Ismail Gasprinskii emlandweni eCrimea

Ismail Gasprinskii, umsebenzi okuphila futhi isibonelo eziningi - umfundzisi oluvelele YaseCrimea, umbhali, umshicileli kanye isibalo somphakathi. Kuleli phephandaba, sethula Biography emfushane umuntu odumile. Siphinde akutshele mayelana nendima eyadlalwa Ismail Gasprinskii emlandweni eCrimea.

Umsuka, ebuntwaneni

Ismail wazalwa ngo-March 1851. Lo mcimbi senzeka Avdzhikoy edolobhaneni eliseduze Bakhchisaray. Uyise wayengumGreki uLieutenant ngegama Mustafa. imfundo yamabanga aphansi u-Ismail Gasprinskii efika ekhaya, ngemva kwalokho wafunda emzaneni esikoleni-mektebe (ezikoleni Muslim). Ngemva kwalokho, abathweswa iziqu Simferopol sokuzivocavoca wabe esenikwa libhaliswe Voronezh ubusosha Corps.

Esikhathini kusuka 1864 kuya 1867, u-Ismail Bey Gasprinskii wafunda eMoscow esikoleni lempi. Mthetho esikhungweni ehlonishwa ezifana ayengakwenza ngoba uyise wayengumGreki izinto ezindaweni zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Mustafa Gasprinskii kungokwalabo uhlobo lwe of YaseCrimea Murza, ngubani akhiwa ngenkathi izikhulu Russian.

oxhumana nabo olubalulekile, ukwakheka nemibono

Ismail eMoscow ube ngumngani indodana Mihaila Katkova, umhleli we- "eMoscow Izindaba" kanye Slavophile abadumile. Esikhathini esithile Gasprinskii wahlala nomkhaya wakhe. Nokho, ngokushesha wabuyela ezweni lakhe. Ismail wafundisa e Bakhchisarai (e Zincirli Madrasa) e 1867. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, waya eParis, lapho ubehambele khona izinkulumo eSorbonne futhi ngisebenze njengomqaphi umhumushi kwaba unobhala KUNJALO Turgenev, umlobi odumile waseRussia.

Ngemva kwalokho Gasprinskii cishe unyaka wayehlala Istanbul. Kusuka lapho ebhala izincwadi amaphephandaba Russian. Phesheya Ismail wathatha imibono kanye nolwazi, abese ngobuhlakani kuhunyushwa. Baye acacisa ku imibono yokungabi nandaba iphila, ekugcineni liphendulwe wezinguquko oluvelele Gasprinsky.

ihhovisi

Ukubuyela eCrimea Ismail isikhashana waba umfundisi. Nokho, ngo-February 1879 waba imeya yedolobha ka Bakhchisarai. Kulesi isikhundla Gasprinskii ngilibele kuze kube Mashi 1884

Gasprinsky luhlaka imibono yakhe

Ngo-1881, u-Ismail wabhala indaba onesihloko esithi "Russian Islam. Imicabango, amanothi futhi kugcinwa Muslim." Lo msebenzi uye abe uhlobo Manifesto nakongqondongqondo, hhayi kuphela ngoba Gasprinsky. Kuleli phephandaba, umlobi unikezwa okuthiwa "imibuzo uqalekisiwe!" Wokuphila. Hlobo luni ubuhlobo kufanele kube phakathi Russian futhi Tatar? Yini okufanele ibe amaSulumane Russian (AmaTatar) maqondana Russian? Ukuze lokho injongo sifuna iziphathimandla zaseRussia maqondana AmaTatar, futhi noma ngabe uzibophezele? Zonke lezi mibuzo isithakazelo Gasprinsky.

Ismail kamunyu iphawula yokuntuleka inqubomgomo loluvumelanako ngabe wakhuthaza ukusabalala umqondo impucuko Russian ngokumelene amaSulumane. Gasprinskii ubhala ukuthi uye ilethe izithelo ezibabayo Russian amaSulumane, futhi bebonke yezwe. Amanothi umbhali ukuthi ingabe Russian Islam ungazizwa, akusho bona izithakazelo isimo Russian. Akaqondi imibono yakhe, izifiso, elingaziwa kubo injabulo nosizi lwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi ulwazi isiRashiya insulates Muslim Russian ezincwadini Russian futhi ukucabanga, kanye elikhulu empucukweni yomhlaba wonke. Gasprinskii siphawula ukuthi lusobishini ezeni lo mqondo ubudala ukuthi uyashiywa lonke lwesintu. Imbangela izifo eziningi, njengalokho u-Ismail, ukungabi olunzulu, inqubomgomo ngalokuyincenye inorodcheskogo nesibalo sabantu heterodox.

Kufinyeta imicondvo eziqukethwe indaba yakhe, Gasprinskii uphawula ukuthi tekuhlangana Russian amaSulumane isimo Russian kuvimbela ngokungazi, okusho bangabethembi. Liyini ikhambi esikiselwa nombhali lesi simo? Gasprinskii ukholelwa ukuthi ngokuhamba madrassas Muslim kufanele ukwethula aphansi imfundiso wesayensi ahlukahlukene ngesiTatar. Ngenxa lokhu imvelo Muslim ngeke zingene ulwazi ngaphandle ukulinyazwa isimo. Lokhu, ayinyuse bokusungula abefundisi namalungu esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuba sixoshe eziningi ubandlululo. Esinye isilinganiso ezihlongozwayo Gasprinsky, - ukudalwa izimo ezikahle kushicilelwa imikhiqizo ephrintiwe ngolimi lwesiTatar.

Jadidism

Ismail njengendlela Muslim akholwayo, ku ongenalwazi ongaphambili phambili ekwakheni umphakathi ngilunge lezizwe abathi Islam. kabusha Jadid kuba impendulo ephumelelayo imibuzo eyinkinga uthisha. Kuyinto ngenxa Ismail kangaka amaSulumane abahlala eRussia.

Jadidism ezihlongozwayo ohlelweni kabusha eziphathelene nemfundo. ezindaweni zayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• ukuguqula imfundo zamaMuslim, umngenisa umugqa nezinga European;
• kumiswa ohlanganisiwe ngoba zonke izizwe ulimi Turkic labhaliwe;
• ukudala umphakathi philanthropic kanye civil;
• ukwandisa nokuzibandakanya zomphakathi, ushintsho isikhundla sabesifazane Muslim;
• aqinise ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi abantu Turkic-Muslim abahlala eRussia.

Iphephandaba "Terdzhiman"

Gasprinskii kulandela nezimiso eziphakeme, i-wamemezela kubo waqala uhlelo imisebenzi asebenzayo zemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Ephreli 1883, waqala ukushicilela e Bakhchisarai iphephandaba ngokuthi "Terdzhiman" ( "Umhumushi"). Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, sesiye okuwukuphela kwendlela eRussia iphephandaba Turkish. Ngo "Terdzhimane" ephrintiwe ulwazi oluhlobene nezindaba kunazo ukuphokophela. Iphephandaba waphuma njengoba Crimean Tatar nezilimi Russian.

Ekuqaleni, le ncwadi i-samasonto onke, kodwa kamuva kwaphuma kathathu ngesonto, futhi nsuku zonke. "Terdzhiman" esingapheli waze washona ngemva Gasprinsky, weza ngo-1914, kanye neminye iminyaka engu-4 kwalokho. Kule minyaka engu-, umhleli iphephandaba ukuthi indodana yakhe Refat.

Okunye emaphephandabeni nakomagazini, okuyinto ekhishwa Gasprinskii

Enye iphephandaba, okuyinto ishicilelwe Ismail Gasprinskii - masonto onke "Millet" ( "Isizwe"). Wabuye ezikhishwe magazini lomame, "Alemi nisvan" ( "Umhlaba yabesifazane"). Shefika Gasprinsky, intombi kaIshmayeli, kwaba umhleli lalo magazini. Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke ezisekelwe Gasprinsky. Wamkhulula magazini yezingane olimini YaseCrimea "Alemi subyan" ( "Umhlaba Wezingane"). Futhi Kuhle kokusho Le ncwajana ezihlekisayo ngokuthi "Ha-ha-ha!", Ikuphi yasungulwa by Ismail Gasprinskii. Umlando wakhe, njengoba ungabona, imakwe kukhululwe inani omagazini namaphephandaba.

Ukudala ulimi Turkic

Ismail wafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu Turkic abahlala eRussia, baye united ngesisekelo ukudalwa ulimi ezivamile Turkic. Ulimi Gasprinskii kubhekwe ngesisekelo ukuba khona ubumbano Turkic. Ismail wazama kuqala kunazo zonke ukuba afeze kabusha namalimi wemiphakathi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi "ubunye ulimi" ayikufezi ngawodwana, sengathi wonke umphakathi kolimi kanye ukufana typological izilimi ezizwe Turkic ahluka kakhulu. Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni Kuhlangana yazo zonke lezi zizwe zaqala ukuba uhlobo Turkish Esperanto. Lokhu ulimi sidalwe esekelwe Crimean Tatar (inguqulo yayo ethuthukisiwe).

Ezemfundo Reform

Uhlelo lwemfundo kubhekwa Gasprinskii, kwaba futhi endaweni ebalulekile kudingeka kabusha ezinqala. Ismail isungule indlela ekhethekile yesikole. Waqale ihlolwe esikolweni Bakhchsarai e 1884. Inzuzo enkulu le ndlela kwaba sokutadisha ngokunenjongo zezikhonzi kunokuthi abafundi ushiwo imibhalo usithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo yokufunda ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lwendabuko, kodwa lokhu akusho ukubeka eceleni ekutadisheni isiRashiya, isi-Arabic futhi izilimi zaseYurophu.

Ngenxa izikole ukusebenzisa izindlela Gasprinsky, eminyakeni yokuqala engu-15 yekhulu lama-20, isizukulwane esisha se-Crimean Tatar nezihlakaniphi. Bona kwamiswa njengoba baseYurophu, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubunikazi Muslim.

Recognition, congresses amaSulumane Russian

Ngo-1903, iminyaka engu-20 ye-iphephandaba "Terdzhiman" luye lwaba uhlobo iforamu kazwelonke. It Gasprinskii wayebhekwa ngokuthi "uyise wesizwe Russian amaSulumane." Eyokuqala Muslim Congress owenziwa ukuqaliswa imibono yabo ubumbano Turkic-Islamic.

Ismail Gasprinskii ngo-1905 baba usihlalo Okokuqala, iCongress of the amaSulumane yeRussia. Lokhu Congress kwaphawula ukuqala ubunye bonke AmaTatar-Russian. I Congress wesibili yilowo owaqhutshelwa e-January 1906 Petersburg. Ismail Gasprinskii Wayeba usihlalo kanye kuso. Ngalesi umcimbi, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe i-Union of amaSulumane yeRussia. Ngo-August 1906, eduze Nizhny Novgorod sihlangabezane Okwesithathu Congress. Kwanqunywa ukuba uguqule Union ezimisiwe amaSulumane (Ittifaq al-Muslimin) e ephathini lezombusazwe. noHlelo yayisekelwe imibono ka-Pan-Turkism.

Ismail Gasprinskii: Izinkondlo nezingoma temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

I.Gasprinskiy nje kuphela ngokuthi sobala, kodwa futhi njengendlela umlobi abanamakhono. Wabhala eziningi imisebenzi emangalisayo yobuciko. izindaba Gasprinsky nasezincwadini ziye ( "Arslan kyz", "Molla Abbas", "Eminyakeni Eyikhulu kwesikhathi") zashicilelwa iphephandaba "Terdzhiman".

Futhi njengoba imbongi eyaziwa I.Gasprinskiy. izinkondlo zakhe mayelana eCrimea Crimeans manje yaziwe abantu abaningi. Nokho ifa esankondlo lo mbhali incane. izinkondlo zakhe (mayelana eCrimea -. "eCrimea", njll) akwaziwa kanye Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe umphakathi nokulotshwa kwalo.