Umthetho uHammurabi, noma umthombo wokuqala esithile somthetho esilotshiwe

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke umthombo umthetho ubhekwa umthetho uHammurabi, noma kunalokho isethi wabo, okuyinto ezilungisiwe impilo yaseBabiloni lasendulo umphakathi. Sithole ke ngesikhathi omunye uhambo bemivubukulo endaweni yeMesophothamiya, phakathi komfula edume iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. abavubukuli French basebenzé eShushani, elinye lamadolobha endala, elise-Iraq yanamuhla. okutholakele babe umxhwele: izinto zokuphila ngokwenyama, izibhebhe zobumba eziningi nemibhalo ye-cuneiform ongaqondakali, nezitsha. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka kuncike ekhethekile - black basalt insika ukuphakama 2.25 metres. Ingxenye engezansi ngokupheleleyo dibikeza-cuneiform izinhlamvu. Eliphezulu gqizisa umfanekiso kankulunkulu uShamash ilanga. Waphana ngabanye umuntu roll embethe isembatho sasebukhosini.

I Okutholakale wayiswa eParis, eFrance, e-National Museum of the Louvre. Abacwaningi ngokushesha wangena raptures, wokufunda imibhalo engaqondakali. Kwaba umsebenzi emangalisayo yobuciko ngesikhathi esifanayo isikhumbuzi yomthetho lasendulo, elika "imithetho yaseBabiloni yinkosi uHammurabi."

Kangakanani leli ummeli? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, kumelwe sibheke ibalazwe yezombusazwe yesifunda. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVIII. BC EMesophothamiya kwayena semizi, avamise ukuncintisana nabanye. UHammurabi united lezi uthi ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa, ayeke sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini wakhetha eBhabhiloni iyinhloko-dolobha. Ukuze ndawonye amandla alo, kuthatha awayo imithetho kanye nezinkambiso. Lena indaba uHammurabi, futhi siyini baqinisile?

Ummeli, ngubani yanikwa inkosi uShamash, yakhiwa ngesingeniso, izihloko (inani okuyinto ilingana 282) nesiphetfo. Ukwephula ukubakhulekela kwakubhekwa njengokuvukela ubugebengu ngokumelene unkulunkulu, ngakho wajeziswa kakhulu. UHammurabi yaseBhabhiloni wayezonikela ukuthula, ubulungiswa kanye nempumelelo. Article zahlanganiswa casuistic, okungukuthi, abazi ukuchaza imithetho jikelele futhi ezimweni ezithile zokuphila.

UHammurabi amangalelwe division of umphakathi ku-ngokugcwele futhi engalingani. Ukuze ubugebengu esifanayo basabela ngendlela ehlukile. Isimo esetshenziswa izigqila, futhi umuntu engaphansi ngokuphelele wayeyizwa intando yenkosi yakhe. Nokho, inceku bangase babe ensimini yakhe, umkhaya ngisho ukungena ukuthengiselana civil. UHammurabi lula ukwakheka yangasese, kodwa futhi alawule ubudlelwano civil kanye nomndeni, ufuzo.

Kwakuthakazelisa futhi inqubomgomo lobugebengu uMbuso waseBhabhiloni. UHammurabi wayefuna ukuqeda ububi, walwa no-izigebengu, abangamhloniphi uNkulunkulu nababi. imithetho yaKhe ngokuthi sokuphindisela, isijeziso, okuyinto zazilingana umonakalo owenziwe. Isimiso "iso ngeso, izinyo ngezinyo", okuyinto ke avele eBhayibhelini zazenzeka lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babevame ukusabisa, uhlelo inhlawulo futhi enkantolo evulekile njengomqondo oyinkolelo kohlelo tribal, bathunjelwa akhawunti nezimo ezenza.

Nakuba ummeli uHammurabi esetshenziswa ngempela isikhathi esifushane, ithonya lakhe kwi ukuthuthukiswa zesiko zomthetho zomhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu.