Ukuthatha Plevna amasosha Russian: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Ukuthunjwa Plevna amaviyo ka-Alexander II waphenduka igagasi impi ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Long lokuvimbezela kwabulala eziningi zamasosha nhlangothi zombili. Lokhu kunqoba avunyelwe amasosha Russian ukuvula indlela eConstantinople futhi ukukhulula aseBalkan ejokeni Turkish. Ukusebenza ukuthatha inqaba waba ngempi nomlando njengoba omunye impumelelo. Imiphumela yomkhankaso baye phakade washintsha isimo geopolitical eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

izimfanelo

Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye, uMbuso WaseTurkey elawula ingxenye enkulu ye aseBalkan futhi Bulgaria. ukucindezelwa Turkish kudlulela cishe yonke lwamaSlav aseNingizimu abantu. I-Russian Empire ubelokhu abadlale indima yokuba umvikeli lwamaSlav, nomgomo wezangaphandle ngokuyinhloko igxile ukukhululwa kwabo. Nokho, ekupheleni kwempi langaphambilini, Russia ilahlekelwe lwemikhumbi e Sea kanye nenombolo ye izindawo eningizimu. Kwathiwa ngemvume izivumelwano wombimbi phakathi koMbuso WaseTurkey naseGreat Britain. Endabeni isikhangiso Russian neMpi, i-British ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba sinikeze usizo lempi ukubuswa abaseTurkey. Lesi simo babevinjelwe ukubuthola kungenzeka ukuxoshwa Ottoman esuka eYurophu. In ukubuya, abaseTurkey wathembisa ukuthi uzokwenza ngokuvumelana amalungelo amaKristu futhi bebashushisa ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo.

ukucindezelwa lwamaSlav

Nokho, eminyakeni engu-60 ngekhulu le-19 kwaphawulwa ukushushiswa esisha samaKristu. AmaSulumane kwadingeka amalungelo omkhulu phambi komthetho. Enkantolo ivoti Christian ngokumelene Muslim babengenalo isisindo. Futhi, iningi uhulumeni nekubeka phansi elalihlala abaseTurkey. Ukunganeliseki nalesi simo eye yabangela imibhikisho mass eBulgaria futhi lamazwe aseBalkan. Ehlobo lika-1975 iqala zabhikisha eBosnia. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-Ephreli, yokuvukela ethandwa ukumboza Bulgaria. Ekugcineni, abaseTurkey ngonya ukuyiveza kuvukela, ukubulala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. ngonya olunjalo namaKristu okubangelwa ukunganeliseki eYurophu.

Ngaphansi nokucindezelwa umbono weningi United Kingdom uyenqaba Inqubomgomo pro-Turkish. It unties ezandleni Russian Empire, okuyinto ilungiselela umkhankaso wokulwa abaseTurkey.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Apreli waqala nambili impi Russian-Turkish. Ukuthatha Plevna empeleni awuqede ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Nokho, ngaphambi kwalesi ke kwadingeka ukuba ahambe ibanga elide. Njengoba isisu endlunkulu isiRashiya, amabutho kwakufanele ukuhlasela kusuka tinkhombandlela ezimbili. Iqembu lokuqala ukuya badabula leyo ndawo-Romanian emazweni aseBalkan, kanye nezinye hit eCaucasus. Kuzo zombili lezi izimpi babe nezingqinamba ezingaphezu kwamandla abo. Balkan Ibanga iphazamise ngokushesha ukuze hit eCaucasus, kanye "quadrilateral" wezinqaba - baseRomania. Futhi, isimo nzima kokungenela okungenzeka-United Kingdom. Nakuba bamcindezela zomphakathi, i-British namanje baqhubeka ukusekela abaseTurkey. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingekile ukuba ukunqoba impi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze uMbuso WaseTurkey capitulated ngaphambi kokufika ukusekelwa.

kuqala okusheshayo

Ethatha Plevna olwenziwa amabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele Skobelev. Ekuqaleni kuka-July, Russian sawela iDanube waya emgwaqweni ukuze Sofia. Kulesi umkhankaso kwangena ibutho Romanian. Ekuqaleni, abaseTurkey babekhuphukela ukuthola umbimbi phezu lomfula iDanube. Nokho, kusasele okusheshayo ophoqelelwe Osman Pasha sokuba siphumele endaweni inqaba. Eqinisweni, ukuthunjwa lokuqala Plevna ayesayifake 26 Juni. Squad Elite aholwa Ivana Gurko bangena emzini. Nokho, ukuhlukana kwaba scouts amahlanu kuphela. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo Cossacks Russian emzini kuhlanganisiwe Battalion ezintathu abaseTurkey, ngubani waxoshwa kubo.

Eqaphela ukuthi ukuthatha Plevna Russian ukunikeza ngokugcwele amasu, u-Osman Pasha enquma ukuba luthathe edolobheni ngaphambi kokufika amabutho main. Ngalesi sikhathi nemasotja akhe edolobheni Vidin. Kusuka lapho, abaseTurkey kwakufanele kuthuthukiswe eduze iDanube ukuvimbela engu- Russian. Nokho, ingozi encirclement ophoqelelwe amaSulumane ukulahla uhlelo soqobo. Okokuqala Julayi 19 Battalion aphume ashone kusukela Vidin. Insuku eziyisithupha base amakhilomitha engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kusukela wezikhali, imithwalo igilosa nokunye. Entathakusa ngo-July 7, abaseTurkey wangena enqabeni.

Ngesikhathi Russian sathola ithuba ngiwuthathe umuzi phambi Osman Pasha. Nokho, ukunganaki ngadlala ojenene. Ngenxa yokuntuleka intelligence lempi, Russian alimazanga nesikhathi-Turks amashe edolobheni. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu ukuba bathathe inqaba Plevna abaseTurkey lidlule ngaphandle kokulwa. Russian Jikelele Yuri Schilder-Shuldner ngasekupheleni nje usuku. Kodwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi abaseTurkey wayesenze amaphutha bembe athabathe izikhundla ukuzivikela. Ngemva ezinye indlunkulu amakhanda enquma ukuba ahlasele le nqaba.

Umzamo lokuqala ukuhlasela

amabutho Russian wahamba emzini izinhlangothi ezimbili. Jikelele Schilder-Shuldern nakancane mayelana nenani-Turks emzini. Wabhekisa amabombo ikholomu kwesokudla amabutho, kuyilapho kwesokunxele kwaba at ibanga amakhilomitha amane. Njengoba ekuqaleni yakhelwe, Izinsika zombili abangu kanyekanye ukungena emzini. Nokho, ngenxa ngokungalungile uzilungiselele amakhadi bavele lakhula ngaphandle. Duzane esisodwa ezimpondweni kukholamu main weza emzini. Kungazelelwe, behlaselwa abaseTurkey kusengaphambili amayunithi ukuthi wathatha Plevna nje amahora ambalwa ngaphambi. Kuqubuke ingxabano, okuyinto ikhule ibe i Duel wezikhali.

Schilder-Shuldner nakancane eziphathelene nezenzo kukholamu engakwesokunxele, ngakho-ke, ngaphambilini ukuba amuke izikhundla nalawo anamagobolondo athambile futhi wakanisa. Ikholomu sobunxele iphansi kwesandla sika-Kleyngauza befika emzini kusukela Grivitsa. Wathunyelwa intelligence Cossack. amabutho angamakhulu amabili ethuthuka ngomfula ngenjongo ukuhlola emizaneni eseduze kanye inqaba ngokwayo. Nokho, lapho ezwa umsindo empini, lihambe liye bebodwa.

okuhlaselayo

Ebusuku ngo-July 8, kwanqunywa lokushaya. Grivitsa phezu ingxenye kwafika ngakwesokunxela. I jikelele nge iningi amadoda aya enyakatho. Izinto eyinhloko Osman Pasha babe eduze Opanets emzaneni. Ngokumelene nabo ngaphambili amakhilomitha bebathathu walihamba namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili Russian. Ngenxa Emathafeni Schilder-Shuldner walahlekelwa ikhono lakhe yokunyakaza. Amabutho akhe kwadingeka ukuya ukuhlasela okuqondile. Ngehora lesihlanu ekuseni waqala ukulungiselela wezikhali. Vanguard lahlasela Russian Bukovlek namahora amabili akhishwe abaseTurkey. Indlela eya Pleven wavulwa. Arkhangelogorodskaya ibutho waya ibhethri eyinhloko isitha. Amasosha badutshulwe ibanga kusukela isikhundla wezikhali ka-Ottoman. Osman Pasha wayazi ukuthi bokuphakama zezinombolo abasohlangothini lwakhe futhi yayala ukuba balwe. Zacindezelwa abaseTurkey regiments ababili kwenza a udonga. Jikelele ucele ukusekela ngakwesokunxela, kodwa isitha ukuthi ethuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke Schilder-Shuldner ngaphambilini ukuhoxa.

Beat nezinye flank

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Kridener buqhubeka Grivitsa. Ngehora lesithupha ekuseni ekuseni (lapho amabutho main sebeqalile wezikhali nokulungiselela) Caucasian Corps washaya flank kwesokudla ukuzivikela Turkish. Ngemva ukuhlaselwa engenakunqandeka ka WaseTurkey Cossacks e isidumo waqala lokubalekela inqaba. Nokho, ngesikhathi ethatha indawo e Grivitsa Schilder-Shuldner kakade ahlehla. Ngakho-ke, ikholomu, ngasala futhi hlanhlatha ezikhundleni zabo zokuqala. Ukuthatha Plevna amasosha Russian samiswa nge ukulahlekelwa esindayo ngenxa yokugcina. Ikakhulu ehlaselwe yokuntuleka intelligence izixazululo Clumsy Jikelele.

Ukulungiswa okuhlaselayo entsha

Ngemva kokuhlaselwa akuphumelelanga waqala ukulungiselela ukuhlaselwa ezintsha. amabutho Russian Uthole azowalekelela eside. Inzuzo abagibela amahhashi wezikhali amayunithi. Umuzi uzungezwe. Yaqala ukubhekwa yonke imigwaqo, ikakhulukazi abaholi Lovcen. Kwaphela izinsuku eziningana, wayeqhuba kwesimo endaweni sisebenza. lokushintshisana njalo umlilo kwakuzwakala emini nasebusuku. Nokho, kwakunzima ukwazi isibalo samabutho WaseTurkey emzini.

I zokunukubezwa

Nakuba ukulungiselela lokushaya isiRashiya, abaseTurkey bazakha ngokushesha izinqaba. Ukwakhiwa senzeka ngo nemibandela ukushoda amathuluzi kanye bombardments njalo. Julayi nesishiyagalombili waqala nokunye ukuhlaselwa. Ukuthatha Plevna Russian kwakuzosho ayezonqotshwa. Ngakho-ke, u-Osman Pasha isiyala amadoda ayo ukulwa kuze kube sekufeni. Ukuhlaselwa kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe eside wezikhali nokulungiselela. Amasosha bagijimela mpi ezinhlangothini ezimbili. Amabutho ayengaphansi kokuqondisa umyalo Kridener ephethwe wasithatha zokuqala zokuzivikela. Nokho, eduze redoubt bahlangana i isibhamu umlilo obuqand. Kulandela izibhelu olunegazi Russian kwadingeka ukuba ngibuyele. Skobelev wawashaya flank ngakwesokunxele. Namabutho wahluleka ukuphula ngokusebenzisa umugqa ukuzivikela abaseTurkey. Le mpi yathatha usuku lonke. Kusihlwa abaseTurkey umkhankaso counteroffensive waxosha amasosha Krindera kusukela imisele yabo. Russian kwadingeka basuke futhi. Ngemva kwalokhu ukunqotshwa, uhulumeni eceliwe ukusizwa abantu baseRomania.

ukuvinjelwa

Ngemva ukufika Romanian amabutho ukuvinjelwa kanye ukuthunjwa Plevna baba ngenakugwemeka. Ngakho-ke, u-Osman Pasha banquma ukuhlukana aphume inqaba wavinjezelwa. Wamashumi amathathu nanye ka-August amabutho akhe wenza umdlalo. Ngemva kwalokho, amabutho main ezindleleni eziphumela ngaphandle komuzi, wayihlaba ezindaweni eliseduze. Ngemva impi esifushane, babekwazi ibenze isiRashiya, ngisho uthwebule ibhethri olulodwa. Nokho, ukusekelwa wabonakala ngesikhathi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Melee aluthatha ngemva kwalokho. I-Turks ephukile futhi abaleka aphindela emzini, kusale empini ngoba cishe nanhlanu ayikhulu amasosha abo.

Ukuze uthole lokuvimbezela ephelele kwakudingekile wasithatha Lovcen. Kungenxa-Turks wakhe wathola azowalekelela nomphako. Umuzi kwakuhlezi amabutho Turkish namayunithi asizayo Bashi-bazouks. Zenza umsebenzi oncomekayo kanye imisebenzi ingajezisa ngokumelene lezakhamuzi, kodwa ngokushesha kwesokunxele ukuma ngethemba lokuphinde ubonane impi njalo. Ngakho lapho ngo-August 22-Russian ehlaselwa edolobheni, abaseTurkey babalekela ngaphandle ukumelana kakhulu. Ngemva bamba omuzi aqala ukuvinjezelwa ukuthunjwa Plevna kwaba kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Ukuze azowalekelela Russian efika. Okubekiwe wathola futhi Osman Pasha.

Ukuthunjwa inqaba Pleven: Disemba 10, 1877

Ngemva idolobha umbuthano ngokugcwele-Turks abangu ancamuka nezwe. Osman Pasha ayenqaba ukugoba uphondo futhi waqhubeka eqinisa inqaba. Kuleli qophelo embhalweni umzi 50,000-Turks ngokumelene amasosha Russian futhi Romanian ayizinkulungwane 120. Emhlabeni edolobheni yayakhiwe lokuvimbezela izinqaba. Ngezikhathi ezithile Plevna wezikhali amabhomu. I-Turks bagcina amalungiselelo kanye nezinhlamvu. Ibutho wahlushwa isifo nendlala.

Osman Pasha banquma ukuhlukana aphume lokuvimbezela, azi ukuthi bamba nakanjani okuseduze Plevna. usuku Breakthrough belihlelelwe Disemba 10. Ekuseni amabutho Turkish sezisungule eyayigcwele ku izinqaba waqala ukuphula ngaphandle komuzi. Kodwa endleleni yabo babe Little eshalofini Russian kanye eSiberia. Kodwa Ottoman eze zebiwe kanye wemithwalo ezinkulu. Yiqiniso, kungcono maneuverability kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngemva kwempi, uye endaweni ephakemeyo, intuthuko bathunyelwa ukusekelwa. Okokuqala, abaseTurkey bakwazi ukuphonsa phambili ezindaweni eziqhelelene, kodwa ngemva kuhlaselwa the flank waqala siphumele ehlanzeni. Ngemva ukufakwa empini wezikhali abaseTurkey wagijima ngezinga elingafani, ekugcineni umaluju.

Ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba, Jikelele Skobelev ngaphambilini ukugubha Disemba 10 njengoba Suku Umlando wamasosha. amanothi Ukuthatha Plevna eBulgaria futhi esikhathini sethu. Ngenxa yalokho balokhu kunqoba, amaKristu ngiyilahle ukucindezelwa Muslim.