Ivan Grozny: genius noma a villain? Imiphumela wokubusa Ivana Groznogo

U-Ivan IV the Kubi wayeyindodana Elena Glinsky futhi Omkhulu Prince Vasily III. Wangena umlando Russia njengoba isibalo kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba wezinguquko nomlobi abanamakhono, umbhali wencwadi "imiyalezo" brilliant yobuciko izibalo ahlukahlukene zomphakathi zangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngakolunye - engumashiqela ngendlela enesihluku futhi umuntu psyche ezibuhlungu. Izazi-mlando basazama who lokhu Ivan Grozny - genius noma a villain?

Incazelo emfushane iBhodi

Tsar Ivan Grozny waqala ukubusa nge ukubanjwa kweqhaza akhethwe ziyajabula kanye ekupheleni 1540s. Lapho-ke waqala ukubiza Zemsky Sobor, ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi Law ngo-1550. It kwenziwa ushintsho izinhlelo zokwahlulela zokuphatha - yethulwa ngokwengxenye ukuzibusa emkhakheni (Zemstvo, lipstick kanye nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha). Ngemva kwalokho inkosi esolwa ngokuthi uvukela Prince Kurbsky, yasungulwa oprichnina (a eyinkimbinkimbi izinyathelo zokuphatha nakwezempi ukuqinisa amandla obukhosi futhi ukubhujiswa ukuphikiswa). ubudlelwane ukuhweba neBrithani (1553rd) sezisunguliwe ngaphansi u-Ivan IV, eyasungulwa indlu ukuphrinta eMoscow. Anqotshwa Kazan (1552-m) kanye Astrakhanskoye (1556-m) Khanates.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka 1558-1583 ubelokhu bafeza neMpi Livonian. Inkosi yayifuna ukuthola ukufinyelela khona oLwandle iBaltic. Hhayi wanqamuka umzabalazo eziphikelelayo ngokumelene YaseCrimea Khan Devlet Giray. Ngemuva kokuwina impi Molodinskom (1572 th) Muscovy yazuza de empeleni waba ukuzimela futhi kwaqinisa amalungelo Kazan bese Astrakhan Khanate futhi baqala ukuhlanganyela eSiberia (1581 th). Kodwa, inqubomgomo sangaphakathi, inkosi, emva uchungechunge kwezithiyo phakathi neMpi Livonian ithole ezinzima zokucindezela ngokumelene boyars futhi elite kwezohwebo. iminyaka eminingi kokuzama impi nezimpi ezahlukene kuye kwaholela ekwandeni umthwalo wentela futhi ukwencika enkulu abantukazana. Inkosi kawukhumbulanga ezingaphezu kuka besikhathi sakhe unya ngokweqile. Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kunzima kakhulu ukuphendula ngokucacile umbuzo owayeneminyaka Ivan le Kubi. Genius noma a villain, lokhu ngaphandle kokungabaza umbusi ovelele?

ebuntwaneni

Ngemva kokufa uyise ka umfana ezintathu ngumama wakhe, owayengomunye ibamba lakhe. Kodwa yena wafa ebusuku 3 April 4, 1538-th. Kuze 1547 - yobudala isikhulu - ezweni elibuswa boyars. nkosi Ikusasa 4 Ivan le Kubi wakhulela amasu okugumbuqela imibuso esigodlweni njalo amandla umzabalazo phakathi kwamaqembu imbangi boyars Belsky futhi Shuiskis. Umfana wabona ukubulala, wayezungezwe usongo kanye nodlame. Konke lokhu ushiye yayo ongenakucimeka wokulingwa isigxivizo ungubani futhi nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ngezici ezinjengobumnene umhawu, ukuphindisela kanye nabafutha ukudlozomela.

Ukuthambekela ukweyisa izidalwa iphuma Ivan kakade eyingane, nalapho umbuthano kwangaphakathi omamukele ke. Ekupheleni kuka-December 1543rd nantathu Prince Orphan yokuqala yabonisa umoya wakhe. Wababopha omunye boyars ezinethonya kunazo - Prince Andreya Shuyskogo - futhi "wamtshela ukunikeza Psara futhi Psari vzyasha futhi ubisha lapho bahudulelwa etilongweni." "Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, (uthi umlando) waqala Izicukuthwane zenkosi abe ukwesaba okukhulu."

Umlilo esikhulu kwavukelwa eMoscow

Enye inkosi yokuvela bobusha enamandla amaningi "ayengaphansi umlilo omkhulu" futhi lokhu kubhikisha eMoscow ngo-1547-th. Umlilo wabulala abantu 1.700. Khona-ke wayishisa ezibiyele, amasonto ahlukahlukene zezindela. Lapho sengineminyaka engu-nesikhombisa, Ivan Wawusuyikhokhele ukubulawa eziningi kangaka namanye olwalwenzeka umlilo okwadala umonakalo e Moscow njengoba isijeziso sezono zawo. Encwadini ayibhalela umkhandlu wesonto ngo-1551, ngesikhathi elapho wakhumbula: "INkosi ajeziswe kimi ngenxa yezono uzamcolo, lesi sifo, futhi zonke Angazi baphenduke ekugcineni, uNkulunkulu wathuma imililo emikhulu, waya Ingebhe umphefumulo wami, nangokuthuthumela lamathambo ami. I abakhathazwa umoya wami. " Enhloko-dolobha, amahemuhemu ukuthi umlilo sola "amashinga" Glinsky. Ngemva ukubulawa omunye wabo - eyisihlobo yinkosi - lwabantu abavukelayo leza kuleli dolobhana Vorobyov, okuyinto wafihla Grand Duke, bafuna ukukhululwa kwe nezinye boyars yalolu hlobo. Ngobukhulu ubunzima, mina banxenxa esixukwini esasidiniwe ukuhlakazeka. Barely lidlule ingozi, inkosi iyaleza ukuba abophe nokwenza kwabozungu main.

wokugcotshwa

Injongo eyinhloko yawo inkosi behlelile vele ebusheni bakhe, baba angenamkhawulo amandla autocratic. It wancika ngaphansi Basil III wadala welithi "eMoscow - Third eRoma", elaba isisekelo ngemibono of Muscovite autocracy. Ivan, kulokho ugogo wakhe zoyise Sofia Palaeologus kwaba Umshana zokugcina uMbusi waseByzantium Constantine, azi- luka-ababusi baseRoma. Ngakho-ke, ku-16 Januwari 1547-th e kweNyuka Cathedral of umshado Grand Prince Ivan okwakufanele abe inkosi. Ewunikwe yiSigungu amatshwayo besithunzi imperial: Umqhele Monomakh sika, uweta wotshwala enkantini kanye esiphambanweni.

Royal isihloko unikezwa ithuba lokubamba sesimweni esingcono zamanxusa maqondana emazweni Western Europe. Isihloko enkulu baseYurophu kufana "Grand Duke" noma "nesikhulu." "Inkosi" akuyona ngokuhunyushwa nhlobo noma elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umbusi." Ngakho, u-Ivan wema ezishaywayo ne umbusi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Nokho, lolu lwazi ingabe ukuphendula umbuzo yokuthi kuyini Ivan Grozny cha. Genius noma villain kwaba lo muntu na?

impi

Eminyakeni 1550-1551 we autocrat yena ngokwakhe bazibandakanye emkhankasweni Kazan. Ngo-1552-m ukuwa Kazan, futhi kamuva Astrakhan Khanate (1556 th). Babé sincike Tsar Russian. EMoscow futhi okufakiwe laseSiberia Khan Ediger. Ngo-1553-m ukuhweba ubudlelwano neBrithani efakiwe. Ngo 1558-m nkosi idedelwa impi Livonian ngesikhathi betholakala khona oLwandle iBaltic. izimpi Okokuqala zalwelwa ngempumelelo eMoscow. Ngo 1560-m Livonians ibutho yakhe yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, futhi Order Livonian abasekho.

Yangaphakathi izinguquko kanye Livonian neMpi

Domestically, waqala ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu. Lapho sengineminyaka engaba ngu 1560 m inkosi baphikisana ne Rada iqembu kanjalo namalungu alo beshushiswa. Ivan uye baba nonya kakhulu izicukuthwane ngemva kokufa okungalindelekile Queen Anastasia, zokusola ukuthi wadliswa ushevu. Adashev futhi Sylvester wangaphumelela belulekwa inkosi ukumisa neMpi Livonian. Nokho, amasosha 1563-m ethumba Polotsk. Wayengumuntu ngaleso sikhathi inqaba enkulu Lithuanian. Autocrat kuhlaba uyaziqhenya ngalokhu kunqoba, okuyinto yafinyelelwa ngemva kwekhefu ne Rada. Kodwa kakade ibutho 1564-th lahluleka sina. Inkosi yangena indlela iphindela bheka "icala". Waqala nokubulawa nezinye ekujezisweni.

oprichnina

Ukubusa Ivana Groznogo waqhubeka njengenjwayelo. Autocrat ngokuya benamandla umqondo wokusungula ubushiqela siqu. Esikhathini-amamitha 1565, ememezela ukusungulwa kwe-oprichnina. Empeleni, isimo wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili: zemshchina futhi oprichnina. oprichnik ngayinye kwakumelwe ukuthatha isifungo sokwethembeka nenkosi futhi wasinika isithembiso hhayi ukuba ukuxhumana Zemstvo. Bonke egqoka izingubo ezimnyama, efana indela.

Horse nonogada zaziphawuleka ngokungabi izimpawu ezikhethekile yehluke ngokwengeziwe. Ngu Saddles yabo banamathela izimpawu belusizi ubudala: umshanelo, ukushayela nabo ukushintsha nenhloko izinja ukuziluma ke. Ngosizo le nonogada, abakhululwa senkosi esasivela yiluphi uhlobo lomthwalo wemfanelo, 4 Ivan le Kubi bangiphuca amandla izigodi le boyars 'alunikeza oprichnina nezicukuthwane. Kwakube nokushushiswa ephelezelwa ukwesaba okungakaze baphange labantu.

A mlando kwaba Massacre ka Novgorod 1570 th. Isizathu sokuba kwaba umsolwa umzamo ukuhlukanisa Novgorod Lithuania. Monarch mathupha wahola umkhankaso. Endleleni bona zaphangwa wonke amadolobhana. Phakathi nalo mkhankaso Malyuta Skuratov waklinywa e Tver sezindela Metropolitan uPhilip, owayeke wazama ukuxwayisa Kubi, bese bhekana naye. Kukholakala ukuthi isibalo Novgorod efile waba kungathi izinkulungwane 10-15. Edolobheni ngesikhathi, baphila ngaphansi kuka 30 eziyinkulungwane abantu.

Ukuqedwa we oprichnina

Kukholakala ukuthi oprichnina Ivana Groznogo izizathu siqu ngokwemvelo. wakhula kanzima zashiya izibazi ku psyche yakhe. Ukwesaba gobe futhi nanokukhashelwa babe Paranoid. Ngo-1572-m yinkosi Oprichnina uyekwa. Ngu ngesinqumo esitshekile indima yayo ezingabukeki kudlalwa ozakwabo oprichnina e-kuhlaselwa the Moscow YaseCrimea Khan 1571-m. Ibutho nonogada ngisakwazi kwenza lutho. Eqinisweni, it is zihlakazeke. AmaTatar ashisiwe eMoscow. Fire ezilimele Kremlin. kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda ubuntu ezifana Ivan Grozny. Genius noma villain wayengumuntu, awukwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka.

Imiphumela oprichnina

Tsar Ivan Grozny libukelwa phansi kakhulu Oprichnina umnotho kahulumeni. Ukwahlukana ethintekile kakhulu kubathinta. Amaningi amasimu libhujisiwe ezibhuqiwe. Ngo-1581-m ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunganakwa Ivan wamisa iminyaka esenqatshelwe - kuvinjelwe ushintsho abalimi abanikazi, okwenzeka ngo-Day St George sika. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ukucindezelwa esengeziwe serfdom ukwamukelwa.

Foreign Politika Ivana le Kubi 4 futhi akuphumelelanga ikakhulukazi. Livonian neMpi kushabalele ephelele nokulahlekelwa izindawo. Imiphumela Inhloso wokubusa Ivana Groznogo ayebone phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Empeleni, kwaba ukwehluleka imizamo kakhulu. Kusukela 1578 inkosi yokuqala saphela ukwenza nokubulawa. Lezi yizikhathi ababephila ngesikhathi Ivana Groznogo sika, futhi, ukhunjulwa kahle. Inkosi baba ozinikele nakakhulu. Watshelwa ukuba enze uhlu yesikhumbuzo wabulala kuma-oda wakhe bese kusatshalaliswa zezindela lokukhumbula. Ngo intando yakhe kusukela 1579 kuqhubeke, wavuma ku ephelele. Umlando Oprichnina lembula ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani Ivana Groznogo ebizwa ngokuthi Kubi.

indodana Murder

Izinkathi wokuphenduka nokuthandaza alternated isifuthefuthe esabekayo yokufutheka. Kwakuphakathi esinye salezi ngo-1582, e -Alexander isiphetho autocrat ngephutha yabulala indodana yakhe u-Ivan, ukumshaya namathela ithiphu metal ithempeli. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-11, wayesefa. Ukubhala kokubulawa indlalifa inkosi kuholele horror njengoba omunye indodana yakhe Fedor wayengakwazi elawula, ngoba ingqondo wayelula. Inkosi yathumela ukuze Isigodlo isamba omkhulu wokuba amkhumbule wengane yakhe. Waze wacabanga nezinwele njengoba indela.

abafazi

wokubusa Ivan le Kubi sika yayinezinto imishado monarchic. Akwaziwa inani eliqondile amakhosikazi autocrat, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, lapho babe yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili (nokubala usuku nomshado). Ngaphandle izingane, owashona ngo ebuntwaneni, le nkosi wazala amadodana amathathu. ngomshado wokuqala nge Anastasia Zakharina-Koshkina bamlethela izingane ezimbili. Unkosikazi wesibili kwaba indodakazi autocrat Kabardian izicukuthwane - Maria Temryukovna. Inkosikazi yesithathu uMarta Sobakina ngokuzumayo owafa amasonto amathathu emva komshado. Ngokusho canons isonto, ukushada izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngo-May 1572 umkhandlu wesonto wokuqala wabanjelwa. Wavumela umshado lesine. Kosikazi kwakukhulekelwa umbusi kule Anna Koltovskaya. Nokho enkosini nasiphambeko lowo nyaka, ababoshiwe yakhe ephathelene nokuphatha izindela. Unkosikazi wesihlanu kwaba Anna Vasilchikova. Washona ngo-1579-m. Okwesithupha, cishe, kwaba Vasilisa Melentyeva. lomshado Kugcine esenzeka 1580-m uMaria Nagaya. Ngo-1582, bathola indodana, Dmitry, okwathi ngemva kokufa autocrat wabulawa Uglich.

Imiphumela

4 Ivan wehlela emlandweni hhayi kuphela njengoba engumashiqela. Monarch wayengomunye wabantu abafundile isikhathi sakhe esiningi. Wayephethe inkumbulo lokukwazi, zazihlukile erudition semfundiso yenkolo. Inkosi nombhali izincwadi eziningana, ezinganikwa ezinye Ziyathakazelisa ngokombono zokudala. Ivan wabhala umculo isosha esihlatshelelwayo yokukhulekela. Kubi nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni kokunyathelisa. Lapho yayakhiwe St Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Nokho, ukubusa yenkosi eqinisweni impi yokulwa abantu lalo. State ukwesaba uma isifike elingakaze libonwe. Autocrat kuzo zonke kungenzeka indlela yokuqinisa yayo amandla, hhayi Kangangokuba wadla umkhiqizo wasendle nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ngo-Ivan kwesizathu kuhlanganiswe namakhono unya kakhulu, ukuzinikela ngamanyala ngokobulili. ochwepheshe Modern kwengqondo bakholelwa ukuthi amandla aphelele obuhlanekezela ubuntu. Futhi ambalwa nje bayakwazi ukuba sibhekane nale umthwalo, hhayi ukuthi ulahlekelwe ngeminye izici zobuntu. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi obungenakuphikwa wukuthi ubunikazi inkosi washiya uphawu omkhulu lonke emlandweni yezwe esizayo.