Umakhi we Parthenon e-Athens

Phezulu kwe-Acropolis yase-Athene umbhoshongo yezincithakalo, okuyinto esikhathini esidlule bebengamalungu ithempeli ezingamaqaba kuhlonishwa unkulunkulukazi u-Athena, futhi Christian - e wokudumisa iNcasakazi eCwebileyo, futhi ekugcineni lamaSulumane Muslim. Bayokwazi shazi, ngisho nalabo abakaze baye Greece, ngakho ziphindaphindwe izithombe zabo. It uhlala lamathempeli edume kakhulu emhlabeni. Igama - the Parthenon.

isisekelo sethempeli noma ukwakhiwa

AmaGreki asendulo wayekwazi yibani ngababongayo. Umvikeli we edolobheni unkulunkulukazi u-Athena Parthenos , banquma ukwakha ithempeli, ubonise ukuthi uyabonga ngazo usizo wakhe empini yokulwa namaPheresiya at Marathon.

Ukuze isakhiwo sayo oyikhethile ingxenye ephakeme ezinezivikelo eziqinile we edolobheni engenhla - Acropolis, futhi 488 BC, wenza ibhukumaka onesizotha. Umakhi we Parthenon wakhetha kule ndawo ngephutha nje. Okokuqala, kwakukhona emathempelini ngaphambili eyakhelwe behlonipha onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene bamaqaba.

Ubukhulu bamabandla zakuqala amancane kwakungadingeki ukuba wandise indawo esiqongweni sentaba for ukwakhiwa yabo. Nokho, kuleli cala, it kulindeleke ukuba baphakamise into enkulu, futhi le njongo kwakudingekile ukwakha ohlangothini lokunene odongeni emvula , futhi uyifake ku base-limestone yayo amabhlogo, phakamisa emaphethelweni esakhiweni 7 amamitha.

Umsebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, wakha ama-drum amakholomu yesibili, lapho umuzi yanqotshwa namaPheresiya. izithelo kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili umsebenzi alahleka umlilo, kanye nokwakhiwa awuzange kuvuselelwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.

Ukwakhiwa ibandla elisha

Umsebenzi waqhubeka 447 BC. Amandla e-Athene ke kwakungekaNkulunkulu Pericles, umbusi oqhoshayo zokuhaha. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli wawuyingxenye uhlelo wakhuliselwa nguye ngenxa okuyinto Athens kwadingeka ukuba bahole, kokubili ensimini wezempi, futhi kwezomnotho kanye namasiko. Kohlelo nomthelela yokuthi ngesikhathi edolobheni wayiswa yengcebo Delian Maritime Union, okuyinto lula isixazululo yezinkinga zezimali ezihlobene ukwakhiwa. Kodwa izinkinga ngempela.

Umlando uye walondoloza ukwaziswa ezithakazelisayo. Pericles abelwe kusukela isabelomali lempi ukuze bafeze imisebenzi 450 esiliva. Mayelana usayizi lemali kungenziwa abahlulela yokuthi ukwakhiwa komkhumbi wokulwa kubiza yathola elilodwa kuleyo minyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko kokwakhiwa kwethempeli kukhona ifaniswe izindleko ukudala butho elikhulu asolwandle ehlanganisa imikhumbi 450. Lapho ubukhulu izindleko abangu izakhamuzi ezaziwayo, asolwa Pericles e nokubukisa. Lokhu umbusi wabayala ukuthi wayengumuntu izindleko ngomumo isibaluli akhawunti yakhe siqu, kodwa kulokhu, iyaligodla ilungelo kuzo zonke izingxenye zezakhiwo ukuzoqhubekisela ngegama lakhe siqu. Abantu babengaqondi ufuna ukuyeka inkazimulo umbusi futhi ivumile anakekele izindleko zalo msebenzi endaweni yomcebo edolobheni.

Obani abakha le Parthenon?

Lokhu umbuzo ophakamayo, cishe, wonke umuntu wokuqala ubona Athene wobuciko yezakhiwo. Ngemva indalo yayo kungokwalabo umakhi oluvelele abamagama abo behlele kithi - futhi Iktinos Kallikratia. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, futhi Karpion ne abasizi waba nengxenye emsebenzini. I umqophi abadumile Phidias baqondisa intuthuko jikelele umsebenzi, kodwa emsebenzini wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukudala umhlobiso sculptural sethempeli, okuyinto Umgomo kakhulu isikali walo omkhulu. Ngakho, ekhuluma mayelana eyakha Parthenon, akufanele ukuzenzela wezakhiwo kodwa iqembu lonke co-abalobi.

Ishintsha isithombe ethempelini

Kwakufana Parthenon injalo yasekuqaleni, manje kunzima ukusho ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Iqiniso liwukuthi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uye washintsha ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubukeka kwayo. Okuningi ekhulwini 2nd BC ethempelini kwaba khona umlilo onamandla, ngemva kwalokho kudingeka umsebenzi eside sokubuyiselwa. It wahlupheka lisebukhazikhazini balo kanye yentando embi kubabusi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-298 BC, owabusa ngesikhathi Lahar, wehlela emlandweni njengoba engumashiqela ngokuphahluka ngaphambilini ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni ebaziwe Athens zegolide.

UMdali Parthenon ethempelini ukuze badunyiswe lonkulunkulukazi yobuqaba. Kodwa emlandweni Greece, inkathi okukhulunywa njengoba WaseByzantium, futhi isiphetho abakholelwa ukuthi ukuthi 426 ethempelini AD yobuqaba yaphenduka yisonto lobuKristu. Ekuqaleni, lanikezelwa behlonipha St. UZandile. Umakhi we Parthenon akuhloselwe Yiqiniso, ukuthi inzalo yakhe ezimiselwe ihlanganise zonke izakhi esivela izakhiwo obuKristu, kodwa kwaba khona ngaphandle kwakhe.

Ukuvuselelwa kwethempeli LobuKristu njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli

Ngokwenkolelo elisungulwe Endulo, umnyango sethempeli lamaqaba yayisethafeni ecaleni lasempumalanga. Umakhi we Parthenon e Athens, ukuklama isakhiwo, wakucabangela imfuneko. Kodwa ngokuvumelana izimiso izakhiwo Christian yokungena Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenza ngasentshonalanga, ne-altare kubekwa empumalanga. Kuyinto umthetho. Ngo inqubo yokuhlela kabusha esontweni ngokuhambisana nezidingo entsha endaweni emnyango wangaphambili kuya Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba altare Yakhiwa njengoba emnyango, ngokulandelana, wathuthela, kuse ecaleni lasentshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwenziwa nezinye izinguquko kusakhiwo lesi sakhiwo. Eningizimu - ingxenye yaso esentshonalanga umbhoshongo insimbi yesonto lamiswao. Ukugcwaliswa kabusha kwaba ngo 662, umqhele ethempelini yokudumisa Blessed Virgin Mary. Cishe emakhulwini eminyaka ayisishiyagalombili ngaphansi nemengamo yalo mithandazo Christian, ngesikhathi 1460 lo muzi hhayi bathunjwa amabutho Turkish.

nokubhujiswa kwethempeli

Bekanye lonke lelo zwe nezikhathi kanzima nethempeli Parthenon. IGrisi yayingaphansi noChristian shrine yaguqulwa mosque Muslim. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-27 yebutho Venetian eholwa F. Morosini wazama ukuhlasela Athens. Defense, abaseTurkey wasebenzisa Parthenon njengoba umagazini powder. Lokhu kwaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele ngalesi sakhiwo. core Zomlilo ukhululeka inganono Venetian, breaking ngophahla, kubange ukuqhuma esabekayo. Ngenxa kuwa lonke ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi wokwakha. Ukulungiswa ngemva kwalokhu eyenzekile. Okwenza isimo sibe sibi, abendawo kwahlukaniswa izinsalela zemabula kuyiphi bashisa lime.

Ithempeli lokugcina alimala ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Ambassador British egcekeni WaseTurkey eyitholile imvume yokukhipha kwezithombe walondoloza kuwo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi engaphezu kweyishumi sokudalwa we Okugweda yamaGreki asendulo wamuka e-Athene, ukuze babe yingxenye embukisweni eminyuziyamu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ukubuyiselwa emphemeni wethempeli

Ngo-1928 kwaqala umsebenzi, injongo eyabekwa endaweni efanayo emabhuloki bawa namakholomu we Parthenon. Ukuze umsebenzi wadala ekomidini yesayensi, ezazihlanganisa ochwepheshe abavela emazweni ehlukene. ukusebenzisana yabo eyathatha iminyaka emibili. Umphumela ngakwazi ukubona kancane enyakatho emphemeni efomini njengoba kwadalwa umakhi Parthenon.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba olufana ethempelini endulo? Yakhiwa ngokuvumelana izimiso ethempelini ngesiGreki classical - isikwele sizungezwe amakholomu. Naphezu massiveness yayo, wabheka sibonga nenhle kunengqondo esiqinile yecebo lakhe. Ithempeli lihlotshiswe ukubaza we Phidias omkhulu, futhi phakathi nendawo wama trinadtsatimetrovaya ebaziwe unkulunkulukazi u-Athena, elalihlotshiswe ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu.

Kukholakala ukuthi umklami eyakhelwe isakhiwo Parthenon iyingqayizivele phakathi izakhiwo isitayela Doric. Uma umbusi Athene Pericles kugcugcutela izakhamuzi recalcitrant ukuba ibhaxa out for the ukwakhiwa kwethempeli, waprofetha ukuthi wayeyoba ukuziqhenya amaGreki amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Yathandwa kuye ngesikhathi esifanele.