I-July Revolution French Yenguquko 1830: incazelo, umlando kanye nemiphumela

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kwakukhona inguqula-mbuso e-France. Eminyakeni eyalandela zazingewona neze elinokuthula. I eza emandleni kukaNapoleon ukunqoba kwakhe, okwaphela ngenxa ukunqotshwa ngemva "Izinsuku Angamakhulu" kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi amandla enqobile onikezwe sokubuyiselwa ezweni Bourbons. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Louis XVIII passion akuyona wanqamuka. Ukubuyela ithonya ezicukuthwaneni bayafuna yokuziphindiselela, bafeza ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngokumelene Republican, futhi kuphela okugqugquzelwa kule mibhikisho. Inkosi wayegula kakhulu ukubhekana ngisho ngokugcwele izinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela, wayengasakwazi ukuhambisa izwe lakhe phambili noma kwezomnotho noma kwezombusazwe. Kodwa wabulawa yokugula ngo-1824, eneminyaka engu-inkosi yokugcina isiFulentshi, owayebizwa hhayi ugumbuqelwe inguqula-mbuso noma ukuvukela uMbuso. Kungani, ngemva kokufa kwakhe iphutha Julayi Revolution (1830), okuyinto mlando ngokuthi "izinsuku ezintathu ekhazimulayo '?

Okudingeka Julayi Yenguquko 1830: indima onxiwankulu

Ziyini izimbangela ngoJulayi Revolution EFrance? By 1830s, capitalism eNtshonalanga Yurophu waqinisa isikhundla salo. ENgilandi, wawuqeda izinguquko kwezezimboni eFrance ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwemboni (kulesi sici lizwe ngaphambi eBelgium Prussia).

Lokhu kuye kwaholela nasekuqiniseni ithonya onxiwankulu zezimboni, manje idabukile ukuze amandla, kanti uhulumeni uye wabalwela izithakazelo abanikazi bamazwe kuphela ahlukile futhi abefundisi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kunomthelela ongemuhle ku ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho isimo. Ukubhikisha ngamazwi ashiwo owabangelwa ukuziphatha inkanuko zabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kusukela imvelo ahlukile, okuyinto wasongela ukubuyiselwa oda pre-wamavukelambuso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, onxiwankulu, futhi kule ndawo kwakukhona Republican eziningi ezasekela inguquko, ukhala ngokuthi incane kakhulu indima elikhulayo amaJesuit emagcekeni ezigodlo, izindawo zokuphatha, kanye nezikole.

Umthetho amaholo abathutha wangaphambili

Ngo-1825, ezweni yokutholwa umthetho abasuka ebukhosini wangaphambili wathola isinxephezelo inani eziyinkulungwane franc e umonakalo, okungukuthi, lonke izwe, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca ngaphansi kwazo. Lo mthetho bekumele futhi uqinise yokuma Izicukuthwane kuleli zwe. Kepha kwabathukuthelisa amakilasi amabili nje - abalimi kanye nonxiwankulu. I yesibili awanelisekile neqiniso lokuthi inkokhelo yemali ukuze kwamadoda asebukhosini, eqinisweni, elivezwa bangakunaki ukuphila rentier, ngoba babecabanga ukuthi izimali kulolu ukuguqulwa uyonika nezintela isimo kusuka 5 kuya ku-3%, futhi lokhu kuthinta ngqo nengeniso onxiwankulu.

Yokutholwa ngesikhathi esifanayo "imithetho ukuhlambalaza", okuyinto mayelana namacala ngokumelene nenkolo kakhulu ezinzima izinhlawulo Benziwe, ibhebhezelwa ukunganeliseki ekilasini laba bafundi, ngoba wabona ukubuya kudala.

Inkinga zezimboni njengoba luyimfuneko Julayi Revolution

Izimbangela July Yenguquko 1830 futhi walala iqiniso lokuthi 1826 kwakukhona obumbi zezimboni kuleli zwe. Kwakuyisikhathi crisis zakudala ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele, kodwa Inkinga yokuqala eyindilinga ukuthi wabhekana France kulandele England. Yena salandelwa isigaba eside zokucindezeleka. Inkinga kwaqondana kweminyaka eminingana ukungakhuli kwezitshalo ukuthi saba sibi kakhulu isikhundla onxiwankulu, abasebenzi kanye abalimi. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe abaningi babhekana nokungakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi emizaneni - indlala.

Onxiwankulu zezimboni okuphiniwe abanye ngesono kwesigameko igunya, isola uhulumeni ukuthi ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu nentela okusanhlamvu, amafutha kanye eluhlaza izinto izindleko intengo yemikhiqizo French ukhula, kanye nokuncintisana yabo ezimakethe zomhlaba uwela.

Ngothango lokuqala kanye nezinguquko kuhulumeni

Ngo 1827, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kube indlela inguquko. Khona-ke, mayelana nesigameko ukhetho Chamber of amaphini e Paris, zazingekho kusho ukubonisa esinokuthula ekusebenzeni kwekilasi omakhelwane ukuthi kwakhiwa ngothango futhi wajoyina lezi zihlubuki e-kwegazi namaphoyisa.

Ngo okufanayo okhethweni 1827 amavoti amaningi kukora Liberals, ngubani Ngabamba ukunwetshwa umthetho zokhetho, uhulumeni nokuziphendulela ephalamende, ilungelo lendawo ukuzibusa nokuningi. Ngenxa yalokho, Korol Karl X waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe uhulumeni ultraroyalistskoe. Kodwa, lo hulumeni omusha eliholwa Ukubala Martignac, okuyinto wangaphumelela wafuna ukuyekethisa phakathi onxiwankulu futhi kwamadoda asebukhosini, inkosi akakuthandanga. Futhi ephinde uchithe uhulumeni, bakha iKhabhinethi elisha ultra futhi walubeka ikhanda abayizintandokazi yakhe, uMbusi Polignac, onikelwe kuye uqobo.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukungezwani kuleli zwe landa, futhi izinguquko kuhulumeni iye yaba negalelo.

Izimiso Julayi 26, futhi ukuqedwa kwalesi siVumelwano 1814

Inkosi yawukholelwa lowo isimo embhikishweni kunganqotshwa ngokushintsha kokuqina imodi. Futhi omabini anamithandathu ngoJulayi 1830 ephephandabeni "ukuqapha" yashicilelwa izimiso ukuthi, empeleni, waqeda yokuma Charter Lomthethosisekelo 1814. Futhi kwaba ngale mibandela isimo, wanqoba Napoleon wavuselela ohlanga eFrance. Izakhamizi ukwamukela lezi zahlulelo njengoba umzamo wokuketula umbuso. Ikakhulukazi kusukela lezi zenzo, wayencisha France mahhala ezikhungweni zomphakathi, ngokufana ncamashí.

Odinensi Okokuqala waqeda inkululeko yabezindaba, ziyoncibilika Chamber Okwesibili wePhalamende, nowesithathu, eqinisweni, kwaba umthetho omusha zokhetho, owawuthi ukwehla inani lamaphini futhi inciphise inani abavoti ukuba Chamber efanayo ilungelo ukuchibiyela umthetho yokutholwa. Lesimiso wesine oqokwe singabi isikhathi sokuphenya evulekile Izingxoxo.

Ukuqala zezinxushunxushu zombango: isimo enhloko-dolobha

Inkosi wayeqiniseka emandleni uhulumeni. Ayikho izinyathelo ngoba izibhelu kungenzeka phakathi uquqaba akulindelekile, kusukela nemantshi enkulu amaphoyisa Mangin wathi baseParis hhayi ukuhambisa. UMbusi Polignac babekholelwa ke, ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi abanye kubantu abavamile nje akanandaba uhlelo lokhetho. Mayelana amakilasi aphansi kwaba, kodwa izimfuno izimiso onxiwankulu wathinta njengento ebaluleke kakhulu.

Nokho, i-Government kubhekwe ukuthi onxiwankulu akazange alinge ukuthatha izikhali. Ngakho-ke, enhloko-dolobha kwakukhona abayizinkulungwane 14 kuphela, futhi ukudluliselwa izinyathelo Paris amabutho ezengeziwe ziye zithathwe. Inkosi yaqhubeka ezizingela Rambouillet, lapho kuhlelwe ukuya sokuhlala kwakhe ngesikhathi Saint-Cloud.

Effect zokwahlulela ukubonakaliswa Palais Royal

Izimiso sebefike amehlo omphakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa ukusabela kubo sasinamandla. Ngesikhathi exchange isitokwe wawa kakhulu ukuqasha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izintatheli, ogama iqoqo lidlule ephephandabeni "constitutionalists", wanquma ukushicilela wokumelana zokwahlulela, futhi ihlanganiswe ngendlela imigomo sasivumela abukhali.

Ngosuku olufanayo, kwakuba nemihlangano eziningana amasekela. Nokho, abakwamukelanga ukuza ezinye isinqumo ezivamile futhi wajoyina ababhikishi kuphela uma kubonakala sengathi izenzo zokuvukela ungakwazi ukufinyelela umgomo wawo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ijaji asekelwe amavukelambuso. Ngesicelo "Tan" iphephandaba "Courrier français," kanye nabanye, iNkantolo Commercial neGceke Lika Okokuqala Ngokwesibonelo ngaphambilini endlini ukuphrinta ukuphrinta izinombolo ezilandelanayo nombhalo bekhalaza, ngoba izahlulelo ngokuphambene Charter futhi ayikwazanga ibophezela izakhamuzi.

Kusihlwa, le omabini anamithandathu ka-July Palais Royal waqala imiboniso. La babhikishi bememeza iziqubulo "Phansi nge-izikhonzi!" UMbusi Polignac, owayebizwa agibela inqola yakhe eduze boulevards, baphepha osikweni ngokuyisimangaliso isixuku.

Izenzakalo Julayi 27: isivimbezelo

I-July Revolution eFrance ngo-1830 kwaqala umsebenzi 27 Julayi. Ngalolu suku, lubhalomagama ivaliwe. abasebenzi yabo abhikisha emigwaqweni, ukudonsa nezinye izisebenzi kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Abantu bakulelo dolobha bedingida izimiso futhi enyatheliswa izintatheli lokubhikisha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu baseParis wafunda ukuthi phatha of butho enhloko-dolobha ngeke Marmont, owayeneminyaka engathandwa phakathi kwabantu. Nokho, Marmont akayithandanga zokwahlulela ukuzivimbela izikhulu futhi babayala ukuba uqale ngokudubula nje lezi zihlubuki ungaqali yezibhamu, futhi impi isibhamu wayazi isibhamu okungenani amahlanu.

Ngalolusuku ezitaladini Paris up nemigoqo okwakuvinjwe ngayo. Kusihlwa babelwa, abangobhongoza zazo ikakhulukazi abafundi. Ngothango ekhatsi Saint-Honoré emgwaqweni athathwa amabutho. Kodwa yezinxushunxushu baqhubeka emzini, futhi Polignac wamemezela ukuthi Paris wavinjezelwa. Inkosi wasala Saint-Cloud, ngaphandle kokuhamba isheduli yayo evamile futhi ngokucophelela wafihla izimpawu zokukhathazeka.

Izenzakalo Julayi 28: Ukuhlubuka uyaqhubeka

Lo mbhikisho ukuthi ungcwatshwa Paris, akuzi nje abafundi kanye nezintatheli, kodwa futhi onxiwankulu kuyinto engasho lutho, kuhlanganise abahwebi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi amavukelambuso amasosha nezikhulu - the yokugcina wahola esempini. Kodwa nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba ezinkulu zezimali wathatha ukulinda.

Kodwa amabili Ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili July, kwaba sobala ukuthi yini lapho bantfu bahlubuka kuyinto ejwayelekile. Kwakuphakathi nesikhathi ukuthi ubani ukuze ujoyine.

Izenzakalo Julayi 29: the Tuileries kanye Louvre

Ngakusasa lezi zihlubuki ukulwa athumba Tuileries. Ngaphezu kwakhe kwaba tricolor ezivela ngesikhathi French Revolution. Amasosha anqotshwa. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba siphumele endaweni yokuhlala wobukhosi Saint-Cloud, kodwa regiments eziningana bajoyine mbuso. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abantu baseParis waqala skirmish ne Swiss Guards, bagxila ngemuva emphemeni we Louvre, baphoqa lempi ukuze aphunyuke.

Lezi zenzakalo yabonisa zamaphini ukuthi amandla ohlangothini amavukelambuso. Lesi sinqumo sakhe senziwa kanye bebhange. Bathatha phezu kobuholi kwavukelwa enqobile, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yokuphatha kanye ukuqinisekisa lo muzi odlubulundayo ukudla.

Izenzakalo Julayi 30: izenzo kahulumeni

Ngenkathi St Cloud eseduze esezama ukuthonya Charles X, echaza kuye ngesimo sezindaba kweqiniso e-Paris bakha iKhabhinethi elisha, eliholwa uMbusi Mortemart wavuswa, umsekeli siVumelwano e 1814. Bourbon lwamakhosi wayengasakwazi londoloza.

I-July Yenguquko 1830, eyaqala avukela imingcele inkululeko futhi uphikisana nohulumeni Polignac, waphendukela iziqubulo mayelana kokugumbuqelwa yinkosi. Mphathi umbuso kwathiwa Duke Louis filipp Orleansky, futhi ngesinqumo lalilincane - ibhodi ngokuhambisana umfanekiso onxiwankulu edlubulundayo mayelana nohlobo lawo mandla noma ekudingisweni.

Agasti 1 Charles X waphoqeleka ukuba ungene kulo mthetho. Kepha asiyeke esivuna umzukulu wakhe. Nokho, kwakungasho lutho lokho. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili, Charles X nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eNgilandi, Lui filipp ukubusa, walulama oda ukucathula, okubizwa ngokuthi Julayi ohlanga, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1848.

Umthelela wale Julayi Yenguquko 1830

Yiziphi imiphumela Julayi Revolution? Ukuze amandla eFrance weza, eqinisweni, lezi ziyingi ezinkulu zezimali. Baye uvinjelwe ukusungulwa republic kanye ushona inguquko, kodwa kwavunyelwana charter ovulekile, okuyinto encishisiwe impahla izimfanelo abavoti kanye ukwandisa amalungelo Chamber of amaphini. Bona yayiba ilungelo abefundisi bamaKatolika. Amade unelungelo lokuthola uhulumeni wendawo, kodwa ekugcineni lonke amandla kuleyo emikhandlwini yomasipala namanje wathola bentela ezinkulu. Kodwa imithetho elibuhlungu obumelene abasebenzi, akekho owacabanga sokuba ngiphinde ngicabange.

ускорила восстание в соседней Бельгии, где, впрочем, революционеры выступали за образование самостоятельного государства. Julayi Yenguquko 1830 eFrance iye yashesha kwavukelwa engumakhelwane Belgium Nokho, lapho, wabaholi wakhuthaza kumiswa geqe. nokuqubuka Revolutionary kwamanye amazwe German Saxony futhi, Poland bavukela uMbuso isiRashiya, futhi yaqinisa umzabalazo kabusha ePhalamende e-England.