wanika ukuvuma ngekhanda ukucindezelwa ngobudlova izenzo separatist emazweni aseBaltic. Futhi Januwari 13, 1991 naseLithuania wathatha phezu isikhungo ithelevishini e Vilnius nemigoqo okwakuvinjwe bazakha. amabutho ezikhethekile "Alpha" sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli isiphepho. Killed 13 izakhamuzi "ngokuthula" e Balaklava. It uhlala zonke iziteshi emhlabeni isithombe wahamba njengoba lempi ukubulala abantu abangenacala kungahlonyiwe, ngubani nje ufuna ukuzimela futhi lawo lihlala eYurophu. Ngemva kwesonto, isimo kwaphindwa Riga. Futhi ngo-Ephreli eMoscow 'wokuhlola "iza Nixon. Ngokusobala Gorbachev saphela ubambe amakhosi Western - umdlalo sivela B. N. Eltsina. Yaqala lolu shushiso. Ukuxabana Yeltsin futhi Gorbachev bafinyelela nokucija Amazing.

Imvume ukudalwa CIS

Zacindezelwa US Gorbachev kwadingeka ukuba uvumelane federalization wase-USSR futhi ukudalwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Waqala ukulungiselela inkontileka esihambisanayo (ngenxa yalesi sivumelwano kuyoba isivumelwano Belovezhskoe 1991), ebelikude isizathu sokugcina sokuba ejensi ukuphepha-USSR. Izwe Kwagqashuka le Icebo lika August. IKomiti eziphuthumayo yasungulwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kumabonakude zonke izinsuku ezintathu we-ballet Icebo lika ukusakaza.

Imicimbi ngo-August 1991

19-21 Agasti, 1991. Umlando eyabhalwa abawinile, ngoba kungokwemvelo ukuthi ulwazi afakwe izincwadi njengoba umzamo wokuketula umbuso. Nakuba empeleni kwaba umzamo ukuvimbela wokugoqa yezwe. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, Chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov futhi Yazov azame ukugumbuqela umbuso ezandleni zabo. Yelulela umongameli, kwakuyodingeka ngenkani anqobe leli zwe, obani unxanele ukuzimela. Ngakho, bagcine ubuqotho ezweni. Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi basayine isivumelwano liqine CIS ihlelelwe Agasti 20 aneliseke abaholi babo bonke 9 republic separatist abanomqondo ofanayo wase-USSR futhi lugcinwe esimeni kuyavumelana.

Lonke iqiniso kwaba ukuthi Gorbachev wakwazi ukuxoxisana nabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvuma ukudalwa CIS, uMikhail Gorbachev waqhubeka mayelana US, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, Republic wathola ilungelo ukuzimela, kodwa lo mfelandawonye. nezindaba ezisemqoka wayeyoqhubeka anqume ngabo eMoscow. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, le simo engenzi ivumelane eziningi. Gorbachev nomkhaya wakhe babematasa uboshelwa endlini eCrimea (wayengumuntu ngaleso sikhathi waphumula phezu kolwandle).

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la hero Yeltsin

Ngo-August 21 wayezobalungisela ukuhlasela kwe-White House e-Kremlin. Yeltsin kuhlelwe amandla bamba futhi sibudlulisele ngakho Zavidovo. Kodwa "kungazelelwe," bakuthola lenqwaba bemagange ukumboza kuye ngemitimba yabo. White House esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe isixuku sabantu ababalelwa ku-50 000. Cabanga! Kungazelelwe abantu abaningi kangaka wasukuma waya Kremlin. Kube khulula amaningi futhi wapha, basakaza itiye amakhekhe, ukudla okuphekiwe ngezinga ezimbonini.

Ngokwemvelo, kwakukhona abalimala. Bloody. Abantu abaningana nge Molotov Cocktails (abanokuthula) waba ngaphansi amathangi. Kusengenzeka hhayi ngokuphelele esicacile ngayiphi injongo amathangi langena Red Square. Ziyakwazi ngempumelelo kuphela endaweni evulekile. Futhi wezempi okuhleliwe kombuso, ayikwazanga wazile. Noma ngabe kwakunjalo nje ngomzamo ukwesabisa. Yiqiniso, ezazivela Western besemsebenzini ngomumo, futhi ungakwazi kalula ukucabanga isithombe emoyeni. Defense uNgqongqoshe Yazov iphutha futhi wanikeza umyalo ukuhoxisa amasosha akuleli eMoscow. Ngalesi Icebo lika liphelile, kepha abangobhongoza yayo ababesejele.

Leli cala sibonisa ukuthi ezempi akuvamile Ihambe Inqubomgomo abanekhono futhi phambili. ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-izingcingo wokuqala wenza Gorbachev, uBoris Yeltsin futhi uGeorge Bush. Liphinde lithi eziningi. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, lapho isishintshe kakhulu. ukuthembeka kwakhe kwezepolitiki wawa naye, bambalwa abantu kubhekwe. Wabuka okhanyayo ngokumelene okwenza hyped isithombe unethemba, Yeltsin lisebenza.

Isivumelwano Belovezhskoe

Ngikulobele lost republic Gorbachev lamaSoviet laqala bakamalalahlengezela nesimo ekumenyezelweni kukazibuse ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. Manje hlanganisa wawayisa umfelandawonye kwakungenakwenzeka. Futhi Ngenxa yawo wonke lo sasayinwa ngo-December 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe Isivumelwano ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, i Isivumelwano esasayinwa ku ukusungulwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Isignesha ungafaki Gorbachev futhi Yeltsin.

Futhi uma Gorbachev ekuqaleni owadlalela federalization we-republic angu-CIS, le Yeltsin nge isignesha yakhe wabanika ukuzimela ngokuphelele. Ngaleyo ndlela-ke wanelisa isifiso abalingani Western opha lizwe. Belovezhskoe sivumelwano ngo-1991 imemezela ukuthi i-Union of Mahhala Socialist Republics abasekho.