Creation nokuhlolwa ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR

ESoviet Union iye kusukela ngo-1918 olwenziwa ucwaningo ku wesayensi yenuzi ukuthi uzilungiselele kuvivinywa ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR. ELeningrad, le Radium Institute ngo-1937, kwaqalwa a cyclotron, owokuqala e-Europe. "Ngo-Senzeka ngamuphi unyaka isivivinyo lokuqala ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR?" - You buza. Impendulo niyolazi ngokushesha kakhulu.

Ngo-1938, November 25, isinqumo Academy of Sciences yasungulwa Commission nucleus yama-athomu. Ngo ngezithako zawo kuhlanganisiwe Sergei Vavilov, u-Abrama Alikhanov Abrama Joffe esitatimendeni, Igor Kurchatov nabanye. Kwangena eminyakeni emibili kamuva Isai Gurevich futhi Vitaly Khlopin. ucwaningo Nuclear eyenziwa ngaleso sikhathi kakade ezingaphezu kuka-10 zocwaningo. Lapho-USSR Academy of Sciences, lowo nyaka kwakuhlelwa ikhomishana amanzi esindayo, okuyinto kamuva waziwa ngokuthi Commission on Isotopes. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda indlela ukwenza okunye ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlolwa ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR.

Ukwakhiwa cyclotron eLeningrad, ukutholakala entsha uranium-ore

Ngo-1939, ngo-September, yaqala ukwakhiwa cyclotron eLeningrad. Ngo-1940, ngo-Ephreli, kwanqunywa ukuba ukudala isitshalo umshayeli, eyayikhipha ngonyaka 15 kg amanzi esindayo. Nokho, ngenxa yokugqashuka ngesikhathi sempi, lezi kwahlelwa awenziwanga. Ngo-May ngawo lowo nyaka, Yu Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov ahlinzekwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-uranium zenuzi chain reaction. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaqala umsebenzi kokutholakala uranium imikhando entsha. Lawa kwakungamadodana izinyathelo kuqala ukunikeza eminyakeni eminingana kamuva, ukudalwa nokuhlolwa kwe-ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union.

Isethulo zesayensi we ibhomu le-athomu esizayo

zesayensi eziningi kusukela ngasekupheleni 30 ukuze 40 kweva wayevele umqondo olunzima uyobheka kanjani. Iphuzu laliwukuthi ukugxila ngokushesha ngokwanele endaweni eyodwa ethile (mass ezibucayi) ka fissile impahla ngaphansi kwethonya neutrons. Kufanele siqale ngemuva ukwanda ngendathane e-athomu onakala. Okungukuthi, kuyoba ukusabela chain, ngenxa okuyinto lwabelwe umfutho omkhulu wamandla kanye ukuqhuma elikhulu livela.

I izinkinga abazalwane ababehlangabezana nazo ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ibhomu le-athomu

Inkinga yokuqala kwaba ukuthola impahla fissile e elizwakalayo. Emvelweni, kuphela lolu hlobo ikhemikhali kwakutholakala - iyona IKhompyuthaYami uranium nenombolo mass 235 (okusho ukuthi, lonke inani neutron nama-proton nucleus), noma - nokwe-uranium-235. Okuqukethwe kwale IKhompyuthaYami in uranium yemvelo - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-0,71% (nokwe-uranium-238 - 99,2%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-yemvelo impahla ore kuyinto okungenani 1%. Ngakho-ke, inselele impela kwaba ukukhethwa U-235.

Njengoba ngokushesha yaba enye sobala uranium kuyinto plutonium-239. Kucishe ingekho nemvelo (kuba izikhathi esingaphansi 100 kunobukaJohane nokwe-uranium-235). Ubuningi eyamukelekayo kungenzeka ukuthola endaweni enuzi ngokuhlakaza lapho zishiswe nokwe-uranium-238 nge neutrons. Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo ophendulayo le njongo futhi nobunzima eside.

Inkinga yesithathu kwaba eziqoqa lemali edingekayo fissile impahla endaweni eyodwa Kwakungelula. Ngo inqubo amayunithi rapprochement subcritical, ngisho fast kakhulu kuzo uqale avuzayo ukuqoqwa ukuphendula. Amandla eyakhishwa ngo Kulokhu, ngeke sivumele umzimba omkhulu athomu abahilelekile ukuqoqwa. Anginaso isikhathi ukuba asabele, bona abahlakaze.

Ukusungulwa Maslov futhi V. Shpinel

Maslov futhi V Spinel kusuka laseKharkov Physical-Technical Institute ngo-1940 bafaka isicelo kokusungulwa izinhlamvu, ngokusekelwe ukusetshenziswa ukusabela chain ukuthi iqala ukuqoqwa okuzenzakalelayo nokwe-uranium-235, isisindo salo supercritical, okudaliwe kusukela subcritical eziningana ahlukaniswe alufakwa eliqinile i-neutron nama-kubhujiswe detonation. ukungabaza elikhulu kubangela operability icala elifanayo, kodwa nokho isitifiketi kokusungulwa samanje namanje etholwe. Nokho, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1946.

Gun American isikimu

Ukuze amabhomu kuqala baseMelika wasikisela ukusebenzisa uhlelo inganono lapho zisebenzisa yangempela isibhamu emgqonyeni. Ngalo, enye ingxenye impahla fissile (subcritical) Kuphendula nezinye. Kodwa ngokushesha ngathola ukuthi isikimu enjalo asifanele a plutonium ngenxa yokuthi izinga tekuhlangani sisincane.

Ukwakhiwa cyclotron eMoscow

Ngo-1941, ngo-Ephreli 15, SNK wanquma ukuqala ukwakhiwa cyclotron enamandla eMoscow. Nokho, ngemva ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, samiswa cishe wonke umsebenzi emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi, eziklanyelwe 1-athomu ibhomu ukuhlolwa e-USSR. Ngesikhathi ebheke phambili zesayensi eziningi zenuzi. Abanye abangu kabusha ku uphuthuma ngokwengeziwe, njengoba kwakubonakala, uyindilinga.

Ukuqoqwa kolwazi ku udaba yenuzi

Ukuqoqa ulwazi udaba zenuzi kusukela ngo-1939 wahlanganyela uMnyango 1st of the NKVD kanye iRed Army GRU. Ngo-1940, ngo-Okthoba, kaJ Cairncross ithole umlayezo wokuqala, esikhuluma ngezinyoni izinhlelo ukusungula ibhomu lenuzi. Lo magazini yaxazululwa ngo-British eKomidi Science, lapho ayesebenzela Cairncross. Ngo-1941, ehlobo, iphrojekthi sivunyiwe ibhomu, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "Tube elloyz". England ngesikhathi impi omunye abaholi bezwe ekuthuthukisweni zenuzi. Lesi simo kubangelwe ngosizo ososayensi German ayebalekele kuleli zwe nge obhekwe uHitler ukuba namandla.

Fuchs, ilungu KPD, wayengomunye wabo. Waya ekwindla ka 1941 ngesikhathi embasi Soviet, eyasho okulandelayo ukuthi inendaba ebalulekile mayelana sikhali esinamandla wadala eNgilandi. (Umsakazo opharetha Sonia) S. Cramer futhi R. Kuchinsky zanikezelwa ukuxhumana naye. Imilayezo umsakazo lokuqala ethunyelwe eMoscow enikeziwe ulwazi indlela ekhethekile ka-uranium IKhompyuthaYami ngokuhlukana, igesi okusheshayo, kanye eyakhelwe lesi sitshalo injongo eWales. Ngemva amagiya ayisithupha ilahlekelwe uxhumo yakhe Fuchs.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR, usuku manje eselaziwa kabanzi, uzilungiselele nezinye scouts. Ngakho, ngiyinhloli Soviet e-United States Semenov (Twain) ibike ngasekupheleni 1943 ukuthi Enrico Fermi Chicago wakwazi ukufeza chain reaction kuqala. Umthombo lolu lwazi se-physics Pontecorvo. Ngokwe-Foreign Intelligence umugqa ngesikhathi esifanayo ke evela eNgilandi ivaliwe imisebenzi ososayensi West mayelana amandla enuzi, eyaqala eminyakeni engu-1940-1942. Ulwazi oluqukethwe kubo, waqinisekisa ukuthi inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo sewenziwe ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ngebhomu le-athomu.

Konenkov unkosikazi (ngezansi), i-umqophi abadumile, wasebenza nabanye ukuhlola. Wathuthela eduze Einstein Oppenheimer, ososayensi oluvelele, futhi wanikeza eside umthelela isikhathi kuwo. L. Zarubin, omunye umhlali USA, yayiyingxenye umbuthano wabantu Oppenheimer, futhi L. Szilard. Ngosizo laba besifazane, eU.SSR wakwazi nokuqalisa agents Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, kanye Chicago lab - izikhungo ngobukhulu ucwaningo zenuzi Melika. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on the ibhomu le-athomu e-United States lidlule intelligence zaseSoviet 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. Sake T. Hall, Fuchs.

Ngo-1944, ekuqaleni kuka-February, Beria, Wabantu Commissar we NKVD, usihlalo umhlangano intelligence izinduna. Kwanqunywa ukuba iqondise ukuqoqwa kolwazi mayelana nezinkinga enuzi, beze ngokusebenzisa iRed Army GRU futhi NKVD. "C" Division yadalelwa lokhu. Ngo-1945, 27 Septhemba, lalihlelekile. P. Sudoplatov Commissioner GB, ephethwe kulo mnyango.

Fuchs kubaqoqi ngo-January 1945 incazelo-athomu ibhomu design. Intelligence kokunye Ayekulungele njengoba izinto zokwehlukanisa uranium isotopes esebenzisa kagesi, idatha sikhungo lokuqala, imiyalelo ukwenziwa plutonium kanye nokwe-uranium amabhomu, idatha nenkundla mass abagxeka plutonium kanye nokwe-uranium design lens kuqhume plutonium-240, ngokulandelana kanye nesikhathi imisebenzi bahlangane futhi enza amabhomu. Imininingwane nekukhatsateka indlela ngokuletha nomphumela ibhomu umqalisi, ukwakhiwa izitshalo ezikhethekile zokwehlukanisa isotopes. futhi kwedayari atholiwe, eyayinekheli ulwazi mayelana test ukuqhuma kokuqala kwe- ibhomu e-United States ngo-July 1945.

Imininingwane engenayo kulezi iziteshi shesha bese lula umsebenzi obekwe phambi ososayensi Soviet. ochwepheshe Western bakholelwa ukuthi eU.SSR ibhomu kungenziwa kuphela athuthukiswe iminyaka 1954-1955. Kodwa banephutha. Ukuhlolwa yokuqala ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR kwenzeka ngo-1949, ngo-August.

izigaba okusha sendalo we ibhomu le-athomu

Ngo-1942, ngo-Ephreli, M. Pervukhin, Yabantu Commissar embonini zamakhemikhali, yabikelwa oda kukaStalin ngezinto eziphathelene umsebenzi ngebhomu le-athomu, eyenziwa phesheya. Ukuze lehlola evezwe umbiko Pervukhin lokwaziswa okukulezi ukwakha iqembu lochwepheshe. Kuhlanganisa, ngesiphakamiso Joffe esitatimendeni, ososayensi abasha Kikoin, Kurchatov futhi Alikhanov.

Ngo-1942, ngo-November 27 wakhipha isimemezelo "Ngo izimayini uranium" T-izikweletu. It enikeziwe ukusungulwa isikhungo ezikhethekile, kanye ekuqaleni umsebenzi lokucutshungulwa isizinda of izinto zokusetshenziswa, prospecting umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Konke lokhu kuthiwa ukusebenzisa oda ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kwaba lapho sihlolwa uMhloli Omkhulu ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR. ngonyaka 1943rd kwaphawulwa yokuthi NKTSM waqhubekela isizinda nokucubungula ka-uranium-ore e Tajikistan ku Tabarshskom okwami. Iplani kwakungukuthi 4 amathani ngonyaka ka-uranium nosawoti.

Viva ososayensi ngaphambili ngaleso sikhathi ahoxiswa kusukela front. Esikhathini esifanayo ngo-1943, 11 Februwari, lalihlelekile ngenani Laboratory 2 Academy of Sciences. abakhulu wayo waqokwa Kurchatov. Wayefanele iqondise umsebenzi ukudalwa we ngebhomu le-athomu.

intelligence Soviet ngo-1944 kwaba ukuthola lwemibhalo, eyayinekheli ukwaziswa okuwusizo mayelana nokuba khona nokwe-uranium-graphite sikhungo futhi ekunqumeni kwemigomo ophendulayo. Nokho, ilungelo ukulanda ngisho encane zokuhlola enuzi ngokuhlakaza uranium wayengakamazi ezikhona ezweni lethu. Ngo-1944, 28 Septhemba, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange wakwenza kuphoqelekile NKTSM ukuthatha uranium kanye nokwe-uranium nosawoti fund isimo. Ngo-laboratory № 2 isitoreji umsebenzi wabo wabelwa.

Umsebenzi eyenziwa e-Bulgaria

Iqembu elikhulu ochwepheshe, lwentiwe by V Kravchenko, inhloko yalawa 4th Special uMnyango we NKVD, ngo-1944, ngo-November, waya ukufunda ukuhlola imiphumela yokukhululwa Bulgaria. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngo-December 8 GKO wanquma ubheke lokucutshungulwa isizinda uranium isuka SCMC 9th IHhovisi State GMP NKVD. Ngo-1945, ngo-March, inhloko ezimayini nasembonini umnyango Metallurgical zoMnyango Wokuhlola Impahla 9th waqokwa Egorov. Khona-ke, ngo-January, eyayihlelwe NII-9 lapho kutadishwa uranium imali, ukuxazulula izinkinga plutonium kanye nokwe-uranium metal, ukucutshungulwa izinto zokusetshenziswa. Bulgaria ngesikhathi kubikwa esingangesonto kanye amathani kwesigamu uranium-ore.

Ukwakhiwa okusheshayo isitshalo

Kusukela ngo-1945, ngo-March, ngemva kokuthola iziteshi US NKGB Imininingwane schema ibhomu, ngokusekelwe isimiso Implosion (ie kokucindezelwa we indaba fissile yonke indawo ngenxa yokuqhuma iziqhumane ezivamile), umsebenzi isikimu wethulwa, eyayintula inzuzo enkulu phezu isibhamu. Ngo-April 1945, B. Mahaney wabhala inothi Beria. Lathi 1947 kulindeleke ukuthi ziqalise ukukhiqiza nokwe-uranium-235 okusheshayo isitshalo, esitholakala kokuthi inombolo 2. Ukusebenza Laboratory zalesi sihlahla kwakufanele kube ngu-25 kg uranium ngonyaka. Kwakufanele ukuba lokho anele amabhomu amabili. Ukuze US empeleni kwathatha 65 kg nokwe-uranium-235.

Ukuhlanganyela ososayensi ucwaningo German

May 5, 1945 ngesikhathi sempi ngoba Berlin kwatholakala impahla okuqondene Physics Institute Inkampani ye Kaiser Wilhelm. A umsebenzi okhethekile, eliholwa A. Zavenyagin wabe esethunyelwa eJalimane ngo-May 9. umsebenzi walo kwaba ukuthola ososayensi abasebenza lapho phezu ibhomu le-athomu, ukuqoqa izinto inkinga uranium. Kanye nemindeni yawo eU.SSR wakhishwa iqembu abalulekile ososayensi German. Babehlanganisa abazuza izindondo zikaNobel N. Riehl futhi H. Hertz, uprofesa Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. Pose, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel nabanye.

Ukudalwa ibhomu le-athomu imisiwe

kwakudingekile ukwakha amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza ngokukhiqiza plutonium-239. Ngisho ngoba umshayeli wathatha mayelana 36 amathani uranium metal, graphite futhi 500 t 9 t-uranium dioxide. Ngokuyinhloko ngo-August 1943 Inkinga yaxazululeka graphite. ikhishwe Kumiswa ngo-May 1944 ngesikhathi eMoscow electrode Plant. Nokho, isilinganiso esifanele uranium ezweni kwaba ekupheleni kuka-1945.

UStalin wafuna ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kwaba uvivinyo lwangempela ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR. Unyaka lapho sesifeziwe ukuphuma, wadalwa eyisidalwa 1948 th (kuze entwasahlobo). Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi kwakungekho izinto ngisho ukukhiqizwa yayo. Umnqamulajuqu omusha waqokwa Februwari 8, 1945 ngomthetho kahulumeni. I ibhomu le-athomu washukumiseleka ukuba 1 Mashi 1949.

Isigaba sokugcina, uzilungiselele isivivinyo ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR

Lo mcimbi ebesifuna isikhathi eside kangaka, kamuva kabusha ehleliwe. Ukuhlolwa yokuqala ibhomu le-athomu eSoviet Union senzeka ngonyaka 1949, njengoba kwakuhleliwe, kodwa hhayi ngo-March nango-August.

Ngo-1948, ngo-June 19, i-ophendulayo lokuqala zezimboni ( "A") wethulwa. "B" isitshalo yakhelwa inyumbazana wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi fuel plutonium kukhiqizwa. Uranium amabhlogo zishiswe, ziyoncibilika futhi ahlukaniswe chemical kusho uranium kusukela plutonium. Isixazululo is eseqhubeka nahlanza kusukela imikhiqizo ukuqoqwa ukuze kuncishiswe umsebenzi wayo ngemisebe. Ngesikhathi "B" ngo-Ephreli 1949, saqala ukukhiqiza izingxenye ibhomu ebangeni plutonium, usebenzisa NII-9 ubuchwepheshe. Eyokuqala ucwaningo ophendulayo usebenzisa amanzi esindayo, wethulwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Nge izingozi eziningi waya ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza. Lapho ukuqedwa nemiphumela yabo iye yabonakala amacala abasebenzi ngokweqile. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi asizange banake trifles ezinjalo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukufeza test wokuqala ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR (eyanini - 1949, August 29).

Ngo-July, icala wayezimisele izingxenye ungakuphi. Ukuze isitshalo sokufeza izilinganiso ngokomzimba, washiya iqembu zesayensi, okwaholela Fleury. Theory iqembu kwaholela Zeldovich, wayiswa ekucubunguleni nesilinganiso imiphumela, kanye kuhlaziywa ematfuba akuphelele ukudabuka nekghono amagugu.

Ngakho, isivivinyo lokuqala ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR yenziwa ngonyaka 1949. 5 Agasti, uKhomishane wamukelwa ngecala lokuvukela plutonium nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi KB-11, isitimela esikhethekile. ngalesi sikhathi Kwakukhona cishe wawuqeda umsebenzi kudingekile. Control inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-icala wawenziwa KB-11 ngobusuku 10 Agasti 11. Lo thuluzi bese adiliza nezingxenye zalo Agcwele ukuba kuthunyelwe landfill. Njengoba sekushiwo, isivivinyo lokuqala ibhomu le-athomu eSoviet Union senzeka 29 Agasti. ngaleyo ndlela ibhomu Soviet yasungulwa eminyakeni engu-2 kanye izinyanga 8.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu

EU.SSR ngo-1949, August 29, kuye kwaba yenuzi warhead ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi Semipalatinsk test site. On the Rig babe kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Amandla kuqhuma kwakwenzeke 22 kilotons. Umklamo wasebenzisa icala waphinda "Fat Man" kusukela US, futhi ukugcwaliswa electronic yasungulwa ososayensi Soviet. Isakhiwo multilayer kuyinto icala le-athomu. It by ukugxisha eyindilinga convergent detonation wave kwenziwa ukudluliswa plutonium esimweni esibucayi.

Ezinye izici ze-ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu

5 kg plutonium yafakwa maphakathi kwenkokhelo. Ingqikithi utholakale ngesimo ama- ezimbili, sizungezwe emgodleni we-uranium-238. Wakhonza njengephayona lesikhathi isivikelo umnyombo, ukuvuvukala ngesikhathi ukusabela chain ukuze isikhathi ukuba asabele incenye lenkhulu plutonium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sasetshenziswa njengophawu ukubonakalisa, kanye umengameli-neutron. Kokuphazamisa lizungezwe igobolondo ezenziwe aluminium. Wasebenza for kokucindezelwa umfaniswano wave shock we icala zenuzi.

Ukufakwa iyunithi equkethe fissile impahla, ukuphepha wawenziwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo ukushaja. Ngenxa yalesi ikakhulukazi lapho ngokusebenzisa oyindilinga imbobo lokuvala plug ye kwamakhowe. Futhi kule housings kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle kukhona izimbobo avalwa ngo izembozo. Ukuhlukanisa nuclei mayelana 1 kg plutonium kwakubangelwa amandla alufakwa. Labo abasele abanga-4 kg akazange abe nesikhathi ukuba asabele futhi spray kuyize, lapho ukuhlolwa ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu kwenziwa eSoviet Union, usuku lapho manje eyaziwa. imibono eminingi emisha ekuthuthukiseni amacala kwavela phakathi kokusebenza kwalolu hlelo. Bona ukhathazekile, ikakhulukazi, ngcono isici nokusetshenziswa impahla, kanye ukunciphisa isisindo kanye nosayizi. Kuqhathaniswa onobuhle ezintsha lokuqala baba ezincane, namandla kakhulu nenhle ngaphezulu.

Ngakho, ukuhlola lokuqala ibhomu le-athomu eSoviet Union senzeka ngo-1949, ngo-August 29. Kwaba isiqalo zezambulo ezengeziwe kule ndawo, okuyinto ayagcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Ukuhlolwa kwe-ibhomu le-athomu e-USSR (1949) kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni wezwe lakithi, futhi isishiya isimo yayo njengendlela amandla enuzi.

Ngo-1953, ngesikhathi esifanayo Semipalatinsk test site, owokuqala emlandweni test Russian ka-hydrogen. Amandla kakade zaba 400 kt. Qhathanisa ukuhlolwa kuqala eU.SSR-athomu ibhomu ne-hydrogen ibhomu: amandla 22 kilotons futhi kilotons 400. Nokho, lokhu kwakumane nje kuyisiqalo.

14 Septhemba 1954 ngesikhathi Totsky ububanzi wenza izivivinyo lokuqala lezempi, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ibhomu le-athomu yayisetshenziswa. Zibizwa ngokuthi "ukusebenza" Snowball "." Atomic ibhomu ukuhlolwa kuka-1954 sase-Soviet Union, ngokuvumelana declassified ngo-1993, kwenziwa kuhlanganise ngenhloso ukuthola indlela eyingozi ngayo kuthinta abantu. Abahlanganyeli kule experiment wanika okubhaliselwe ukuthi ngeke adalule imininingwane mayelana ngemisebe iminyaka engu-25.