Uhlelo zabasebenzi - uhlelo labour-service ... Isici

Uhlelo zabasebenzi - uhlelo lokulima Umninindawo eRussia engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili - ekuqaleni ekhulwini lama-20, yokusungula nomsebenzi abalimi ngoba umhlaba yerenti, .. Loans imali noma isinkwa, ngoba izinto zokhuni, kalula, njll Izinhlobonhlobo izinhlelo zentuthuko abangu sharecropping futhi sharecropping. Meaning of igama elithi "izimayini" ku Dictionary - umsebenzi we abalimi phezu kwezwe zomninindawo abhadalela umhlaba iqashwe emva ukuqedwa serfdom.

umhlaba ilungelo lokuhlala kuwo

Sharecropping - uhlobo umhlaba ukuqasha lapho irenti ikhokhwe kumnikazi isabelo isivuno. Lubonakala ikakhulukazi pre-capitalism kanye ampofu kosozimali izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa abakhiqizi ezincane. Ukuvela izimo capitalism kuwuhlobo yenguquko ukusuka imodi izinduna komhlaba iqashwe kuya-Capitalist. Sharecropping namanje isekhona kwamanye amazwe njengoba esifuze feudalism (United States, e-Italy, South-West eFrance, eSpain). Emazweni amaningi empumalanga it has a isikhundla okuholela njengoba oluthile sokuqasha.

sharecropping

Sharecropping - uhlobo sharecropping, lapho intela ye umnikazi womhlaba okuhloswe, uhhafu isivuno. Le ndlela yokulima kwakuvamile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi abamnyama inhlabathi ezifundeni neningizimu yeRussia.

Izici yokuthuthuka kohlelo

Izinhlobo izinhlelo zentuthuko zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ayemaningi kakhulu okuthiwa podesyatinnye nomholo izdelny nokuqashwa, ukucutshungulwa emathangeni (owodwa ebusika futhi omunye okweshumi kokweshumi ehlobo) - kulokhu abalimi waqasha for imali ukucubungula bomhlaba 'nge imishini yabo. Ngezinye izikhathi abalimi wathatha isinkwa noma aboleke imali, no afunge ukusebenza isithakazelo izinkokhelo zawo. Lolu hlobo limelela isici isici: uhlelo labour-service - ifomu semi izinduna yokulima, egqoke usury ebugqilini yokuqasha.

Ngezinye izikhathi abalimi basebenza "kalula" (ngokuthatha umthwalo ukugcwalisa yenhlawulo ebekiwe ngumthetho ukuze bakhululeke), ukusebenza nje "udumo" - I-ukudla, cishe lutho, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukulahlekelwa elinye ithuba yomsebenzi kusukela kulendawo. Ekugcineni, kwandile zazihamba ngendlela sharecropping.

Uyini uhlelo labour-service emlandweni?

I amabili eminyaka post-kabusha, emnothweni umninindlu, kwakukhona kwathatha amafomu zobungxiwankulu ngabanikazi bomhlaba emuva amakhosi asendulo. Yabizwa esikhundleni salesi simiso esidala zabasebenzi-service - lokhu luwumgogodla okuyinto kwaba ukuthi abalimi ezibazungezile baqala ukulima ezweni umninindlu sika nge imishini yabo esesikhipha.

Umahluko serfdom Kukulo muzi lapho umlimi manje Sangena sokusebenzelana ne umninindlu, futhi kwaba enemithwalo khulula. Saqala ukwenza emakethe imithetho ukunikezela funa. Nokho, uhlelo labour-service kwaba nezihibe. Njengoba le umninindlu empeleni esinakho, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi ebizela othile noma yimiphi imigomo ukuba abalimi, okwakunginika uhlelo olusha lobugqila. Uhlelo zabasebenzi - phetho ukuswela of abalimi eyenziwa ngemva kabusha 1861, kanye nokucindezelwa izigodi ifike.

Ulwa lapho Castings

Idatha athathwe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene elikhombisa ukuthi sasondelana futhi zentuthuko nokuqashwa inkokhelo njalo aphansi uma eqhathaniswa kosozimali "khulula" ukuqasha. iqashwe Yemvelo kakhulu kunazo ithuthukiswe amaqembu ampofu kakhulu nabalimi abancane, futhi uphoqelekile ukuqasha ongumlimi abangakwazi ukumelana ukuguqulwa yayo ku nabasebenzi basemapulazini.

abalimi acebile futhi athambekele ekubeni amukele umhlaba imali. Umqashi efuna imali yerenti, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izindleko ezweni izindleko. Imali isilinganiso ukubhekisiswa abalimi nowabo nokobana a okweshumi kwamabele kwaba ruble 6. (Idatha kusuka 1883-1891 GG. Esikhathini abamnyama umhlaba ibhande). zabasebenzi Mahhala kwalinganiselwa ngendlela ruble 6. 19 kopecks. kuphela umsebenzi ngezinyawo, ngaphandle ikhumbula umsebenzi ihhashi (okumele ikhokhwe ngokwehlukana ruble okungenani 4. kopecks 50.).

Ukwanda izinhlelo zentuthuko

abanikazi Land abazuzisa kakhulu ukuqasha "usike-off 'ka ongumlimi Holdings. Ngakho-ke, indawo ephakathi omnyama emhlabeni ibhande, lapho izingxenye zaba ingxenye enkulu ezweni, uhlelo labour-sevisi ethandwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipulazi kule ndawo kwaba ogxile wezolimo, uma sicabangela amathuba okudoba elinganiselwe.

Esikhathini izifundazwe yezimboni Black Earth Region futhi eningizimu yeRussia yokuqala emva kabusha kwamashumi amabili, kwaba khona ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba isimiso sezomnotho isicebi, wasebenzisa zabasebenzi aqashiwe amasu zezolimo ngcono. Isibonelo salolu hlobo ibhizinisi ukulima A. N. Engelgardta ezichazwe "Izincwadi ezivela dolobhana".

Ngezansi ithebula eziphathelene 80s kwekhulu le-19 (idatha Anienskogo NF), lapho isilinganiso kubonakala izinhlobo othuthukisako kosozimali yokulima.

Kusukela etafuleni ke kungenziwa baphetha ngokuthi kuleli engu-80 ngekhulu le-19 e-Russia ku lonke uhlelo kosozimali lokulima ezivamile okuningi kuka zentuthuko. Ukusebenza aphume Uhlobo lokuqala (lapho abalimi benza umsebenzi nge imishini yabo) kwangena Castings uhlobo lwesibili (umlimi nabampofu babengathola zisebenzisa Umninindawo yokusungula). Evolution yokulima amanga ngokungenaphutha ushintsho lokuqala ekusebenzeni off uhlobo lwesibili ke ukuba ukusetshenziswa imali yokuqasha zama-Capitalist. Eminyakeni Inkinga endabeni 'ukuhlehla, "bese-ke uqala futhi banqoba. Izazi-mlando uqaphele ubungqabavu yayo, ngoba zabasebenzi-sevisi yesistimu - lowo wayeqhubeka ephila kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Okumbi uhlelo zentuthuko

Le ndlela yokulima bangaba khona uma umninindlu kwaba inzuzo engaphezulu ukuqasha i ongumlimi sigqilazwe kuka isisebenzi zomsebenzi. It imisiwe entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, kusukela lapho usebenzisa amasu okulima emuva iphutha ukulondolozwa ukulima ongaphakeme. Umphumela waba ongaphakeme umkhiqizo, t. Ukuze. Isivuno emaplasini we kulendawo nokusebenzisa uhlelo zentuthuko kwaba ephansi ngisho kuka kwesabelo ongumlimi.

Imayini kwaholela incithakalo futhi phansi we abalimi, ikakhulukazi abasesigabeni esiphakathi, ebikade bazibandakanye kakhulu kule isimiso sezomnotho. Akumangalisi ukuthi le ndlela ye kulinywe nge isikhathi elahlekile nencazelo yalo, yadedela a zanamuhla, amafomu zama-Capitalist.