International amathuluzi amalungelo abantu

Amalungelo esintu ezibhekwa inalienable, kodwa ukudalwa izimo ukuqaliswa yabo kungadinga abathintekayo, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa isimo, izenzo zomthetho ngabanye. Ngumuphi kubo kubhekwe njengento ayisisekelo uma kuziwa nokubambisana kukazwelonke iqhaza amazwe emhlabeni namuhla? Asho amazinga wamalungelo wobuntu imithombo yedatha?

Yiziphi izici ukuqonda ngalokuphelele emalungelo eluntfu?

Ngaphambi kokucabangela le ahlukahlukene international kwamalungelo wobuntu amathuluzi, ukuze ufunde ukuthi idatha amalungelo ngokuhambisana ukubukwa ezivamile abacwaningi kungase kube.

Ngakho, iphuzu ethandwa umbono, owawuthi kuyakushiswa waqonda izici zobuntu abonisa inkululeko yayo, futhi kubalulekile empilweni yakhe, iqhaza ubudlelwano nabanye abantu, umphakathi kanye netikhungo tembuso. Bona njani ngesimo esingokomthetho umuntu ungubani maqondana nesimo futhi isebenzisa ukuze uqaphele izidingo zabo, kanye iqhaza nokuxhumana ahlukahlukene nangaphakathi kwezigaba izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko.

I ebaluleke kakhulu kwamalungelo wobuntu - inalienable. Kufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako: yisiphi isikhathi ngesicelo inkampani yakhe, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sakhe emphakathini, imibono yezombangazwe, ubuzwe.

Izinhlobo kwamalungelo wobuntu

Uma sizama zokuhlukanisa amalungelo okukhulunywa ngakho, usebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene international, kungenzeka ukunquma ukuthi zihlukaniswe ngalezi zigaba ezilandelayo: kwezombangazwe, endleleni yokuphila kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.

Ngokuphathelene amalungelo abo ezombusazwe: lezi kungaba emelelwa umuntu ilungelo uwukubonakaliswa inkululeko yokukhuluma, wenhlangano, kanye umhlangano iqhaza abanye abantu. Isiko kungaba zithunyelwe ilungelo lokuthola imfundo, kanye nenkululeko lokusungula. Ngokuphathelene izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho - okufaka phakathi ilungelo impahla, ezezindlu kanye nokuvikeleka komphakathi.

indzima yembuso ekuqinisekiseni ukufezwa kwamalungelo esintu

Ngokusobala, indima ebalulekile kungokwalabo isimo ukudala izimo for the ukugcwaliseka kwalamalungelo. amathuluzi International ku lilungelo lesintfu lekutfola yokuphepha komphakathi kanye nezinye izinzuzo zihlanganisa amalungiselelo lapho iziphathimandla amazwe emhlabeni banesibopho ukuqaliswa iziqondiso ehlukene ukuthuthukiswa inchubomgomo yembuso. Lezi izibopho ezingahle zinqunywe iziphathimandla ezingeni kazwelonke ezimweni eziningi - kuMthethosisekelo wezwe. amalungelo abantu livikeleke nomthetho ofanele lufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako ngesisekelo isimo obuku tikhungo tetenhlalo - kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezomthetho.

Ngakho, iziphathimandla zezwe Into esemqoka - hhayi isimemezelo imithetho elandelayo efanele noma lezo zihlanganisa amathuluzi ngamazwe, futhi ukudala izimo ukuze kusetshenziswe kwesikhathi samakhono abantu empeleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma lesi sifo empeleni waphawula ke simemezelo ukuzibophezela noma imaphi amalungiselelo nabazali bokutholwa lapho imithetho wezwe noma kazwelonke, ngeke idingeke noma kuyoba esisemthethweni, kuyilapho izakhamuzi wezwe bayaqiniseka ukuthi benza ingafinyelela zabo amalungelo ayisisekelo.

namazinga kaZwelonke kanye nasezingeni lamazwe omhlaba ukuze kuvikeleke amalungelo esintu kanye komthetho umkhuba

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni amalungelo esintu - umkhuba walabo imithetho, okuhlanganisa kwamalungelo wobuntu amathuluzi ngamazwe. Uma isakhamuzi State unomuzwa wokuthi amalungelo akhe kuqinisekiswa komthetho wezwe noma kazwelonke, seqe, kungaba ubheke izimo ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-Ombudsman noma emagunyeni zokwahlulela. Uma ezingeni zikahulumeni ezisebenza izwe lakhe, umuntu akakwazi sifinyelele ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo abo, angakhalaza kwiLungu izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge, isibonelo, iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu.

Ukwahlukanisa kwamalungelo wobuntu namazinga omhlaba

нормы, которые классифицируются на следующие основные категории: amathuluzi International ngamalungelo esintu (izici jikelele contact abo kuzoxoxwa kamuva kulesi sihloko) zihlanganisa amazinga, okuyinto zihlukaniswa ngalezi zigaba ezilandelayo:

- izimiso;

- namazinga;

- amazinga.

izimiso International kwamalungelo wobuntu

Ngokuqondene wangaphambili, labo okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi nezimiso eziyisisekelo komthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, e-yoMthetho weNkantolo Wezobulungiswa kuyinto ekwakhiweni ukuthi kukhona izimiso komthetho zazo obonwa izizwe eziphucukile. Izimiso okukhulunywa ngakho, ingalungiswa ezihlukahlukene imithombo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-nezimemezelo nekubeka imithetho. Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi le efanele yemithetho, njengoba umthetho, kukhona ngokuzikhethela, leso asibophi.

Nokho, ngokulandela inkhulumomphendvulwano zomhlaba njalo ukwamukela, uma amathuluzi olufanele ngamazwe ngamalungelo esintu (yokuphepha, isibonelo) uzothola nomdlalo izinhlinzeko zoMthetho imithombo kazwelonke komthetho walabo States okuye nengxenye kwenaba ka izimiso ezifanele futhi ukuhlanganisa zabo ku ezingeni yalezi noma eminye imithombo yomthetho. Izwe, owamisa ezimisweni wezizwe iziqinisekiso womuntu zomphakathi nezomnotho, ngakho uyobonakala uzakwethu ngezizwe eziqondene futhi esebenzayo uma zingase zidlulisele umthetho othi izikhungo ezithile isimo ukudala izimo ngoba izakhamizi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo lenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nomnotho efanele.

Sisungule izindinganiso nezimiso ngamalungelo esintu

Futhi, namazinga omhlaba kanye namazinga ephathelene nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo wobuntu uye, njengoba umthetho, kuthiwa semthethweni - kodwa ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi imithombo yomthetho lapho benzelwe, samukelwa ngokomthetho uthi ahlukahlukene. Singakhuluma mayelana le mithetho, njengoba wesigodi, inhlanganiso, olandelwayo ngamazwe, isivumelwano. Kwezinye izimo, lo mbandela kuciniswa isivumelwano kungenzeka iqhaza yembuso inhlangano ethile ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sicabanga isakhiwo esifanayo, inhlangano onjalo Life loMkhandlu WaseYurophu.

Sikuveze ezihlukahlukene flavour malungelo livikeleke ezingeni inqwaba yemithetho, bamukela ezingeni esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba ezweni lanamuhla. Ngumuphi ngokubona kwakho kulaba akunakubangelwa ayisisekelo? Mhlawumbe, kuyoba ngaphezu kwakho konke, nezinto zokubethwa ngamazwe yokutholwa ezingeni izinhlangano ezinkulu ezingeni elifanele - UN. Cabanga imininingwane imithombo wezomthetho idatha eningi.

amazinga International kwamalungelo wobuntu: Declaration UN

Omunye izenzo eziyisisekelo iziqinisekiso kokungathembeki kwamalungelo wobuntu ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele angabizwa ngokuthi Declaration of Human Rights, leyemukelwa UN ngo-1948. Lo mbhalo yasungulwa futhi bamukela ekukhanyeni isipiliyoni kumazwe ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, elihlobene ne ekutadisheni ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwane zomthetho emkhakheni yobuntu, ikhumbula isipiliyoni kokusebenza komthetho enjalo ezingeni uthi ngabanye.

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we okukhulunywa kuyingxenye komhlaba jikelele bill amalungelo yomuntu. isakhiwo sayo sihlanganisa nezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene, njengoba yokutholwa nohlaka esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba kwamazwe anamuhla. Phakathi kwalabo:

- Kwesivumelwano asungula amalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo ezepolitiki;

- Kwesivumelwano ngokuchaza amalungelo ezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye namasiko.

Bobabili amathuluzi bangena amandla ngo-1976. Lezi zinsimbi ngamazwe ngamalungelo esintu kanye civil lukuphepha emphakathini, ukufinyelela amalungelo ezepolitiki kanye amathuba sokuthuthukisa amasiko, uyingane yokutholwa ukuze anezele nemininingwane idokhumenti eyisisekelo UN. Kulokhu, ezithintekile imithombo amalungelo babe isimo wesivumelwano, ukuthi, iyawabopha uthi eziye izibophezele umthetho ofanele. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe ethile.

imithombo International imithetho: Nesivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Samalungelo Political

Kubhekwe umthombo kwezinkambiso washayelwa uhlu oluthile kwamalungelo wobuntu kanye izindlela ngazo lufanele lwenteke kulamazinga lalandzelako. Lokhu Pact atheleka elungisa kwamalungelo wobuntu ezilandelayo:

- ukuze lempilo, lenkululeko, nokuvikeleka komuntu;

- at isimo sengqondo sobuntu;

- iqiniso, hhayi uboshwe emthethweni;

- sendleleni, kanye nokuzikhethela lokuhlala;

- ukuze inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo;

- inhlangano imihlangano, ukusungulwa izinhlangano;

- ukuba lijoyine inhlangano ethile;

- ezabelwe ivoti ngaphakathi okhethweni lukazwelonke;

- sokuvikelwa esimweni okuqondene izicukuthwane kuphela.

imithombo International imithetho: Susani lelibhokisi lesivumelwane ku Economic Rights

Uma ubheka izinto zokubethwa ngamazwe ngomthetho zokuvikeleka kwezenhlalakahle - omunye ukhiye kuyoba kunjalo, kweSivumelwano Ezezimali, Eziphathelene Nabantu kanye Namasiko Rights, abamukelwa njengamadodana umthombo odlule yamazinga ezingeni UN. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we efanele kuhlanganisa ohlwini olulandelayo kwamalungelo:

- lekutimela;

- ukusebenza;

- ukuze nje futhi zisekela izimo yomsebenzi;

- kumiswa zabasebenzi;

- ilungelo lokuteleka;

- ukuphepha komphakathi;

- ukuze ivikele emkhayeni, omama nezingane;

- ngelizinga ezanele nokuphakama kwezindleko zokuphila, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla;

- ukufeza izinkomba eliphakeme impilo;

- imfundo - kuhlanganise ikhumbula uhlelo ukwethulwa imfundo khulula ngokuhambisana lesivumelwane;

- ukuze iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni amasiko;

- ukusetshenziswa imiphumela intuthuko emkhakheni wesayensi;

- ukuvikela izithakazelo ezihambelana lokusungula yabo.

Monitoring ukuhambisana nezibopho lamazwe eziye izibophezele wesivumelwano, ngumuntu iKomiti ekhethekile eNhlangano yeziZwe.

Ngakho, uma sicabanga amathuluzi ukhiye ngamazwe zomsebenzi, izici jikelele ukuthi ziwenza akwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukuhlola eliphezulu kakhulu, ngokuya ubeka imithetho yezomthetho ziyabophelela kwamazwe anamuhla - umthombo okusematheni, lingachazwa ngokuthi omunye amathuluzi ukhiye.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi kokubili wesivumelwano, ikakhulukazi lapho sesibonile ngenhla, empeleni samukelwa ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Ngakho, amathuluzi ngamazwe zabasebenzi kanye iziqinisekiso ahlukahlukene omphakathi - uma sicabangela asabela ezingeni UN, abe namandla wokuphatha ubanzi kakhulu.

Amalungelo esintu amathuluzi: ezingeni International yomthetho

Ngaphezu imithombo izinkambiso, sasitadisha ngenhla, zikhona eziningi ezinye izenzo zomthetho esamukelwa ngo ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele ngo kohlaka ukulawulwa izindlela zomthetho ukuze kuqaliswe wombuso nokuvikela amalungelo wobuntu. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa inani elikhulu Imihlangano - ". On ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi" "On the Ukuqedwa Ubandlululo", "Ngo counteraction ekuhlukumezeni nasekubulaleni ngesihluku esiyinqaba", "Amalungelo Wezingane",

международные акты на уровне деклараций, то можно обратить внимание на Декларацию социального прогресса ООН, которая была принята в 1969 году. Uma ubheka izinto zokubethwa ngamazwe ezingeni nezimemezelo, kungenzeka ukuba banake i-United Nations seMfanelo KaZulu Inqubekela, eyamukelwa ngo-1969. что главная цель социального прогресса — улучшение материального и духовного уровня человека при условии реализации им своих прав и свобод. Kuthiwa iwumgomo oyinhloko intuthuko kwezenhlalo - ukwenza ngcono iqophelo engokoqobo nengokomoya lomuntu kuncike ekutholakaleni kwamalungelo akhe nenkululeko.

Kukhona inala imithombo yemithetho nabazali bokutholwa lapho-International Labor Organization, UNESCO nezinye izakhiwo kwakheka Yiqiniso inter-state ngokubambisana. международные акты о праве человека на достойный уровень существования , одним из условий которого является наличие возможностей для реализации неотчуждаемых социальных прав. Kukhona amathuluzi ngamazwe ngakwesokudla womuntu endinganisweni efanele khona, isimo okuyinto ukutholakala amathuba ukugcwaliseka amalungelo inalienable nomphakathi.

Amalungelo esintu amathuluzi: yesifunda ezingeni yomthetho

Kukhona amathuluzi lesifunda ahlukahlukene - ngokwesibonelo, Umculu wase-Afrika Yamalungelo Esintu, Simemetelo eMelika Amalungelo Imisebenzi soMthetho-sisekelo WaseYurophu Wamalungelo Abantu. sawo ubabonisa ikakhulukazi emazweni elise kusifunda esinikeziwe.

различных уровнях партнерства между современными государствами действуют международные акты о праве собственности , о безопасности, о защите природы. Emazingeni ezahlukene yobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe anamuhla usebenze izitifiketi international sobunikazi, ezokuphepha, ukuvikelwa yemvelo. Ikhumbula ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe emhlabeni wemithombo kwezinkambiso ukuthi usebenze namuhla, kulekelelwa ngu entsha, ukulungiswa, ngcono, okugxile lithathelwe imininingwane esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba emazingeni ehlukene.