Ephakathi: isikhathi esibekiwe e-Russia

Igama elithi "Ephakathi" langena inguquko ngokwesayensi Yempucuko, ngaleyo ndlela zefilosofi-abaphika kugcizelelwe uxhumano wayehlala nabo isikhathi endulo: kusukela 'yokuchuma "lwesintu, zihlukaniswa a isilinganiso esithile, esikhathini zesikhashana," enkathini yobumnyama ", njengoba ayekubiza kanjalo kubo Petrarch. Kamuva elithi, yebo, walahlekelwa nencazelo yalo, kodwa historiography njengoba lo mqondo owamukelwa ngokulondoloza igama "Ephakathi", luhlaka isikhathi lapho uhlanganisa inkathi esukela ekhulwini 5th kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Lezi imingcele isihlobo kanye kuhluke emlandweni kwamazwe ahlukahlukene.

netimiso komlando

Uma kubalwa izikhathi kusuke futhi periodization - isihlobo nenqubo okwenziwe ayisungula abacwaningi esetshenziselwa lula ukuqokwa umcimbi isikhathi afanayo emazweni ahlukahlukene, njll Lokhu kusebenza ngokugcwele nenkathi ebizwa ngokuthi ukuba "Ephakathi" kwendawo, ozimele yesikhashana okuyinto .. ngezindlela ezahlukene bathethelele mlando ezifuywayo angaphandle. Njengoba kufanele waveza A. Ya. Gurevich, abantu KweNkathi Ephakathi, kanye lasendulo noma Ezikhathini zanamuhla, enganikanga igama ubudala bakhe, uJobe wayengazi ukuthi baphila esikhathini Ephakathi. Ngu esasihlukanisa inqubo zomlando ngezikhawu iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo ososayensi siholwa izici yasekuqaleni ezithile, izinga izici esingokwemvelo enkathini ethile.

periodization

Njengoba isiko historiographical limelela Western Europe Ephakathi? Uhlaka Isikhathi (wekhulu) - ne V e. ngaphambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi seminyaka eyinkulungwane cishe isikhathi ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa letigaba letilandzelako:

• V-XI cc. ngokuthi Early Ephakathi (noma "enkathini yobumnyama", njengoba le nkathi emlandweni impucuko womuntu iyona okungenani wafunda ngenxa paucity reflection e imithombo). Yaqala ngemva kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma. Omunye imihlola kunazo yesiteleka - ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, ukunqoba amaKristu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia (okubizwa ngokuthi Reconquista), sokuthuthwa kwempahla eMbusweni WaseByzantium, le Frankish isimo.
• XI-XIV cc. - Classic (noma okuphezulu) Ephakathi. The main mcimbi - nokwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, cishe ukusabalala jikelele ngemva kokusungulwa kobuKristu, Zenkolo, le nokuthuthukisa amadolobha kanye ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo.
• XIV-XVI eminyaka. okukhulunywe ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (abanye abacwaningi nibhekane nalesi sikhathi yi ezikhathini zakuqala yesimanje). Lena inkathi izinhlekelele, indlala, isifo, iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Angamakhulu 'futhi amaMongol-Tatar ayehlasela, okuyinto ezazihlupha sina eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi iSonto kweNkathi Yezinguquko, omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba, ukuthuthukiswa isayensi, ezisunguliwe, impumelelo imithi.

Ephakathi: isikhathi esibekiwe ku-Russia

Insimu elalihlala izizwe Slavic, ukusungulwa isimo izinduna lwaluhamba kancane kuka eNtshonalanga ngoba mlando eziningi zaphetha ekuqaleni kwenkathi medieval kuya IX. Isikhathi esisha siqala ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. noPetru I. inkathi ngaphakathi umthetho labelwe nezikhathi ahlukene:

• eminyaka IX-XII. - the ekubeni khona kombuso okhethwe eyodwa Kyivan.
• XII-XIII eminyaka. - ukuqala kwehlukana izinduna kanye Ukungena bezwe ngaphansi kokubusa ijoka Mongol-Tatar.
• XIV-XVII eminyaka. - ukusungulwa kanye nentuthuko ka isimo Russian nesikhungo salo eMoscow.

Izici ubudala

Njengoba Ephakathi ubukeka ngokulandelana, ngesikhathi esibekiwe ezihlobene izenzakalo kuholele izinguquko engelapheki. V ekugcineni. izindimbane ngowezizwe wavele eRoma - Isiphephelo esemqoka ye ngempucuko yasendulo ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ekuqaleni we VI. ababange besaba khona esikoleni zokugcina lasendulo wefilosofi.

Isici esiyinhloko salelo Okuqala Ephakathi - lokhu ukunwetshwa ubudlelwane bezigodi izizwe ngowezizwe Europe kanye kumiswa amakhosi asendulo, ukuthi ekupheleni kuso ukubala inkathi eholela kumiswa ithi eyodwa futhi amakhosi. Yasishintsha okushiwo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho Ephakathi. Spatial, ububanzi yesikhashana kwenkathi yabafile exhunywe ne ukusabalala lwenkolo yobuKristu, okuyinto wamlingisa indiza ezingokomoya zabantu feudalism njengoba ubuqaba yake nobuntu ohlanganyelwe uhlelo zamaKhosi.

izizwe kuqhathaniswa Slavic zonke izici ezingenhla abonwe emlandweni wabo kahle kuphela IX., Uma ukusungulwa isimo kwenzeka isikhungo eKiev. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi esifanayo phansi Russian eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini kusukela WaseByzantium ubuKristu Eastern (Orthodox) isiko, futhi kufika ithuba lika-enkulungwaneni ozuza isimo esemthethweni.

classical Ephakathi

High Ephakathi (. Imigqa yesikhathi XI-XIV eminyaka) iqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu lapho kumiswa noKarla Velikogo futhi isimo libhekene ekuqiniseni isikhundla of the Catholic Church, indima yayo evelele kuwo wonke amazinga womsebenzi womuntu - kwezepolitiki ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Uhlelo lwemfundo ubuswa imfundiso esikoleni, amafilosofi namasiko impahla bayithanda kakhulu inkolo.

Christian futhi inquma Russian Ephakathi, okuyinto esibekiwe njengoba umcimbi nezikhathi okuqukethwe, sihluke kakhulu Western. Ngekhulu XII. Ubu-Orthodox uJesu akabanga nje isikhulu soMbuso inkolo: amaqaba zokugcina, abakholwa konkulunkulu bakudala Slavic wahlala ngaphandle ehlathini elikude izindawo futhi abalona usongo ekubeni khona kombuso okhethwe eyodwa. Kodwa ukuxabana izinduna ukuthi bathintitha esingaphezu noma esingaphansi kuka kunoma isiphi isimo Ephakathi (isikhathi luhlaka eRussia -. XII-XIII eminyaka), amasosha aba buthakathaka Kievan isimo, futhi wakwenza isisulu esilula bevela empumalanga izindimbane ayimizulane wokuthi amaMongol-AmaTatar. Ngakho, eqinisa kwegunya leSonto iye yaba nengxenye nezinsongo zangaphandle ubuso alien zobuzwe nezenkolo umqondo abahlaseli.

Izici esasenza nezikhathi European futhi Russian

Umehluko eliyisisekelo kule nkathi emlandweni Russia iNtshonalanga Yurophu isobala: umbuso noKarla Velikogo yisikhathi izimbali esiphezulu isiko, ukusungulwa isithombe ezakha Ephakathi, eMpumalanga Yurophu ngawo yonke imikhakha yempilo wokululazeka elihlobene ne umthwalo ngxabano anamandla abaphikisi Asian.

Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Mongol-Tatar kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyisela ubuqotho emazweni ayengaphansi Kievan Rus 'basentshonalanga babaziwa munye Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu, futhi empumalanga zonke nethonya elikhulu wathola izikhulu Muscovite.

Yokugcina emashumini kwenkathi High Ephakathi

Ukuphela West High Ephakathi ezihambisana indlala ukuthi hit izwe elikhulu kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV., Imiqedazwe zezinhlupho, ongumlimi yokuvukela futhi iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Angamakhulu '. Zonke lezi zenzakalo eziyinhlekelele kuhilelani ngokoqobo ukushabalala kwesigamu sabantu bezwe jikelele, kungakho ukwehla yonke imikhakha yempilo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-Russian Ephakathi, ngesikhathi esibekiwe XIV-XVII eminyaka., Waqala ngenkathi kumiswa kanye nokuqinisa isimo azungeze eMoscow. Russia sasinamandla kangangokuba ngalesi sikhathi ukuze akhulule umthwalo kwejoka Golden zidlamlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi eziningi ezifuywayo sithambekele owabona isimo esisha Russian esekelwe uVladimir-Suzdal amasiko zomlando namasiko, izici isici Yempucuko. Lokhu zezimbali isiko, ubungcweti, imidwebo, futhi ukuvela imisebenzi ebhaliwe lapho ukugxila indoda futhi imizwa yakhe kunokuba ezindabeni zenkolo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII. phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi uya Romanov lwamakhosi, elimalungu alo leliya lizwe ngaphambi kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga ngo-1917

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi kwathatha isikhathi entsha

Lo mqondo esintengayo kanjani ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, isikhathi kanye emazweni wamboza ngezindlela ezahlukene: endaweni ethile abonisa ngokucacile ngaphezulu ngokusebenzisa izici ezikhathini zanamuhla, futhi kwezinye izindawo bendabuko ngendlela izinduna zokuphila ugciniwe. E-United ka eNtshonalanga Yurophu kunesenzakalo esivusa ngoba iNguquko yesonto zivela izinguquko kwezezimboni siyashintsha ifilosofi nasesimweni sengqondo emhlabeni. Futhi umbuso eMoscow iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu amabili eminyaka, konke wahlala ngokuyisisekelo ingashintshiwe: kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi e-Russia (. Imigqa yesikhathi eminyaka IX-XVII) uphela ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu.

Western Europe Ephakathi, luhlaka isikhathi, kokuphothula weminyaka leyinkhulungwane cishe, libhekisela ekupheleni xv - ekuqaleni XVI leminyaka. Esizoqala ukuthatha kokutholakala Melika uColumbus kaningi ngo-1492

ERussia, isikhathi ephelele Ephakathi kwakunokwenzeka kuphela kuPetru mina izinguquko eziningana ezithuthukayo futhi ngokuvamile engathandwa ngasekupheleni XVII leminyaka.

Iziphetho: Ephakathi of Western Europe futhi Russian

Ngakho, isikhathi luhlaka KweNkathi Ephakathi eRussia naseNtshonalanga Yurophu zihluke kakhulu, kodwa okushiwo nkathi nezinselele ezifanayo kakhulu. Lokhu ukubusa iSonto inkolo kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila, futhi ekuqiniseni ubudlelwano phakathi wamazwe izinduna, kanye kumiswa okwalandela yokubusa kwamakhosi, okuyinto siyohlala okusha Times.

Ekupheleni Ephakathi yaqala okucacile zobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka - yasungulwa kuqhuma amaziko, isibhamu, umshini wokunyathelisa. Umcabango imfundo. Inqubekela kancane kancane ebonakaliswa yonke imikhakha yempilo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi waqala zezimbali okusheshayo yobuciko.