Revolution French: ukubaluleka izimbangela, izenzakalo main, imiphumela

Ngekhulu le-18 ubhekwa ngekhulu le-French Revolution. Ukugumbuqelwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, ukunyakaza izinguquko kanye izibonelo ezicacile zendlela ukwesaba labasibekela ngisho imicimbi onegazi the 1917 Okthoba Revolution e unya yayo. The French uncamela athule ngehlazo futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ukuba romanticize ngale nkathi emlandweni walo. Inani French Revolution ayikwazi overestimated. Isibonelo esimangalisayo kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isilo womele igazi kakhulu neyesabekayo, ezifihle ngokwaso nezambatho inkululeko, ukulingana kanye ithimba labantu abanentshisekelo, ukulungele ukucwila Amazinyo abo ku ubani, futhi igama lakhe - Revolution.

ISENDLALELO SOMTHETHO ekuqaleni inguquko: obumbi izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe

Ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1774, uLouis XVI uqoka Robert Turgot Jikelele Ezezimali Isilawuli, kodwa anhlobonhlobo yezinguquko ezihlongozwayo yilo sezombusazwe sinqatshelwe. Izicukuthwane kakhulu wanamathela amalungelo abo, nayo yonke amalevi kanye nentela yokungenisa walala umthwalo osindayo emahlombe ifa lwesithathu, abameleli okuyinto eFrance kwaba 90%.

Ngo 1778, Turgot, ehhovisi ingena esikhundleni Nekker. Yena abolishes serfdom ezizindeni bobukhosi, sokuhlushwa phakathi ngiphenywa, kukhawula izindleko enkantolo, kodwa lezi zinyathelo babeyidlanzana nje iconsi olwandle. Absolutism ayivunyelwe ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano babo eside lamakhephithalisti umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho izakhiwo kwezomnotho kwaba kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Kwenzeke ukuba sijulise bomnotho, obonakaliswe ukukhula amanani ngokungabi bikho ukukhula ekukhiqizeni. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ishayé kanzima imikhakha ezabe zincishwe amathuba iningi labantu, kwaba esinye sokukhula yelikhono podstegnuvshih womaya wamavukelambuso emphakathini.

isibonelo esihle futhi babonisa empini US ukuzimela, ephefumula ngethemba French wamavukelambuso. Uma sikhuluma French Revolution emfushane (kanye ekucabangeleni oye wabonisa ukuvuthwa kuso), kufanele kuphawulwe, futhi izinkinga sezombusazwe kuleliya France. Izicukuthwane kubhekwe ngokwayo ibekwe phakathi edwaleni basebunzimeni - kwenkosi nabantu. Ngakho-ke ngamandla ivinjiwe zonke ezintsha ukuthi, ngokombono wakhe, sesatshiswa bahumusha futhi izintandokazi. Inkosi wayeqonda ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthatha okungenani okuthile: France wayengasakwazi siphile ngendlela endala.

Ukubiza-United Jikelele 5 Meyi 1789

Zonke izigaba ezintathu aphishekele imigomo yabo kanye nezinhloso. Le nkosi yayinethemba ugweme ukuwa kwezomnotho ngokushintsha isimo uhlelo intela. Izicukuthwane - ukulondoloza isikhundla salo, ke kwekuhlela kabusha zazidingeka ngokucacile. Abantu abavamile, noma izindlu lwesithathu, babenethemba lokuthi United-Jikelele iyoba yindawo lapho izimangalo zabo laqulwa. Swan, le isikhuphashe futhi Pike ...

mpikiswano abanolaka and izingxoxo ngenxa ukwesekwa esikhulu sabantu ukuxazululwa esivuna Okwesithathu bezindlu ngempumelelo. 1200 ezingu 610, noma iningi Ukuthunjwa kwabo. Futhi ngokushesha ababenakho ithuba ukuze abonise amandla alo ezombangazwe ngokungathandabuzi. Juni 17 enkundleni ngoba ibhola imidlalo abamele abantu, sibambe ukudideka futhi yokushintshashintsha phakathi kwabefundisi basebukhosini kuphela, ememezela ukusungulwa weSigungu Sikazwelonke, sifunga ukuhlakaza kuze umthethosisekelo. Abefundisi kanye yezikhulu shoka them. I izindlu lwesithathu selukhombisile ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba kubhekwe.

Bastille

Ukuqala French Revolution imakwe esiyingqopha - ukuthatha we Bastille. The French ukugubha lolu suku njengendlela iholidi kazwelonke. Njengoba-mlando, imibono yabo zazihlukaniswe: kukhona abagxeki abanomuzwa wokuthi noma yimuphi iqoqo futhi wayengekho: i-de isikaniso ngokuzithandela umaluju ngokwakhe, ngakho konke okwenzeka ngenxa yokushayela budedengu yesixuku. Ngaso leso sikhathi kubalulekile ukuba ucacise amaphoyinti athile. Ukuthatha kunjalo, kanye abashonile. Abaningana baye bazama ukwehlisa ibhuloho, futhi ecindezelwe zalezi zingozi. Garrison ayengakwenza ukuze simelane, wayenobuhlobo isibhamu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho. Yayingekho ukudla, kodwa umlando uyazi izibonelo ukuzivikela nobuqhawe inqaba.

Kususelwa imibhalo esinalo okulandelayo: nguNgqongqoshe wezeziMali Nekkera ku-yiPhini Usigaxamabhande le nqaba Pyuzho zonke wakhuluma ngesihloko ukuqedwa we Bastille, ngenkathi esho umbono jikelele. Isiphetho edumile inqaba ejele kokuvalelwa - futhi ngakho-ke lalizobhidlizwa. Kodwa umlando akamazi kwemizwelo subjunctive: Julayi 14, 1789 kwaba ukuthathwa kwe-Bastille, futhi lokhu kwasho ukuqala French Revolution.

ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo

Ukunqunywa abantu France ophoqelelwe uhulumeni athambise isandla. Amadolobha Omasipala kwashintsha kwaba isigodi - kombuso ozimele wamavukelambuso. tricolor abadumile French - ifulege elisha kazwelonke kwavunyelwana. National Guard eliholwa de Lafayette, eyaduma iMpi US of Independence. ISishayamthetho Sikazwelonke waqala kusaqhuba uhulumeni omusha futhi libhala umthethosisekelo. Agasti 26, 1789 amukela le "ISimemezelo Samalungelo yoMuntu the Citizen" - idokhumenti ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni-French Revolution. Kuyo kwathiwa amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko France entsha. Manje wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko kanembeza kanye ukumelana nokucindezelwa. Ngangibona baveze imibono yabo futhi ukuze avikeleke emimoyeni nokungena endaweni yangasese. Manje bonke babe abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi kufanele izibopho elilingana intela. Inani French Revolution obonakaliswe zonke umugqa kwale dokhumenti ezithuthukayo. Nakuba amazwe amaningi European aqhubeka nokuhlukumezeka kusukela ekungalinganini emphakathini eyenziwe izinsalela Ephakathi.

Nakuba kwekuhlela kabusha 1789-1791 GG. izinto eziningi ziye zashintsha ngendlela emangalisayo, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ze umthetho ku nokucindezela iyiphi ukuvukela aqondiswe abampofu. Liphinde sinqatshiwe ukuze ujoyine Izinyunyana nokuziphatha iziteleka. Abasebenzi futhi bedukiswa.

Septhemba 3, 1891 umthethosisekelo omusha wamukelwa. Waphelelwa ilungelo lokuvota ukuze inani elilinganiselwe amalungu kwezakhi phakathi. Wahlela ukuba kube LoMhlangano elisha Legislative, elimalungu alo ayikwazanga ayakhethwa. Konke lokhu ezaba nomthelela radicalization sabantu kanye nokwenzeka nzise despotism.

Usongo lokuhlasela zangaphandle nokuwela kwamakhosi

England wesaba ukuthi ukwamukelwa yizinguquko kwezomnotho eziphambili nomthelela imizamo yeFrance, ngakho konke amandla ukulungisa ayehlasela Austria futhi Prussia zaziphonswa. AmaFulentshi Patriotic asekelwe ucingo ukuvikela ezweni lenkaba yawo. INational Guard of France wakhuthaza shift of amandla senkosi, lapho kusungulwa i-republic kanye nokuzikhethela kombuthano kazwelonke omusha. UMbusi Brunswick wakhipha Manifesto lapho echaza izinhloso zakhe: ukuba bahlasele France futhi ababhubhise inguquko. Uma Ufunde ngayo Paris, izenzakalo French Revolution basungula ngokushesha. Agasti 10 amavukelambuso aya Tuileries kanye nokuvimbela Swiss Guards, waboshwa eziyisikhombisa yenkosi. abantu elikhazimulayo zafakwa ethempelini inqaba.

Impi kanye nomthelela wakhona inguquko

Ukuze uchaze ngobufuphi French Revolution, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isimo emphakathini French ukuxuba ukubazindlekela, ukwesaba, ukungathembani nebabayo oluyingozi. Lafayette wagijima emngceleni inqaba Longwy umaluju ngaphandle kokulwa. Laqala ukuhlanza, ukuboshwa kanye ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu ku isinyathelo we Jacobins. Iningi girondins phansi kusivumelwano babe - bona owahlela ukuzivikela, ngisho ekuqaleni elinqobile. amapulani abo ayengamakhulu ebanzi: kusukela ukuqedwa Paris isigodi ukuba ukuthunjwa Holland. Ngesikhathi iFrance ngesikhathi esicishe sibe yimpi yangempela yonke iYurophu.

izingxabano Siqu kanye ngokuxabana, ekunqabeni ezingeni lokuphila ukuvinjelwa kwezomnotho - bedle lezi zici ukuthonya girondins baqala ukuncipha abantu abakhuluma, futhi lokhu wawusiza Jacobins. Ukukhashelwa Jikelele Dumouriez kwaba izaba ephelele angimangalele uhulumeni ka ubambisene isitha futhi ususe kuye kusukela amandla. Danton kwaholela iKomiti wokuphepha komphakathi - amandla esiphezulu ukuthi bagxila ezandleni Jacobins. Inani French Revolution futhi izimiso okuyiwona injena, akusenanjongo. Ukwesaba, lobudlova laqothula France.

ukwesaba Apogee

France ayedabula sezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu emlandweni wethu siqu. Ibutho lakhe lalingezwakali abase bebaleka, ntshonalanga kuthonywa girondins kwaholela ukuvukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasekeli asebenzayo yokubusa kwamakhosi. Ukufa Marat Robespierre kuyinto washaqeka ukuze wayelangazelela igazi kuphela.

IKomiti Ukuphepha komphakathi lidlule imisebenzi kahulumeni - negagasi ukwesaba adlula phezu France. Ngemva kwemukelwa esinqumweni Juni 10, 1794 ummangalelwa banqatshelwe ilungelo ukuzivikela. Imiphumela French Revolution, ngesikhathi kubusa umashiqela we Jacobins -. Cishe lawo lalingaba zinkulungwane 35 efile kanye ezingaphezu kuka-120 eziyinkulungwane kokubaleka ekudingisweni ..

izinqubomgomo ukwesaba kangaka ugxile Abadali zayo, ukuthi republic, nokwaziwa ngayizonda, abulawe.

Napoleon Bonaparte

EFrance sophe ezimhlophe elihlaselwe impi yombango revolution futhi buthaka umfutho nokubamba. Konke ishintshile: manje ukushushiswa nokuhlukumeza abangu babezilolongela Jacobins. club yabo savalwa, kanye neKomiti wokuphepha komphakathi kancane kancane balahlekelwa amandla. Convention, ivikela izintshisekelo zalabo abanempahla niye nacetshiswa eminyakeni inguquko, kunalokho, waqinisa isikhundla sakhe, kodwa isikhundla sakhe wahlala engenamali. Sibambe lokhu, Jacobins abaqalise mutiny ngoMeyi 1795, ukuthi, nakuba uJesu ayengumuntu lume wacindezeleka kakhulu, kodwa iye yashesha nokuqedwa soMthetho-sisekelo.

Republican nendawo girondins ukudala lwemibhalo. France lusobishini inkohlakalo, ukuzitika ngamanyala iwe egcwele yokuziphatha. Omunye abanegama iningi Directory kwaba Bala Barras. Yathi Napoleon Bonaparte futhi eyayimfuqa kuye ngokusebenzisa kwababusi ngokuthumela e nomkhankaso wempi.

Ekugcineni abantu bephelelwa ithemba lwemibhalo kanye nabaholi bayo zezombusazwe, futhi lokhu wathatha Napoleon. Novemba 9, 1799 ezamenyezelwa imodi Ihhovisi. Zonke amandla esiphezulu bagxila ezandleni inxusa Okokuqala - Napoleon Bonaparte. Imisebenzi nezinye abameleli ababili babe sokweluleka kuphela. Inguquko iphelile.

Izithelo inguquko

Imiphumela French Revolution obonakaliswe ushintsho izakhiwo kwezomnotho kanye nezinguquko ubudlelwane kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. ISonto kanye Izicukuthwane ekugcineni saphuthelwa yiwo amandla yayo yangaphambili kanye nethonya. France waqhamuka komzila kwezomnotho le-capitalism kanye intuthuko. Abantu bakhona, omnene ezimpini nobunzima, ifa enamandla kakhulu esebenza kahle ibutho ngaleso sikhathi. Inani French Revolution mkhulu ezingqondweni izizwe eziningi European kwakhiwa izimiso zokulingana iphupho inkululeko. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba khona ukwesaba kuphazamiseka entsha futhi izinguquko.