I-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II: umlando, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Nge ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States belingana eSoviet Union kwaba omunye ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali emhlabeni ezimbili. States asiza phakamisa Europe aphume yezincithakalo, siye sabhekana boom kwezomnotho kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu. Izwe waqala inqubo ekuqedeni ukuhlukaniswa nokubandlululana ngokobuhlanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emphakathini American waphenduka inkulumo-ze umkhankaso anti-lamaKhomanisi of Senator McCarthy abasekeli. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwakho konke ukuhlolwa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, izwe uye wakwazi ukulondoloza babuye bahlanganise isimo yayo njengendlela ngayo embusweni ezinkulu waseNtshonalanga.

ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu entsha

Lapho, ngo-1939 e-Europe waqala impi olunegazi, uhulumeni wase-US wazama ukuhlala kude ingxabano ezinkulu. Nokho, isikhathi eside le ngxabano, kancane uhlala singakwazi ukuhlale sibonisa inqubomgomo kanisa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1941, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa kuhlaselwa Pearl Harbor. Ekhohlisayo kuhlasela Japanese utshelwa Washington esecabanga kabusha izinhlelo zayo. Ngakho zangaphambi ichaze indima United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. umphakathi American munye "impi" XX leminyaka, injongo owawungumnyaka uzowanqoba amaNazi kanye nabangani babo.

-Third Reich wahlulwa, sasuka eYurophu lingamanxiwa. Paramount ukubaluleka kwezomnotho nezombusazwe Izwe Elidala (ikakhulukazi e-UK France) ukuthi ukunyakaziswa. I-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II matasa niche singenamuntu. Ngu zonke izinkomba kuqhathaniswa wavuma wahlushwa ezethusayo eminyakeni edlule, izwe sesibe kufanele kubhekwe ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu.

"LukaMarshall"

Ngo-1948, yena waqala waba benza ehlongozwayo ngu Wezangaphandle George Marshall "European yokutakula Uhlelo", ebizwa nangokuthi "LukaMarshall." Yasungulelwa usizo kwezomnotho ezibhuqiwe Europe. Ngalolu hlelo United States ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, hhayi kuphela ukusekela nabangane babo, kodwa futhi kuvikelwe isimo salo luba emazweni aseNtshonalanga.

Imali wokubuyiselwa umkhakha kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda ezibalulekile esabelwe emazweni 17. AbaseMelika banikeza usizo zabo emazweni sezenhlalo baseMpumalanga Yurophu Nokho, ingcindezi evela eSoviet Union, ayenqaba ukuhlanganyela kulolu hlelo. Ukuze ethile imali inqobo eNtshonalanga Jalimane. izimali American wafika kuleli zwe kanye iqoqo okucishe kufane nalokhu yokulungisa umonakalo ngamacala esidlule zombuso wamaNazi.

Ukwanda eziphikisanayo ne-USSR

ESoviet Union ukuba "LukaMarshall" ichithiwe, bekholelwa ukuthi ngaye United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ubeka ingcindezi eSoviet Union. Lo mbono zazandile West. It banamathela kuhlanganise owayeyisekela umsekeli kaMongameli walelibandla Genri Uolles, wagxeka uhlelo usizo Europe.

Minyaka yonke, le ngxabano ezikhulayo phakathi eU.SSR ne-United States waba ngaphezulu ne-acute ngaphezulu. Amandla, imi efanayo ekulweni nosongo zamaNazi futhi manje baye baqala ukuxabana obala. Athintekayo ukuphikisana phakathi lamaKhomanisi bese imibono yeningi. ENtshonalanga Yurophu ne-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II wadala ubuhlobo lempi, NATO naseMpumalanga Yurophu ne-Soviet Union - Warsaw Pact atheleka.

izinkinga zangaphakathi

Ukuthuthukiswa yangaphakathi US ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili ubephelezelwa lwendaba. Impi yokulwa okubi amaNazi iminyaka eminingi umphakathi obumbene futhi banga him khohlwa ngezinkinga zabo. Nokho, cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokunqoba bunzima baye wamemezela ngokwabo futhi. Kwasekuqaleni, bangena maqondana anabambalwa ngokohlanga.

inqubomgomo Social USA ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili ushintshe yindlela yemphilo lendzala wamaNdiya. Ngo-1949, uhulumeni bashiya umthetho langaphambilini ku lokuzibusa. ukubhuka Gone. Accelerated nokwenziwa nomphakathi kwaboMdabu baseMelika. Ngokuvamile, amaNdiya iyiswe emadolobheni lapho engaphansi kokucindezeleka. Abaningi babo engafuni ukuyeka indlela yokuphila yokuhlonipha okhokho abangasekho, kodwa babengenamduduzi ukulahla izimiso zabo ngoba lamazwe ihluke kakhulu.

Ukulwisana ukuhlukaniswa

Lesi siqhingi wahlala inkinga of ubudlelwano mutual iningi abamhlophe nabansundu amancane. Sebandlululo waphikelela. Ngo-1948 uyekwa e-Air Force. EMpini Yezwe II, abaningi abamnyama wakhonza zezindiza kanye sezakhiwo abadumile emangalisayo. Manje singaniketwa bafundzi duty kuya Motherland e nemibandela efanayo nge white.

1954 anikezwe US omunye kokunqoba nomphakathi. Ngenxa eside yokuphisa sesinqumo umlando INkantolo Ephakeme yase-US ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwaphawulwa ukuqedwa imfundo ahlukene ezikoleni uhlanga. Khona-ke Congress ngokusemthethweni eqinisekisiwe isimo black yezakhamuzi. US kancane kancane waqala endleleni esiholela Ukuyekwa ephelele ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokubandlululwa. Le nqubo laqedwa ngo-1960.

umnotho

Ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wase-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwaholela boom engakaze ibonwe kwezomnotho, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "golden age capitalism". It kwabangelwa ezicini eziningana, ezifana esibucayi e-Europe. Isikhathi 1945-1952 GG. Uphinde abhekwe Keynes inkathi (Dzhon Keyns - umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezomnotho owaziwa, owawuthi imithetho yase-United States ayehlala kuyo leyo minyaka).

Ngemizamo States kohlelo Bretton Woods yasungulwa. izikhungo Its lula ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kanye avunyelwe ukuba afeze "LukaMarshall" (kwakukhona i-World Bank, International Monetary Fund nokunye. D.). I boom kwezomnotho e-United States kwaholela ingane boom - ukwanda komphakathi, umphumela okwakubekelwa ekhula labantu kulo lonke leli zwe.

Ukuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi

Ngo-1946, ngenkathi evakashele yangasese e-United States, kakade yangaphambili uNdunankulu waseBrithani uWinston Churchill wethule inkulumo yakhe edumile ngo-anibizela eSoviet Union kanye nobukhomanisi izinsongo waseNtshonalanga. Namuhla izazi-mlando zikholelwa lo mcimbi ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. E-US, kuyilapho umongameli Garri Trumen. Yena, njengo Churchill, wayekholelwa ukuthi le-Soviet Union kufanele ihambisane kanzima umugqa ukuziphatha. Phakathi likaMengameli yakhe (1946-1953) Ekugcineni kuvikelwe division of the emhlabeni phakathi izinhlelo amabili aphikisanayo zezombusazwe.

Truman kwaba nombhali "Truman Imfundiso", owawuthi, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwaba kwesimo phakathi kwe-American nawaseSoviet izinhlelo yeningi wobushiqela. Ithambo lokuqala kweqiniso kombango ngoba amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali kwaba eJalimane. Ngokusho isinqumo US, West Berlin kwahlanganiswa "LukaMarshall." ESoviet Union ekuphenduleni lo, idolobha wenza ukuvinjelwa. Inkinga wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1949. Ngenxa yalokho yako East German GDR idaliwe.

Khona-ke waqala esiyindilinga entsha ye izingalo uhlanga. Ngemva ngamabhomu Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki babengekho kokuzama kaningana ukusebenzisa ezimpini sezikhali zenuzi - baphela emva kuqala. Second neMpi Yezwe, US kwakwanele ukuba aqaphele lethality yezikhali ezicitshwayo entsha. Nokho, uhlanga izingalo isivele isiqalile. Ngo-1949 iSoviet Union ihlolwe ibhomu lenuzi, futhi kamuva - hydrogen. BaseMelika baye baphelelwa ayitholwa kwezikhali.

McCarthyism

Nge Ukuwohloka ubudlelwane eSoviet Union ne-United States basungula umkhankaso inkulumo-ze ukwakha isithombe esisha lesitha. "Ukwethusa Red" uye liphendulwe ajenda izigidi baseMelika. I ardent anti-lamakhomanisi, kwaba yilungu lephalamende Dzhozef Makkarti. Usole abaningi osopolitiki esiphakeme futhi abaqavile emphakathini enozwelo eSoviet Union. mpendulo Paranoid McCarthy yasheshe wacosha yimithombo yezindaba.

I-United States ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, ngo okufutshane, baye babhekana usinga anti-lamakhomanisi, lapho izisulu bengamadoda impela kude ukusuka kwesokunxele-wing. McCarthyites zonke ukugula komphakathi American sola amambuka. Ahlasela aze nabasekeli izinyunyana kanye ukuxoxisana Bloc sezenhlalo. Truman yize wayengumuntu nomcwaningi eSoviet Union, kodwa kuhlukile ukubukwa McCarthy sika ovulekile. I lephalamende ihlazo wasondela Republican Dwight Eisenhower ngo-1952 iwine ukhetho oluzayo kamongameli.

McCarthyists izisulu waqala ososayensi abaningi nabaculi: umqambi Leonard Bernstein, isazi sesayensi yemvelo uDavide Bohm, actress Lee Grant, njll ukuhlola unkosikazi babulawa bangamakhomanisi uJulius futhi Ethel Rosenberg ... Kodwa-ke, emphakathini umkhankaso ukuze zithole izitha yangaphakathi, ngokushesha kuhlulekile. Ekupheleni kuka-1954, uMcCarthy wathunyelwa ukwesula okuyihlazo.

I-Cuban Missile crisis

France, Britain, e-United States ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kanye nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga udale lempi NATO. Ngokushesha kula mazwe, uzwakalise ukweseka South Korea emzabalazweni yayo ngokumelene amaKhomanisi. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, wasiza Union neChina. Nempi YaseKorea eyathatha iminyaka 1950-1953. Kwaba nezingxoxo lokuqala ahlomile phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili bafinyelela inani eliphakeme labangu zaleli zwe zezombusazwe.

Ngo-1959, kwaba khona ukuvukela zenzeka e-United States elingumakhelwane, Cuba. Ukuze amandla esiqhingini wafika amaKhomanisi eholwa Fidel Castro. Cuba wasebenzisa nokusekela kwezomnotho-USSR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhali Soviet zenuzi sathathwa esiqhingini. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo iseduze-United States zaholela ezinkingeni Caribbean - umvuthwandaba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lapho izwe libe khona embundwini ngamabhomu amasha enuzi. Khona-ke, ngo-1962, umongameli wase-United uJohn F. Kennedy nomholi waseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev wakwazi ukuxoxisana hhayi senze isimo sishube. Fork uphasisiwe. Yaqala inqubomgomo détente kancane kancane.