Battleship "Mikasa": imodeli, isithombe, ukuhlola iphrojekthi, umonakalo, kuphi?

Namuhla kunzima ukuthola umuntu owazi mayelana neMpi Russian-Japanese lutho. Nokho, abanye ngalokwanele khumbula nokuvinjelwa ePort Arthur, kodwa lolu lwazi ngokuvamile ukuqeda.

Futhi ngeze, ngoba leyo mpi - luyingqophamlando wezwe lakithi, yezimbangela eziyinhloko we Okthoba Revolution, njengoba ngokuhamba ubutha ngokuqondile ukunquma ukuthi ukungakwazi inkosi futhi uhulumeni ngokwanele ukuhlola izinsongo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ukuthatha izinyathelo futhi bawabulale bakuqala.

Omunye Amatshwayo ngxabano baba (ne-Japanese ohlangothini) yempi "Mikasa". Japanese namanje uyaziqhenya kwalomkhumbi, manje uba Museum elintantayo.

Uhlolojikelele

Ngesikhathi yokwakhiwa kwalesi uhlobo yempi yaba ezinamandla kakhulu futhi sina yempi ahlomile ngaselangeni njengoba liphuma, omunye imikhumbi elikhulu kwesikhathi. Wayengene shí, njengoba iwuhlelo Admiral Togo, empini phakathi Russia nase-Japan. Wahlanganyela ePort Arthur we izenzakalo Tsushima Battle. Phakathi Okokuqala Umhlaba ukuqaphile ogwini of Japan. Manje yempi "Mikasa" - emnyuziyamu elise ethekwini Yokosuka.

Ukuze yena wadalwa?

Ngo-1895, lapho Japan wahlasela nezokulima kanye nokutholakala emuva China, okuyinto kwaba ngokuphelele ezingalindelekile lomcimbi umphakathi wezwe lonke. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaJapane zisekhona unganelisekile abo izifiso yasebukhosini, kanye nendima ebalulekile ke odlale ezweni lethu. Zacindezelwa uMbuso isiRashiya, kwakudingeka bawumise umsebenzi ukuletha amalungelo abo Manchuria, njengoba kwakumelwe enze lwenhlonipho "intando kaNkulunkulu enhle", enikeza Lushun ababekade bethunjiwe (ePort Arthur). Lokhu kubangelwe yokuthi e Chefoo ke kwaba isigaba Russian, okuyinto ukuxhumana Japanese engafuni.

Nokho, uhulumeni wase-Japanese babona ukuthi kusadingeka silwe eRussia, futhi ukunqoba, ecabangela izici eziningi yaseshashalazini yezinto ukulwa imisebenzi kuzoncika impumelelo nokusebenza ngoxhaxha (kanye ukutholakala). Ngo-1895, i-Japanese wathatha Uhlelo shipbuilding iminyaka 10, sihlinzekela ukwakha yemikhumbi eminingi yanamuhla ukulwa.

ukwakhiwa

Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi ngisemsebenzini Japanese ngaleso sikhathi akazange banelise tidzingo yesimanjemanje, yempi "Mikasa" Yakhiwa e-UK. Lubhekele Umklamo unjiniyela IsiZulu Makrou D. S. okuthile okusha, akazange baziqambela, kodwa umane based kahle kungase kutholakale yempi British ekilasini lakhe "Canopus". "Ozalweni" yakhe futhi "Mikasa". Battleship kuyinto "owalandela uhlobo" Uyakufanelekela, iyavuleka izinhlangothi zombili emihle nemibi yephrojekthi ngesiNgisi.

Bookmark umkhumbi iye yenziwa e Barrow inkampani ngisemsebenzini Vickers (nomkhiqizi ithangi esizayo). Kwathi 24.01.1899 ngonyaka. Amanzi iwuhlelo ikusasa ngoxhaxha Japanese wethulwa 11.08.1900 ngonyaka. Ngo ukusebenza ke lwaqala, le 01/03/1902. Ngaleso sikhathi, siye ngokugcwele ligcwaliswe zonke izinyathelo ukuhlolwa isimo. Izindleko yephrojekthi Ayikho idatha olunembile, kodwa izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi kwaba okungenani kwesigidi pound, ngaleso sikhathi e-"dollar okulingana" elilingana abayizigidi ezine.

izici izindlu

Ayikho azisafani nezinye izitsha ezakhiwe phakathi neminyaka 1895-1896, yempi "Mikasa" sekuyinkinga omele zakudala umkhumbi-esikoleni uSir William Genri Uayta.

Ezezindlu wabuthela kusuka steel shipbuilding premium, uhlelo uzomisa ozimele umzimba - transverse. umkhumbi Single-emphemeni lakhiwa scheme, acinene ozimele ukuvaleka lalilincane kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvaleka amidships futhi aft ukubonakaliswa ezahlukene. Ngaphakathi kunjalo ngodonga ekhethekile amanzi angangeni ziye ahlelwe, lapho umkhumbi lahlukaniswa laba linezingxenye ezincane ezimbalwa. Banika ukuzinza ezengeziwe isitsha nabo torpedoes.

Isici esivelele sesimiso armadillo kubhekwe amabhodi double futhi esikabili. I anda zempi ungqimba ephakanyiswe bronepaluby ezingeni. Eyesibili lolwehlukanisa umnsalo umkhumbi wawususukile rush, okuyinto kwakufanele ukuba akhonze njengephayona ziyalungiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Armadillo "Mikasa" (isithombe yalo ziboniswe impahla) waba evelele bodwa emphemeni engenhla. keels Lateral ayehloselwe ekulinganiseni umkhumbi ngesikhathi ewa.

Ukuziqhenya bemikhumbi British wawuyingxenye Hartman Rahtien, ehlanganisa sikebhe kwamanzi. It kuvimbela amagobolondo ungcolisa nethuthukisiwe izinga Ukugibela izindlu, ukunciphisa hudula we uketshezi.

Imininingwane izivikelo zomzimba

ukufuduka kwengxenye yomzimba - amathani angaphezu kwangu-15. ukufuduka Okugcwele - amathani 16. Maximum Ubude - 132 metres, phakathi perpendiculars - 122 metres. Ububanzi isilinganiso umzimba - 24 amamitha, ukujula avareji - eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili.

Battleship "Mikasa" ayehlukile kuzo imikhumbi eyakhelwe eJapane, Ukuthi wayenamadodakazi igebe ezincane kakhulu phakathi Barbet 305-mm izibhamu. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni icwecwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, isinqumo design onjalo kwenza kwangenzeka nganoma ukufakwa 152-mm izibhamu casemates olulodwa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi abaklami kwadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga-non-eziwubala ne nokubekwa umkhumbi amabhande ezintathu zempi. Ukuphakama main zempi ibhande - mayelana 2.5 m ngaphezu kwamanzi kwelasempumalanga cishe 70 cm.

Emkhakheni ukushuba maphakathi no-kwesigaba zempi safinyelela 229 mm, kodwa ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuthi kancane kancane kuze kube 127 mm. Kanye emaphethelweni zempi lenqaba wayebuye izacile, kuze kufinyelele 178 mm, futhi mayelana zempi unqamule ngokuphelele safinyelela 102-127 mm. Kungcono endaweni enqabeni ngokwayo evikelwe. Njengoba wathatha bronepoyas main, abaklami baye bakwazi ukuvikela 152-mm yayo zempi.

Ikhipha Kwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile lwesithathu zempi ibhande ezisabalele kuze kube emphemeni engenhla. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukuvikela amabhethri nesithupha intshi izibhamu. Sishilo kakade ukuthi ezinye zezinqumo design babengavunyelwe ukufaka izibhamu 152-mm casemates olulodwa, kodwa zazingazikhathazi izibhamu ezine kwi emphemeni engenhla. Bakhandwa ivikelwe 152 mm kanti ngaphandle zempi 51 mm - kusuka ngaphakathi.

Ezinye izingxenye ukubhuka

Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi avikelekile barabety umlilo main futhi yempi gumbi - 356 mm zempi. Attached barabetam ingxenye lenqaba awazange armored kanye - "kuphela" 203 mm ensimbi. Njengoba behla benyuka emphemeni ongaphezulu adjoined ukuze izitshalo ngumuntu engela okunengqondo, nabaqambi abavikele zempi ipuleti ukushuba 152 mm kuphela. Kwakwanele ukumelana ukuqhuma kwezibhamu kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusiza design ngaphandle komkhumbi.

Zonke isibhamu ubuhlalu lokulinganisa abangu imbozwe oluvikelayo ukushuba ka 254 mm (ebunzini). Izinhlangothi nophahla avikelekile kancane nakakhulu - 203 mm. emphemeni Upper Okuhlezi emqondweni amashidi 25 mm. emphemeni Lower (isibhamu ngaphakathi lenqaba) waba ukushuba 51 mm (lapho bevels ku babengamaphesenti 76 mm). Nice ukuba avikelwe futhi turtleback, okuyinto zazilingana incwadi 76 mm.

Futhi, onjiniyela abahlinzeke ivikeleke kakhulu basembhoshongweni conning, lapho kwakukhona amadivayisi ukulawula imoto enkulu (ie, amasondo ayo, yona intercoms ukuxhumana konke okuthunyelwe lempi). Ngoba thina wasebenzisa Krupp zempi okuyisipesheli ukujiya kwaba 356 mm, endlwaneni eyakhiwe aft (okwashiwo efanayo) wawuvikelwa nesizotha, lapho zempi ipuleti waba ukushuba 76 mm.

Ngokuvamile, yempi "Mikasa", ogama imodeli yasungulwa okungcono IsiZulu unjiniyela, waba owokuqala imikhumbi Japanese, elalisetshenziswa ukuvikela steel is oluqanjwe Krupp indlela. Ngaphambi yasetshenziselwa Harvey zempi, ukumelana kabani usunciphe ngamaphesenti 16-20%. By the way, isisindo egcwele zempi phezu "Mikasa" bafinyelela izinga elingakaze amathani 4091 (cishe 30% tonnage ingqikithi umkhumbi).

Uhlelo ngamandla umkhumbi

ezimbili-shaft isikimu yasetshenziselwa ukwakha. "Inhliziyo" emkhunjini ayemathathu cylinder umusi izinjini oluqanjwe "Vickers". Isici yalesi indlela kwaba ukusetshenziswa amandla "ukunwetshwa kathathu" pair, kanjalo ukwazi ukulondoloza fuel futhi bafinyelele ububanzi esiphezulu ikhambo kwenye ukugcwaliswa. I-stroke piston kwaba imitha kwelilodwa!

isivinini shaft ku cruise run imodi ifinyelela 125 rev / imiz. Yasetshenziswa ukuze ukhiqize umusi kubhayela 25 Belleville, ukumelana esiphezulu umusi ingcindezi ka 21 kg / cm². Njengoba egumbini lenjini ngokwayo, izingxenye zawo oluqanjwe "Vickers".

Ebusweni ingqikithi kubhayela ifinyelela izinkulungwane 3.5 m. ^2, wonke usayizi grates safinyelela 118,54 m ^2. I ububanzi we noshimula ezimbili idlule amamitha amane! Umthamo yakhelwe ngayinye sokuphehla amandla uyalingana 16 000 l / s, okuyinto ovunyelwe ukufinyelela ijubane Cruising 18 ifindo. Yiqiniso, imishini kuphela uma hhayi ezigugile izindlela inkonzo ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa onjiniyela bendiza wazenza ngethusi manganese.

Kukusiza ukubona yempi kwakhiwa kanjani Mikasa, umkhumbi imidwebo, ozosithola emakhasini le ephepheni.

fuel amasheya

Amalahle egcinwe umkhumbi e hoppers ezimbili ezinkulu kuyoshaya kanye azungezwe kokubili amabhodi ahlelwe parallel egumbini umshini. Futhi kwawo kwaba kukhulu emathangini avuzayo nge namalahle kancane rose Phezu komkhumbi main: kwenziwa ngenhloso, ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okungcono. Ngokuvamile, ebhodini icala amathani 700 amalahle, isitokwe wobuningi wawuyizigidi zezigidi 1.5. Tonnes.

Ngesivinini ifindo eziyishumi umkhumbi wawungahamba unqobe lo 4,600 nautical miles sihamba ngesivinini esiphelele (16 ifindo), ibanga ibihamba 1900 nautical miles. Nge ukudlula ukuhlolwa isimo iqembu, wakwazi 'raskochegarit "umkhumbi kuze kube 16.5 ayizinkulungwane. L / s ngesivinini irekhodi 18,45 ifindo.

Jikelele izici ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle iwuhlelo babe kuhle, kodwa umkhumbi injabulo kuhle ababuthakathaka kwadingeka ukuthambekela "kungcwatshwa" negagasi. Ukulahlekelwa ezinqala isivinini izici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithimba ayikwazanga ujwayele ukusebenzisa u-on-ebhodini wezikhali izikhali.

Okunye Avionics

Esikebheni kwakuneqembu kwakunamabandla amathathu umusi generator ukuthi ongaveza zinamandla oqondile samanje 80 V, umthamo wabo Imininingwane safinyelela 144 kW. Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu.

Emkhunjini futhi ezintathu Martin iba ihange ifakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba lula Tactical Imininingwane ukulwa ethungatha wakhonza spotlight eziyisithupha. Kulokhu ke, ababili babo elise on Mars, futhi ezine - esikebheni futhi umnsalo kwebhuloho.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana iwuhlelo okuthembekile, Japan (kanye kuzo zonke izimo odlule) usayine isivumelwano ne inkampani Italy "Marconi". Radio antenna welulela phakathi useyili futhi mainsail insika. Ukuxhumana ububanzi siswele cishe 180 nautical miles.

Ezokutakula nezisebenzi ngesikhathi torpedoing Floating enikeziwe kusho 15 letingemasayizi lahlukene.

Combat isicelo, ePort Arthur

08/02/1904 (okusha Style - Januwari 26) yempi "Mikasa" wafika esiqhingini round, ngokuba iseduze ePort Arthur. Ngehora lesihlanu ntambama emihlanu kwaba phezu iwuhlelo insika amafulegi ayebekwe, okuqukethwe athi: "Qhubekani kuhlaselwa uhlelo zangaphambi okhethiwe. Ngikufisela inhlanhla. " Owesithoba Februwari "Mikasa" (e-isigaba of yempi eyisishiyagalombili) waqonda ngqo ePort Arthur waxhumana ngoxhaxha Russian.

Ngezinye 11 uyivule umlilo main umlilo, futhi imikhumbi zethu at ibanga obuphelele 46,5 ikhebula kusuka kuye. A imizuzwana embalwa kamuva Flagship asekelwe umlilo imikhumbi esele okuvela kuyo le-Japanese, ngokushesha ngemuva yamshaya ironclads Russian futhi ogwini amabhethri.

Kakade ngesikhathi 11,16 salotshwa hit ngqo ku "Mikasa" 254-mm projectile. It kwaholela umonakalo mainsail nokubhujiswa (esinqunyiwe) aft ngayo leli bhuloho. Kulimale abantu abayisikhombisa. Nokho, kusasele imizuzu embalwa kamuva - futhi hit, sabe sesihlasela mainmast. okungenani izikhathi ezintathu yinhlamvu ezikhungethwe impi ifulege, okuyinto cishe ngokushesha hung endaweni. Ngezinye 11,45 Admiral Togo, umlawuli yempi, wayala ukuba isigaba ashona.

Ngaleso sikhathi, yempi "Mikasa" umonakalo lapho ungameli usongo ngqo, kwakungase siqhubeke nokulwa. Togo wathatha imikhumbi aphume ilebula ugu umlilo ibhethri projectiles okuyinto, ngisho emva single, ungase uthumele umkhumbi baya phansi.

Ngalolo suku, noma yikuphi ukuphumelela okunenjongo akuyona ephelezelwa yiziphi izinhlangothi empini. Esikhathini esizayo futhi "Mikasa" izenzo zibaluleke ngokukhethekile angawenzanga, kodwa isikebhe sakhe ephethwe kwesami izikhathi ezimbalwa kanzima kulimaze abanye yempi Russian.

Tsushima

Ngasekuqaleni kuka entwasahlobo 1905, yempi Mikasa ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe abuyiselwe ngemva kwempi. Banikezwe isipiliyoni wezimpi langaphambilini, amaJapane umyalo omkhulu ngaphambilini ukwandisa lo izinhlamvu ebhodini. Futhi wayedinga Japanese kakhulu ngo-May 14 kumaminithi 13.10, uma Battle of Tsushima.

Le mpi wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, yempi Japanese "Mikasa" wathola mayelana 40 hits (futhi kuba - kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu). Iningi lawo abantu e amagobolondo 305-mm. waphenduka Iningi esibi casements yesithathu 152 mm inganono. ophahleni yayo eseke 305-mm igobolondo Russian. Ngenxa yalokho, sabulala abantu abangaba ayisishiyagalolunye. Lo mkhumbi inenhlanhla kakhulu ukuba bangabi liqhuma nezinhlamvu.

Ngemva kwamahora amabili endaweni efanayo (!) Ingabe 152 mm projectile. Lesi sikhathi kwashona amatilosi ezimbili, kodwa ukuqhuma njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni langaphambilini, by nje kwaqondana ujabule, wagwenywa. Okunye umonakalo owenziwe ophumayo kwezibhamu eziningana aphume isinyathelo, ezimbalwa izindawo bahlakazeka esiyingozi izivikelo zomzimba amapuleti.

Kodwa ngcolile iphelile yokupaka ngo-September 11 on the base at Sasebo. Futhi namanje hhayi kusungulwa izizathu ngenxa ngalo liqhuma iningi on-ebhodini nezinhlamvu. Battleship "Mikasa" (elinendawo isithombe esihlokweni) waya ngokushesha kuze kufike phansi. It ukulondolozwa ukujula yakhe sincane, kodwa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kuphela wesine umzamo wokutakula impumelelo. Ngokushesha kwabulawa 256 amatilosi, kwalimala abangaphezu 343 ngaphezulu, futhi kamuva wazibonakalisa ebulalayo.

Imbobo omkhulu ibhodi wavala, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga 11 umkhumbi wawususukile emuva phakathi kwababusi. Nokho, kwathatha eminye iminyaka emibili ngoba yimali lokugcina imiphumela sigemegeme. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala umkhumbi izulazula ogwini of Japan, bahlanganyela kokungenela, waba usufikile eBay of Vladivostok.

Ekugcineni, kusukela umkhumbi Navy waxoshwa ngo-1923. By endleleni, umuntu futhi namanje abone umkhumbi "Mikasa" (Battleship). Kuphi lokhu kuba umkhumbi manje? Ima ku Yokosuka.

Phela, inqubo ukuguqulwa ku yempi Museum ngokwalo wanika onjiniyela eziningi izinkinga. Okokuqala, kwakudingeka bambe Kudokhu omkhulu ezomile, usigcwalisa amanzi ... bese kwenze kube esibuthakathaka ushise ngokuphelele semikhumbi. Lo mkhumbi sisenjalo namanje, sengathi babanjwe inomfi phezu waterline, sengathi ukulungele ngokugcwele umkhankaso omusha.

ngomfanekiso waKhe kabanzi lisetshenziswe ubuciko. Ngakho, sikunikeze yempi "Mikasa" iphepha unga cishe njalo esitolo isikhumbuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhumbi kungabonakala eziningi isiqophi imidlalo, ngokuvamile ezishiwo izincwadi.

esikhundleni ekupheleni

Ngakho, singakanani inhlanhla kwaba yempi Mikasa? Imodeli has ivelaphi isiNgisi, kodwa lokhu ongowokuzalwa Albion aba ngokumangalisayo ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo Japanese.

Phela, kwaba England, eqinisweni, baye bazuza ukwakhiwa komkhumbi. Okokuqala, izwe kwadingeka ithuba ukuthatha umsebenzi ozoyenza kule shipyards. Okwesibili (kodwa hhayi okungenani), cishe zonke "imikhiqizo ehlobene" like neziqhumane Japanese wabuye wathenga e-UK.

Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba umkhuba: ochwepheshe British balitadishisise impumelelo Japanese e Russian-Japanese War, sifinyelela iziphetho, benza izibikezelo, nginquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu nesimanje izimoto zawo. Futhi - ngaphandle ngokujoyina impi!

kwaba nje okuhle ukuthi yempi "Mikasa"? kokuhlaziywa Project impela high. Ochwepheshe uqaphele incwadi enhle ngisho izindlu, izikhali wawumuhle, umuhle kakhulu imishini izinga ngaphandle komkhumbi. izinga zempi steel is ikakhulukazi ayazise: uma kungenjalo ngezici zawo ngo-1905, umkhumbi cishe ngeke asinde amane hits oqondile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, armadillo "Mikasa" (izibalo siliqinisekise) kwadingeka umxhwele ukulwa survivability. It yafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa ilungiselelo okunengqondo linezingxenye amanzi angangeni.

Futhi ziyini amaphutha phrojekthi? Kwakumelwe futhi babekezelele eziningi. Okokuqala, siye kakade waveza ukuthambekela womkhumbi ukuba "kungcwatshwa" ngisho at wave ongaphakeme. Okwesibili, undunankulu Japanese ekuqaleni bafuna umkhumbi nge speed Cruising 25 ifindo, kodwa empeleni, yempi ubengase ukusheshisa kuze kufinyelele 18 ifindo.

Nokho, lezi trifles. Ngo umkhuba, Bathola ukuthi le ethile abalulekile kuphela kwaba izinhlamvu ezincane. Futhi, onjiniyela baye bathola ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside ngenxa iziqu kwezibhamu komlilo main.