"Soyuz" rocket. Qalisa rocket "Soyuz"

Ngokokuqala ngqá rocket "Soyuz" mkhathi bavimba wethulwa 04/23/1968 ukuthi okuzoqondiswa by umshayeli-Cosmonaut yayo uVladimir Komarov. Sayofika lapho sasiya khona ikhomba unamaphutha amaningi e isakhiwo. Usuku emva kwethulwa umkhumbi wenqaba ukuhlenga uhlelo lapho egijima iyunithi kusuka orbit. Umkhumbi ne-astronaut ngaphakathi phansi. With ngozi enyantisa igazi kwaqala dlela mkhathi, kamuva elaba isikhala isikhathi eside. I sihloko sigxile ebuhlotsheni yenethiwekhi rocket "Soyuz".

Umlando sokudalwa

"Union" kuyinto ezintathu isigaba kwethulwa imoto (LV). Yaklanyelwa ukusebenzisa ku Umhlaba orbit mkhathi inabasebenzi "Soyuz", amayunithi ngokuzenzakalela "Isikhala".

Inqubo yokudala 20.05.1954, nge isinqumo ukuthuthukisa i InterContinental missile ballistic. Abaholi yenqubo ukuthuthukiswa babe D. I. Kozlov futhi S. P. Korolev. Isisekelo rocket abasha 'kwelanga "nethi" R-7A ". Laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1953.

Ukuhlolwa kwazo zonke izici ukwakhiwa isayithi isivivinyo waqala ngo-1955. Kwanqunywa ukuba adale kuyo Kazakhstan ngesikhathi esiteshini sesitimela Ezobuchwepheshe-Tam. Namuhla, it is bonke eyaziwa le Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Kuphela ngemva kokudalwa ngempumelelo LV "Vostok", "Voskhod" SP Korolev waqala ukuthuthukisa isiqondiso olusha ngokuphelele ukuhlola umkhathi. Waqala ekuthuthukiseni mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo (SC) nge module esemkhathini ebhodini. Qalisa PC kwaba rocket "Soyuz".

Sidale ngesisekelo RN yayo "kwelanga". A sesimanje abalulekile wayeyizwa block esigabeni sesithathu. Kungenzeka ukwandisa amandla izici zedivayisi.

design

Lo rocket "Soyuz" ngokusobala inezici ehlukile isakhiwo. It is kalula obonwa ohlangothini amabhlogo amane ukuma oyindilinga, itholakala ku esigabeni sokuqala.

Ubude kuxhomeke ohlotsheni PC, kodwa ayidluli sibalo 50,67 amamitha. Ukuqala mass kumele kube amathani esingaphansi 308 nge isisindo ingqikithi uphethiloli therein 274 amathani.

izingxenye Uphiko:

• Level 1 siqukethe booster ezine;
• 2nd - Le yunithi emaphakathi "A";
• 3rd - block "B";
• uhlelo wokutakula eziphuthumayo;
• Inkokhelo adaptha;
• nosecone.

Isikhala rocket "Union" uyakwazi ukwethula othwala izimpahla amathani 7.1.

fuel

Kuzo zonke izigaba ezintathu rocket wasebenzisa fuel efanayo. Bona kuphuma jet kaphalafini T-1. I-ejenti oxidizing kuyinto umoya-mpilo ketshezi. Akukhona anobuthi, kodwa okusezingeni eliphezulu umlilo ingozi futhi kuqhume.

Ukuze nokusebenza kwezimiso asizayo okugqugquzelwa apharathasi lemali ezincane of liquid nitrogen, le peroxide hydrogen.

ukulungiswa RN

Lo rocket "Soyuz" izele kwamanye ukulungiswa yayo:

• "Union-L" - ukuhlola module enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. It oluqalisa yayiqhutshelwa kusukela Baikonur Cosmodrome e 1970-1971 GG.
• "Soyuz-M" - zonke ukuqalisa yayiqhutshelwa kusukela Plesetsk Cosmodrome e 1971-1976 GG. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngosizo waletha umkhumbi ku-orbit, bese zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukusebenzisa razvedsputnikov Zenith "Orion".
• "Soyuz-U" - kuhloswe ukwethula ku-orbit sebuningini mkhathi (cargo bavimba imigwaqo). It ihlukile design eziyisisekelo izinjini ezinamandla kakhudlwana 1st nezinyathelo 2nd. Ngokusho isikhathi lanamuhla kwenza ukuqalisa mayelana 770.
• "Soyuz-2" - uhlobo ukuguqulwa W. Iphrojekthi ibizwa ngokuthi "Rus".
• "Soyuz-ST" - yasungulwa ngesisekelo uhlobo 2. Ukunikezela ukuqalisa ukuthengisa kusuka naseKourou.

umlando ukuqalisa

Kusukela 1966 kuya ku-1976 yathela 32 kwethulwa, zazo 30 abaphumelela. rocket Okokuqala wethulwa 11.28.1966, ngenxa okuyinto sathathwa ku-orbit umkhumbi unmanned. Isikhathi sokugcina rocket "Soyuz", okuyinto ethulwa izithombe, zenyukela 14.10.1976 nyaka, ukuthuthela umkhumbi ezokuthutha zibe orbit.

Zonke ukuqalisa ayenziwa ngesikhumba Baikonur. Ngenxa yale njongo №1 ukuqalisa pads, №31.

Ukwethulwa "Union" kwaphawulwa izinhlekelele ezimbili, eyokuqala senzeka 14.12.1966 ngonyaka. Izinkinga zaqala belungiselela kwethulwa, lapho ohlangothini iyunithi akuyona kwabangela Pyro. Isisetshenziswa ehluleka, rocket wahlala nokuma. Kuze fuel ezihlangene, kwabangela uhlelo oluphuthumayo wokutakula, okuyinto sonke lesi sikhathi luqhubeka futhi wabukela isimo lomkhumbi. Isizathu sokuba ukufakwa ohlelweni kwakuwukuthi Umhlaba ishintshile nge Ukujikeleza engela, futhi nalo, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo rocket. Amatilosi ngalesi sikhathi wema ngasemnyango unyawo RN.

Njengengxenye rocket, okunye phansi, lasha kokupholisayo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukuqhuma okwalandela. Abantu abaningi yakwazi ukuhamba kuleli indawo. Washona ngokushesha Korostylev Major, ngubani wacasha odongeni ayiminyanisa yi intuthu. Ngosuku lwesibili, kwashona amasosha amabili.

Ingozi yesibili iphutha 04.05.1975 ngonyaka. Ebhanoyini kwakukhona PC VG Lazarev futhi OG Makarov. Benza indiza emkhathini yesibili. Izinkinga zaqala ngo-PC zizalela ku-orbit, ezishintshayo ukwenze somnyango eziphuthumayo. Ngesikhathi lokhu kubuthwa ukuphakama amakhilomitha 150.

Umkhumbi wawusengozini ohlangothini sentaba eseduze edolobheni laseGorno-Altaisk. Wagingqa sehle egqumeni futhi babanjwe kwesihlahla isimangaliso okhule emaphethelweni a precipice. I osomkhathi ngasinda sibonga yokuthi lesi sigameko akazange enze parachute. osomkhathi bashiye ngendiza enophephela emhlane. indiza yabo yathatha imizuzu 21 imizuzwana 27.