Umlando kagesi eRussia: ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa

Ukuvela yezindlela zesimanje ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe uchungechunge nokwatholakala in yemvelo noma kwezobunjiniyela, zihlakazeke ngesikhathi emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Isayensi akasilahlile anamagama nedlanzana abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo esaqopha umlando. Phakathi kwabo kukhona wabahloli Russian.

I arc Petrova

Umlando ukuvela ugesi kwakuyoba ezahlukene uma hhayi i-physics isahlolwa futhi ngenkuthalo bafundisa Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). Lokhu usosayensi, eliqhutshwa siqu yelukuluku lazo kancane-waqonda, wachitha eziningi ucwaningo. Ipumelelo yokhiye akuthola arc kagesi 1802.

Petrov uye wafakazela ukuthi ingasetshenziswa izinjongo esisebenzayo - kuhlanganise kwabashiselayo metal, ekubunjweni ukukhanyisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ibhethri esikhulu kukagesi sidalwe experimenter. Umlando yentuthuko ugesi ukweleta kakhulu Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov ikhandlela

Omunye umklami Russian abasizileko intuthuko emkhakheni energy, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). Ngo-1875, wadala izibani carbon arc. Ngemuva it got igama "Yablochkov ikhandlela." Ngokokuqala ngqá kokusungulwa kwaboniswa emphakathini ngesikhathi Paris Umhlaba Sikhungo. Wabhala kanjalo umlando umsuka emhlabeni. Ugesi, ngomqondo kulokho wasebenzisa ukuqonda konke, nathi ziyasondela.

Ilambu Yablochkov, naphezu imibono wamavukelambuso benamaphutha eziningana ebulalayo. Ngemva nokunqamula emthonjeni ke safa, futhi kabusha uqale ikhandlela engasakwazi. Noma kunjalo, umlando umsuka kogesi unelungelo lokushiya ezincwadini zomlando ezalotshwa yabo egameni likaPawulu Yablochkov.

Mhlophe komlilo Lodygina

Okuhlangenwe nakho lokuqala yasekhaya ezihlobene ezisemadolobheni ngogesi, yayiqhutshelwa Aleksandrom Lodyginym Petersburg ngo-1873. Nguye owasungula isibani incandescent. Nokho, umzamo kuhlulekile ukwethula umkhiqizo omusha ibe operation mass - ke uhlulekile ukuthatha nasembonini izibani ikuyo yonke indawo igesi. I-patent ngoba intambo tungsten wathengiswa inkampani yangaphandle General Electric.

abathanda isiRashiya, Nokho, lokhu akuzange siphelelwe yintshiseko. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe "Electric Lighting Inkampani" usezuze ilungelo akhiqize incandescent ama. izinhlelo ezinkulu awazange kwenziwe ngenxa nokuchitha igazi, nokwehla kwezomnotho nasencithakalweni jikelele. Ngu-1917, incandescent ama babe kuphela izigodi ocebile ezitolo yimpumelelo, nokunye .. Ngokuvamile, ngisho izihloko ezimbili kuphela ingxenye yesithathu izakhiwo ehlanganiswa Ukusabalala ezinjalo. Ukuze ugesi omningi abantu ukhathazekile ngokuthi okunethezeka Amazing, futhi ngamunye isibonisi ukukhanyisa entsha yabakhanga izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi.

"Amandla Transmission"

Mhlawumbe indaba ukuvela ugesi eRussia kwakuzoba ezahlukene uma ukuqala XIX-XX eminyaka. zazingekho izinkinga ezifana ne supply ugesi. Uma izimboni, emizaneni noma emizini enikeziwe ngokwabo nge umthombo omusha amandla, kwakudingeka bathenge ugesi ngamandla ongaphakeme. Nokho kwakungekho izinhlelo isimo uxhaso ugesi. Uma lokhu kuyinto ngokohlelo yedolobha, ngokuvamile lisho eseyintsha wema aphume imigqomo uma zifuna ukudla yesikhwama Reserve.

Ugesi Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu ezihlobene ne ugesi, izwe Kwenzeka kuphela ngemuva kokuvela amandla egcwele. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, amandla lezi zinkampani ngokwanele ukunikeza amandla lezifunda lonke. Eyokuqala amandla plant eRussia wabonakala ngo-1912, futhi umqalisi sokudalwa walo wawenziwe zonke okufanayo "Electric Lighting Inkampani."

Isayithi wokwakha bekulokhu onjalo ingqalasizinda ebalulekile Isifundazwe eMoscow. Isiteshi ngokuthi "amandla." Kuthathwa uyise ekusungulweni inqubo unjiniyela Robert Classon. Sokuphehla amandla, nesebenzela namuhla, ebizwa ngegama lakhe. Ekuqaleni asetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli Peat. Klasson uqobo wakhetha indawo eduze emanzini (amanzi adingwa Ukupholisa). Isizinda of Peat ophethe Ivan Radchenko, naye waziwa ngokuthi izinguquko futhi ilungu RSDLP.

Ngenxa 'amandla "umlando kwesicelo kagesi wathola ikhasi elisha elikhanyayo. Okwesikhathi yayo kwaba into engavamile kuye. Amandla sasithola eMoscow, kodwa kude amakhilomitha 75 phakathi kwedolobhakazi kanye esiteshini. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuba ubambe line high-voltage, analogue zazo wayengakabi eRussia. Isimo nzima yokuthi kuleli zwe kwakungekho kwemitsetfo lelawula ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi ezinjalo. I izintambo udabula indawo izigodi kababaningi abayizikhulu. Abanikazi esiteshini esikhashana mathupha indiva aristocrats wazuza kuzo ukusekela isinyathelo. Ngisho naphezu kobunzima, sakwazi ubambe line, futhi umlando ezifuywayo kagesi atholwe precedent sina. EMoscow, wamukela amandla ayo.

Station kanye trams

Bavele kwenkathi czarist, futhi ezincane ukuziphilisa isitshalo. Umlando kagesi eRussia ukweleta lukhulu usozimboni German uWerner von Siemens. Ngo-1883 yena wayesebenza ku kungakhanyi ukukhanya samaholide YaseMoscow Kremlin. Ngemva isipiliyoni kuqala ngempumelelo inkampani yakhe (okuyinto kamuva okwakuzoba yisikhungo eyaziwa ngokuthi unokukhathazeka emhlabeni wonke) idale uhlelo ukukhanyisa the Winter Palace futhi saseNevsky Prospekt Petersburg. Ngo 1898, kwakukhona amandla isitshalo esincane enhloko-dolobha ukuze Dula isiteshi. I baseBelgium lithanda imali kokungenela efanayo phezu yashayisa unqenqema, namaJalimane - nalelo Novgorod emgwaqweni.

Umlando kagesi lancipha hhayi kuphela ukubonakala izitshalo. I-tram kuqala uMbuso Russian uvele 1892 eKiev. Petersburg, nohlobo olusha izithuthi zomphakathi ngo-1907 umkhankaso wobunjiniyela amandla Heinrich Graftio. Abatshalizimali yephrojekthi babe amaJalimane. Lapho kugqashuka impi nge eJalimane, athathwa aphume inhlokodolobha isiRashiya, futhi iphrojekthi isesikhathini olungalé beluyokuba iqhwa.

Eyokuqala amandla kagesi

umlando Domestic kukagesi esikhathini zasebukhosini kwasho ezincane izitshalo lokuqala amandla kagesi. Bokuqala uvele on Zyryanovsk emayini Altai Mountains. Udumo Iningi kwehlela-ke esiteshini Petersburg emfuleni Esibanzi Okhta. Omunye abakhi bayo kwaba okufanayo Robert Classon. Kislovodsk emifula "White yamalahle" bakhonza njengendikimba umthombo wamandla for zomgwaqo 400, tram imigqa isetshenziswa amanzi amaminerali.

Ngu-1913, emifuleni ahlukahlukene Russian wayesevele izinkulungwane izitshalo ezincane Hydropower. Izazi zilinganisela umthamo isamba 19 megawatts. Elikhulu kunawo wonke isiteshi emifula kwaba Hindu Kush e Turkestan (okusebenza ngisho namuhla). Kulokhu, ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakukhona mkhuba olubonakalayo izifundazwe ezisenkabeni Ukugcizelelwa ukwakhiwa ezishisayo izitshalo amandla, nasezifundazweni okude - ngamandla amanzi. ukudala ugesi umlando Russian omuzi aqala ne ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu babhekwe njengabezinye izizwe. Ngisho ngoba imishini esiteshini cishe konke wawuyinto eyinqaba. Ngokwesibonelo, izinjini ezisebenza uthenge kuphi - Austria, Hungary US.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka 1900-1914 GG. ngesilinganiso kukagesi eRussia lezwakala omunye eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakukhona ukuhlanekezela lubonakale. Ugesi ihlinzekwa ikakhulukazi embonini, kodwa isidingo ekhaya Imishini wahlala ongaphakeme. Isihluthulelo siwukuba inkinga waqhubeka ukuntuleka uhlelo sesimanje eyodwa wezwe. Uma sihlabela phambili yizinkampani ezizimele, ngenkathi isikhathi esiningi - angaphandle. NamaJalimane baseBelgium lithanda ikakhulu uxhaso amaphrojekthi izihloko ezimbili, futhi wazama hhayi ukuba engozini imithombo yabo esifundazweni ezikude Russian.

ugesi

Ubani athatha izintambo ngemuva Okthoba Revolution, amaBolshevik ngo-1920, lathatha uhlelo ngokufakelwa kukagesi yezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa Its waqala ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Inhloko yalo myalo (ngokufakelwa kukagesi - uMbuso Commission for kukagesi Russia) waqokwa Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, abase isipiliyoni ukusebenza ehlukene imiklamo energy. Ngokwesibonelo, wabasiza Robert Classon Station ku Turf esifundazweni eMoscow. Sekukonke, le khomishana adalwe plan, kufakwe onjiniyela kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili kanye nososayensi.

Nakuba lo msebenzi besihloselwe ukuthuthukiswa amandla, sithinta wonke umnotho Soviet. Ngo weza kwaseStalingrad izixaxa Plant njengoba ugesi co-ibhizinisi. Le ndawo entsha zezimboni eladabuka le Kuznetsk amalahle elisemcengezini, olwaqala ukuthuthukiswa umcebo omkhulu imali.

Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo ngokufakelwa kukagesi kwaba ukuba zakhelwe 30 wesifunda amandla amagugu (10 no-20 HPP TPP). Eziningi zalezi zinkampani zisebenza namuhla. Phakathi kwabo, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura eChelyabinsk izitshalo amandla ezishisayo, kanye Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod futhi Dnieper HPP. Kohlelo kuye kwaholela kwavela regionalization entsha nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Umlando yokukhanya nogesi abakwazi ukuxhunywa ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo ezokuthutha. Ngenxa ugesi, ojantshi entsha, imigwaqo kanye eVolga-Don Canal. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lolu hlelo baqala kwetimboni izwe, futhi umlando ugesi eRussia waphenduka kwelinye ikhasi ezibalulekile. Beka ugesi Okuqondiwe zanakekelwa ngo-1931.

Amandla kanye neMpi

Ngobusuku obandulela ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, amandla ingqikithi amandla kagesi wase-USSR kwaba abangaba yizigidi ezingu-11 kilowatts. ayehlasela German nokubhujiswa bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli ingqalasizinda ukunciphisa kakhulu lezi zibalo. Against ngemuva zale nhlekelele State Defense iKomiti wenza ukwakhiwa izitshalo akhiqiza amandla, ingxenye ye-oda ukuzivikela.

Nge yokukhululwa ezindaweni ilawulwa amaJalimane, waqala inqubo kabusha izitshalo yabhidlika noma yalimala. Into ebaluleke kakhulu atholakele Svir, Dnieper, kanye Baksan HPP Ķegums futhi Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP futhi Dubrovskaya. Ukunikeza emadolobheni ugesi yalahlwa amaJalimane ekuqaleni Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa powertrains. I enjalo esiteshini lokuqala mobile efika e kwaseStalingrad. Ngo-1945, amandla yasekhaya bakwazi ukufika pre-impi izibalo ukukhiqizwa. Ngisho umlando emfushane ugesi ebonisa ukuthi indlela yesikhathi sesimanje kwaleli zwe namanye kuye kwaba olunzima futhi tortuous.

ukuqhubeka

Ngemva ukuqala izwe eSoviet Union baqhubeka ukwakha TPP ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi HPP. Uhlelo Energy kwenziwa ngokuhambisana isimiso yinye obengeziwe yonke umkhakha. Ngo-1960, ugesi kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 6 Ngakho, uma iqhathaniswa 1940. Ngo-1967 th uqede inqubo yokudala elinobunye amandla uhlelo, ndawonye yonke ingxenye European yezwe. Inethiwekhi kuhlanganisiwe iziteshi 600. umthamo wabo wawuyizinkulungwane 65 million kilowatts.

Ngemva kwalokho amaphuzu adinga ukugcizelelwa uma lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda lube futhi Far East Asian izifunda. Lokhu ngokwengxenye achaza ngu yokuthi ilapho ukugxila mayelana 4/5 izisetshenziswa Hydropower wase-USSR. "Electric," iwuphawu 1960 kwaba ukwakhiwa phezu Angara eBratsk HPP. Ngemva lalibukeka isiteshi efanayo phezu Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Hydropower uye savela neMpumalanga Ekude. Ngo-1978, emzini izakhamuzi lamaSoviet laqala faka zamanje esaveza Zeya esiteshini emifula. ukuphakama kwalo leli damu - 123 metres, kanye okukhipha amandla - 1330 MW. Isimanga engineering eSoviet Union ayebhekwa Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Le phrojekthi waqalwa ngo isimo sezulu esinzima yeSiberia nezintaba remoteness kusukela emadolobheni amakhulu ne umkhakha kunesidingo. Eminingi yemininingwane (ezifana Hydro abaphehla ugesi) baya esakhiweni ngaphesheya e-Arctic Ocean, enza ngendlela ayizinkulungwane 10 amakhilomitha.

In the 1980 zakuqala, izinguquko ezibalulekile ibhalansi yamandla komnotho Soviet. Indima eyandayo eyadlalwa enuzi izitshalo amandla. Ngo-1980, isabelo sabo ekukhiqizeni amandla kwaba 5%, kanti ngo-1985 - kakade 10%. umkhakha esitimela kwaba Obninsk amandla enuzi. Ngalesi sikhathi waqala esasizosheshisa ukwakhiwa serial enuzi izitshalo amandla, kodwa bomnotho futhi eChernobyl inhlekelele ehlile inqubo.

yesimanjemanje

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union lapho zehle ngo-tekusisa kumkhakha amandla. Zokusebenzela ezakhiwa, kodwa ingakamiswa kuphelile, basindiswa inqwaba. Ngo-1992, i-grid olulodwa iye ifakwe Rao "UES Russia". It akaphinda wamsiza ukugwema nesimo esibucayi letindzala emnothweni nzima.

Okwesibili umoya power umkhakha ifikile ngekhulu xxi. Abaningi Soviet uqalisiwe ukwakhiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2009, umsebenzi uqedwe ukwakhiwa kwalesi Bureya HPP waqala emuva ngo-1978. amandla eyayakha yenuzi: aseBaltic, Beloyarsk, eLeningrad, Rostov.