Kumiswa amadolobha ephakathi. Ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa amadolobha medieval ku-Europe

Ngemva kokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga e-Europe, i-Inkathi "enkathini yobumnyama." Phakathi nale nkathi, cishe yonke yomuzi yawa laphinde labhidlika futhi eyihlane. Izinduna zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala. Kakhulu kwanciphisa kwemali emnothweni. Izigodlo umane izipho. Uma omunye Abbey kokuzihlanganisa imikhiqizo yensimbi, kanti kwesinye, isibonelo, ubhiya ukuthi ukwenziwa, bathumela nomunye imikhiqizo. Abalimi uyabandakanyeka ngempahla.

Kodwa kancane kancane, obuciko ukuhweba waqala ukuvuseleleka, okuphumela ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha ephakathi. Abanye babo kabusha kusayithi we Polis lasendulo, abanye okwenzeka eduze zezindela, amabhuloho, emizaneni port, umgwaqo omatasa.

amadolobha Basendulo medieval

Ngaphansi koMbuso waseRoma izinqubomgomo ukuthuthukiswa kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nohlelo ivunywe kuqala. Wonke amadolobha amakhulu bekulokhu enkundleni yezemidlalo ukuze kube ezemidlalo ukulwa yayisetshenziselwa nezimpi zezilwi, amanzi, indle. Imigwaqo zenziwa flat futhi ebanzi. Ukuvela futhi ukwanda kwamadolobha medieval senzeka simo ezahlukene. Zazakhiwe chaotically, ngaphandle kwepulani ezivamile.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi-ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi eziningi nezakhiwo zasendulo yasetshenziswa hhayi ngenjongo zona ekuqaleni kwakhiwa. Ngakho, izindawo zokugezela amakhulu amaRoma zivame iguqulwe ukuze obuKristu. Futhi ngaphakathi Colosseum nokulungile enkundleni, noma nakha izindlu.

Indima ukuhweba

Urban Renaissance eYurophu baqala ne-Italy. ukuhweba Maritime nge eByzantium kanye amazwe Arab kwaholela ukuvela imali dolobha kusukela kubathengisi nge nhlonhlo. Igolide baqala ukuthuthelekela Italian edolobheni ephakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali uye washintsha indlela yokuphila enyakatho iMedithera. Esikhundleni umnotho wemvelo, lapho zonke ifa amakhosi asendulo unikeza yena konke okudingekile, lunye lesifunda ifikile.

ukuthuthukiswa yezandla

Trade zazithonya ukhiye kwi ukwakheka amadolobha ephakathi. izikebhe Urban kwaba indlela agcwele Amaholo. Ngaphambili, abalimi baphoqeleka ukuba bahlanganyele ukulima futhi, kanye nezinye yezandla. Manje thina nethuba efanele wahlanganyela yokukhiqiza of umkhiqizo ezikhethekile, ukudayisa imikhiqizo yabo futhi yasebenzisa leyo mali ukuthenga ukudla.

Ochwepheshe emizini babehlanganiswe inhlangano, okuthiwa ama-workshop. Lezi zinhlangano zadalwa ngenjongo yokusizana wokunqabela esincintisana nabo. izinhlobo eziningi yezandla bavunyelwa ukuba bahlanganyele workshop amalungu kuphela. Esikhathini nokuhlaselwa kwaleli dolobha yebutho isitha amalungu zezentengiselwano kwakhiwa amayunithi ukuzivikela.

isici zenkolo

Isiko Christian yokugogobala kumasayithi zenkolo futhi yaba nethonya kumiswa amadolobha ephakathi. Ekuqaleni, iningi izinsalela ohlonishwa kakhulu abaseRoma. Ukuze ahloniphe yibo, lo muzi uthola zezihambeli. Yiqiniso, ukuhamba uhambo olude ngalezo zinsuku ubengase kube abantu abangebona esibi. Kubo, eRoma amahhotela eziningi zavulwa, izindawo zokudla, izitolo kanye nezincwadi zenkolo.

Kwababhishobhi kwamanye amadolobha, ukubona indlela engenayo okuningi ukuletha eRoma abahambi ozinikele, futhi, wafuna ukuthola esifuze. izinto Engcwele kwalethwa esuka nazo emazweni akude noma ngokuyisimangaliso wathola kusayithi. Kungaba izinzipho ukuthi esiphambanweni Kristu, amandla abaphostoli, izingubo zikaJesu noma Virgin nezinye izinsalela ezifana. Laba bajikelezi babenekhono more ephethwe ukuheha, ayanda engenayo komuzi.

isici lempi

Kusukela izimpi ngokwezinga elikhulu ngumlando Ephakathi. Idolobhana ephakathi, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, kungaba into ebalulekile amasu ka ukuvikela imingcele kusukela ayehlasela isitha. Kulokhu, udonga lwawo olukhulukazi yangaphandle kwenza kube namandla ngokukhethekile futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi emzini behlaliswe khona isikaniso samabutho empi nokunikezwa enkulu amalungiselelo esibayeni uma kokuvinjezelwa eside.

Ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, abaningi ibutho lalinabashumayeli Amasosha. Lo mkhuba luvame ikakhulukazi e-Italy ocebile. Izakhamuzi lapho edolobheni akafunanga engozini enkundleni yempi, futhi ayethanda uqukethe ibutho mercenary. Usebenzela Swiss eziningi namaJalimane.

amanyuvesi

izikhungo zemfundo futhi waba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha ephakathi. Umlando amanyuvesi European iqala ekhulwini XI. Futhi lapha, futhi, igunya of amaNtaliyane. Ngo 1088 emzini Bologna iyona inyuvesi endala eYurophu yasungulwa. Uyaqhubeka ukuqeqesha abafundi osukwini lwethu.

Kamuva amanyuvesi uvele France, e-England, bese kwamanye amazwe. Aqhuba emfundisweni izifundo zenkolo wokuziphilisa. Amanyuvezi okukhona imali yangasese, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngezinga elithile eyanele yokuzibusa ngaphandle iziphathimandla. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kusadingeka imithetho evimbela amaphoyisa ukuya ensimini ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme.

bendawo

Ngakho, kwakukhona namakilasi amaningana, okuletha ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa amadolobha medieval ku-Europe.

1. Abathengisi: ethutha izimpahla ezehlukene by Ulwandle nezilwane ezihamba ezweni.

2. ifa ababazi: Nkosi, iveza imikhiqizo ezimbonini, baye baba isisekelo somnotho kuleli dolobha.

3. Abefundisi: Amasonto zezindela nje kuphela imikhuba yenkolo, kodwa futhi kwezesayensi kwezomnotho, kanye iqhaza empilweni zezombangazwe.

4. Amabutho amabutho hhayi kuphela nengxenye emikhankasweni kanye nokusebenza ukuzivikela, kodwa futhi ukulondoloza ukuthula edolobheni. Ababusi kwabadonsela ukuthunjwa lo bangamasela nabaphangi.

5. uProfesa nabafundi: amanyuvesi waba nethonya elikhulu kumiswa amadolobha ephakathi.

6. Izicukuthwane ekilasini: izigodlo zamakhosi, ezo, nezinye izicukuthwane futhi atholiwe ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni.

7. Okunye abanamakhono ofundile: odokotela, onobhala, kubaphathi bebhange, abahloli, amajaji, njll ...

8. I abampofu basemadolobheni: Izinceku, iziphanzi, amasela.

Ukulwela ukukhipha ukuzibusa

Land lapho kuphakama edolobheni, ekuqaleni kwakungekaNkulunkulu noMbusi wababusi wendawo noma yesonto esontweni. Bona ekhokhwa intela abasesigabeni esiphakathi, ogama usayizi isethwe ezinqumela futhi ngokuvamile sasisikhulu kakhulu. Ukuphendula ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuhlala kulendawo weza zindlani medieval amadolobha ephakathi. Ababazi, abathengisi kanye nezinye izakhamizi united ngokubambisana simelane izinduna.

Izimfuneko eyinhloko communes ezisemadolobheni babe izintela okusebenzayo futhi okungezona ukuphazamiseka kwe-umninindlu e okwenzekayo okuphathelene nomnotho izakhamizi. Ngokuvamile, lezi zingxoxo yaphela ekwakhiweni kweluhlaka lwetinhlelo Charter, eyayihunyushwe ezinqunyiwe amalungelo nemisebenzi wonke amakilasi. Ukusayinwa le mibhalo kuqede kumiswa amadolobha ephakathi, ukuhlinzeka isisekelo esingokomthetho zikhona.

ilawulwa intando yeningi

Uma ilungelo ukuzibusa iye wabophula kusukela izinduna, sekuyisikhathi ukuchaza Imigomo esekelwe phezu kwayo i-edolobheni medieval ngokwayo yakhiwe. inhlangano Guild yezandla kanye inhlangano abathengisi kwakungamadodana izikhungo kusukela owakhula uhlelo kwakunguNk ekuthathweni neziphathimandla zokhetho.

Izimeya namakhansela abahluleli amadolobha medieval abangu akhethwe. Kulokhu, kakhulu inqubo yokhetho kwakuvame ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi ne-multi-esiteji. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Venice, okhethweni Doge senzeka ngezigaba 11. Suffrage kwakungelona jikelele. Cishe yonke indawo kwakukhona impahla kanye ekilasini ziqu, okungukuthi, izakhamuzi ezicebile noma kahle ozalwa kuphela owayengenza iqhaza okhethweni.

Lapho kumiswa amadolobha medieval ekugcineni iphelile, kwakukhona uhlelo lapho bonke iziyisikhombisa ukulawula ezandleni inani elilinganiselwe imikhaya ahlukile. Abantu abampofu bebengeneme eziyimbangela yalokhu. luke luthi Social ngezinye izikhathi batheleka kuvukela ephathekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izicukuthwane ezisemadolobheni kwadingeka ukuba basuse futhi sokwandisa amalungelo abampofu.

Ukubaluleka komlando

ukuthuthukiswa Active omuzi aqala ngo eYurophu emashumini eminyaka X-XI ku enkabeni nasenyakatho Italy futhi Flanders (banamuhla eBelgium Holland). Amabutho ukushayela yale nqubo babe ukukhiqizwa ezohwebo kanye izikebhe. Ngemva kwesikhashana omuzi aqala liyanda eFrance, eSpain kanye emazweni German of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Ngenxa yalokho, leli zwekazi ishintshile.

Kunzima overestimate umthelela okuye kwaba on ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka amadolobha medieval ku-Europe. izikebhe Urban ukunyusele entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe. Trade kuye kwaholela ngcono shipbuilding, futhi ekugcineni ekutholakaleni nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Nguqulo Yezwe. isiko omasipala bakahulumeni kwaba yisisekelo isakhiwo yeningi lamazwe wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga. Nezimvume kanye Magna Carta, amalungelo nenkululeko amakilasi ahlukahlukene, kwakhiwa uhlelo lomthetho European. Ukuthuthukiswa emizini yobuciko nesayensi ukulungiselela obhekwe Yempucuko.