Kukhawula izinto fluidity. Indlela ukucacisa ukucindezeleka isivuno

Veza iphuzu ibizwa ngokuthi voltage elihambisana ukubaluleka nokunwebeka asalile emva ukususwa umthwalo. Ukunqunywa lokhu ubuningi kuyadingeka ukukhetha izinsimbi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa. Uma kungenjalo kunakwe ipharamitha kubhekwe, lokhu kungaholela ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu inqubo ukusonteka elinama kukhethwe kahle. Kubalulekile acabangele iphuzu isivuno ekwakhiweni izakhiwo ahlukahlukene steel.

incazelo ngokomzimba

isivuno imikhawulo ayizikhombisi wamandla. Ziyakwazi ukusonteka macroplastic nge ukuqina iphansana. Emzimbeni, lokhu ipharamitha kungenziwa imelelwa isici impahla, okungukuthi, zinamandla okuhambelana ukubaluleka engezansi ithafa isivuno eshadini (umdwebo) impahla ngilulekela. Kungashiwo okufanayo imelelwa Formula: σ _T = P _T / F _0, lapho P _T isivuno iphuzu umthwalo, futhi F _{0 iyona} yokuqala endaweni cross-Sectional isampula ngayo. PT ubeka umngcele okuthiwa phakathi nokunwebeka-plastic ukusonteka zone kanye impahla nokunwebeka. Ngisho ukukhuphuka kancane voltage (ngenhla FET) kuzodala ukusonteka abalulekile. ukugeleza Imikhawulo metal ngokuvamile kulinganiswa ngo kg / mm ² noma N / m ^2. Ubukhulu lokhu wepharamitha bathonywe izinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana ukwelashwa ezishisayo, ukushuba isampula, khona izakhi alloying futhi ukungcola, uhlobo microstructure ne crystal ngehele ukukhubazeka kanye nezinye. Ukuhoxa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu nge lokushisa. Cabanga ngesibonelo amagugu esisebenzayo yalesi ipharamitha.

Ukuhoxa amapayipi

I osobala kakhulu umthelela ezidlula unikezwa ekwakhiweni umfutho ophakeme piping izinhlelo. Ngo imiklamo efana, kumele kusetshenziswe steel ekhethekile, okuyinto has a isivuno ukucindezeleka ngokwanele ezinkulu futhi igebe ubuncane phakathi idatha izinkomba ipharamitha futhi amandla eqine. Umkhawulo ephakeme ensimbi, ngakho ngokwemvelo, ayanda kumele kube Inkomba yenani avumelekile yokusebenza voltage. Leli qiniso kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ku ukubaluleka kwensimbi, futhi ngokufanelekile, uhlaka. Ngenxa yokuthi i-wepharamitha ibalwa ovumelekile ohlelweni ukucindezeleka kunomthelela oqonde ngqo kwi oyifunayo odongeni ukujiya ukubaluleka isetshenziswa amaphayiphi, kubalulekile ukubala ngokunembile esiphezulu isici amandla ensimbi ukuze kusetshenziswe womshini amapayipi. Enye incazelo eyiqiniso kakhulu nemingcele yalezi zindlela iwukuba ucwaningo kwi isifanekiso eqine. Kuzo zonke izimo kubalulekile acabangele umehluko amagugu inkomba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ovumelekile amagugu ukucindezeleka - ngakolunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi iphuzu isivuno metal njalo setha ngenxa enemininingwane nesilinganiso esebenza. Kodwa ovumelekile ukucindezeleka uhlelo iningi ukuthatha ngesisekelo imithetho noma ngenxa ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe, kanye sithembele isipiliyoni siqu umenzi. The main iphayiphi izinhlelo, zonke iqoqo ejwayelekile ezichazwe SNP II-45-75. Ngakho, ukufakwa nokuphepha isici - inkinga kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Nencazelo efanele yegama lokhu ipharamitha incike ngokuphelele ukunemba ibalwa voltage amagugu lomthwalo, kanye namandla yemikhiqizo impahla.

Uma ukhetha ukwahlukanisa ipayipi izinhlelo nayo isekelwe le nkomba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zinto ngqo nabo lo metal isizinda tube, futhi, ngokufanelekile, bangahlanganyela izinqubo electrochemical, kubathinta ezithinta isimo iphayiphi.

eqine izinto

Amandla eqine inquma inani lapho voltage izohlala ingashintshiwe noma wenqabe, naphezu nokunwebeka. Lokho, kulesi ipharamitha ifinyelela sikhathi esibucayi lapho shift kusukela nokunwebeka esifundeni plastic ye ukusonteka impahla. It kuvela ukuthi iphuzu isivuno kungaba azimisele ngokuhlola induku.

ekubalweni PT

I ukumelana namandla isivuno impahla yiyona ukucindezeleka lapho ucala kutfutfukisa ukusonteka plastic. Ake sibheke indlela lesi silinganiso ibalwa. Ekuhloleni olwenziwa ne amasampula cylindrical, ukunquma ukubaluleka ukucindezeleka evamile ibe sesigabeni engu- ngesikhathi lo ukusonteka engelapheki. Indlela efanayo esikhathini ucwaningo nge torsion zezinhlobo ijabulise iveza ekutholeni amandla isivuno phuca. Ezintweni eziningi izinga kunqunywa _T ifomula σ = τ _s √3. Kwezinye izimo extension okuqhubekayo isampula cylindrical kugrafu kuye ekucindezelekeni evamile zobude kuholela kokutholakala okuthiwa isivuno ukucindezeleka ngezinyo, isb ebukhali voltage iconsi phambi ukwakheka ukusonteka plastic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye ukwanda kwalesi ukuhlanekezela kunani ezithile kwenzeka ngesikhathi voltage njalo, okuthiwa TP ngokomzimba. Uma ukugeleza endaweni (ovundlile kwesigaba ihluzo) has a obuphelele enkulu, ukwaziswa okunjalo ibizwa ngokuthi kuhle-plastic. Uma ishadi kungaqali pad, amasampula okuthiwa lukhuni. Kulokhu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ucacise ukubaluleka ngqo lapho plastic ukusonteka kwenzeka.

Kuyini amandla isivuno?

Ake sibone ukuthi yini uhlobo inketho. Ezimweni lapho umdwebo ukucindezeleka akuyona uzwakalise amasayithi okudingekile ukunquma TP okunemibandela. Ngakho, lesi silinganiso kuyinto voltage lapho esihlobeni ukusonteka asalile elilingana amaphesenti 0.2. Ukubala umdwebo nangokunquma voltage-eksisi ε kuyadingeka uyephuza elilingana 0.2. Kusukela leli phuzu, eyenziwa umugqa oqondile parallel esigabeni sokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba seqophelweni empambana umugqa oqondile ne ishadi ichaza ukubaluleka ukucindezeleka bokuthi impahla ethile. Futhi, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi Fri. lobuchwepheshe Ngaphezu kwalokho, eceleni isehlane amandla isivuno ngaphansi torsion nokugotshiswa.

Ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ukugeleza isilinganiso

Lokhu ipharamitha inquma ikhono metal oncibilikisiwe ukugcwalisa ukuma komugqa. Ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ukugeleza rate metal Alloys nensimbi has eside yayo embonini Metallurgical - castability. Empeleni, kuba okuhambisanayo we viscosity ashukumisayo. I-International System of Units (SI) eveza ukugeleza uketshezi Pa ^-1 * s ^-1.

Ultimate eqine

Ake sibheke indlela lokhu kunqunywa izici izakhiwo lokukhanda. Amandla libhekisela ikhono impahla ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi ngaphakathi nemiphumela ehlukene beqonda ngaphandle aphuke. izakhiwo Mechanical ngokuvamile kunqunywa indlela ezivamile amashadi Ukwenyela. Ukuze ukuhlolwa zisebenzisa amasampula ejwayelekile. amadivaysi Test anemisila idivayisi erekhoda kulombhalo. Ukwandisa imithwalo okweqa izimbangela plastic eningi ukusonteka e umkhiqizo. Amandla isivuno kanye namandla eqine ngesikhathi sekhefu zivumelana umthwalo eliphakeme, ezandulela ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe isampula. Esikhathini ukusonteka plastic izinto ligxile omunye endaweni lapho kukhona ukuvaleka endawo esigabeni cross. Ibizwa nangokuthi entanyeni. akha kwabantu eliphezulu dislocations Ukuthuthukiswa amaslayidi amaningi kule nto kanti kukhona okuthiwa discontinuity germinal. Ngenxa enlargements yabo isampuli kokuba ikhule ezimbotsheni. Ukuhlanganisa ndawonye, akha imifantu okuyinto ukudlulisa transversely kuya ahlangene ngilulekela. Futhi okwamanje ezibucayi isampuli libhujiswa ngokuphelele.

Uyini DC for valve?

Le mikhiqizo ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu, ezimiselwe bathambekele simelane eqine. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa Amabha steel, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile. Le mikhiqizo kumele basebente ngekubambisana nenqwaba ukhonkolo kuzo zonke izigaba ukulayisha ngaphandle kokukhetha le ukwakhiwa, isikhathi eside futhi anezakhi ductile. Futhi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izimo kwezimboni zalezi zinhlobo imisebenzi. I izakhiwo mechanical we steel esetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni valve, efakwe elihambisana GOST nezimo lobuchwepheshe. GOST 5781-61 inikeza amakilasi ezine mikhiqizo. Izifiso zakhe zokuqala ezintathu zenzelwe imiklamo ezivamile, kanye Mahhala ukungezwani libhala izinhlelo prestressed. Eqine amandla isivuno ukuqinisa kuncike ikilasi umkhiqizo ongafinyelela 6000 kg / ^cm2. Ngakho, kuleli kilasi ipharamitha sokuqala ngu-500 kg / cm ^2, kwesibili - 3000 kg / cm ^2, yesithathu 4000 kg / cm ^2, kanti owesine - 6000 kg / cm ^2.

Yield kwensimbi

Ukuze esigingqwe ukucushwa eziyisisekelo GOST 1050-88 PT inikeza amanani alandelayo: ukukuqeda 20 - 25 kgf / mm ^2, uphawu 30 - 30 kgf / mm ^2, uphawu 45 - 36 kgf / mm ^2. Nokho, ngenxa steel esifanayo, oluqanjwe imvume ngaphambi zomthengi kanye nomnikezi umenzi, ukucindezeleka isivuno angase abe namanani ahlukene (the GOST efanayo). Ngakho, i- steel grade 30 kuyodingeka uFata ngobukhulu kusuka 30 kuya 41 kgf / mm ² bese umaka 45 - in the uhla 38-50 kgf / mm ^2.

isiphetho

Ekuklameni ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo steel (izakhiwo, amabhuloho, njll) kuveza amandla isetshenziswa kube inkomba yokuthi amandla elimisiwe kwenziwa umsebenzi wokubalisisa kuvunyelwe umthwalo amagugu ngokulandelana ecacisiwe ukuphepha isici. Kodwa ezitsheni sicindezelekile, ubukhulu umthwalo kuvunyelwe ibalwa ngesisekelo UT, kanye namandla eqine, nge izimo operation esifakiwe.