Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: zabasebenzi, imibono yezombangazwe, isithombe, biography

Boris Chicherin kwaba enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu baseNtshonalanga kwesigamu XIX leminyaka lesibili. Iyiso ngokulinganisela iphiko nesandla esivulekile, ngokuba lweli ebucayini neziphathimandla. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuvamile wagxeka abantu bangesikhathi. Uhulumeni waseSoviet akakuthandanga chicherina ngoba ukugxeka socialism. Ngakho-ke, kuphela namuhla singaba ngokungakhethi ukuhlola ukubaluleka imisebenzi yayo.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin wazalelwa June 7, 1828. Wayengumuntu ongowokuzalwa Tambov umndeni esihle. Uyise wayengumGreki ochumayo, ukuthengisa utshwala. Boris baphendula abazali izibulo (Wayenabafowabo eziyisithupha futhi udade). Zonke izingane zithole imfundo esezingeni. Ngo-1844, uBoris nomfowabo Basil (uyise Ngokuzayo Yabantu Commissar eMnyangweni wezangaPhandle wase-USSR), wathuthela eMoscow ukungena eyunivesithi. Mfundisi bezinsizwa yayiya ivelela waseNtshonalanga ovulekile Timofey Granovsky. Weluleka protege bakhe ukuya esikoleni sezomthetho, futhi yilokho akwenza.

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin iziqu Inyuvesi ekhatsi 1849. Inkathi izifundo zakhe nenkathi yokudlondlobala Nicholas ukuphendula ezalandela kokunqotshwa kwe Decembrists. Ukukhululeka kokhuluma kunqandwe, okuyinto Yiqiniso, ayikuthandi kwemizwelo ovulekile sabantu. Boris Chicherin kwakungekaNkulunkulu nje kuya interlayer. Esinye sezici ezivelele ebusheni bakhe baba linemibhikisho European ka-1848, lapho kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo kumiswa imibono yakhe.

Ecwebezelayo abaningi abanengxenye babeneminyaka izenzakalo eFrance. Nsizwa wasamukela ngenjabulo izindaba kuqala uhulumeni omusha, kodwa kamuva yavuma up on inqubo enjalo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Ngisho nasekugugeni, yena belunguza ngase embonweni wokuthi isimo hhayi bathuthuke kuzuba. Revolution - akuyona inketho. Sifuna setingucuko kancane kancane kunokuba "nodokotela-mbumbulu demagogues", izipikha ekuqaleni kwazo isixuku abakhonondayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naphezu ukuphoxeka lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso, uBoris Nikolaevich Chicherin kwaba nesandla esivulekile. Ukuze Russia, empeleni waba umsunguli we umthetho-sisekelo.

Ngo Nicholas Russian

I yekucala zezombusazwe nefilosofi ukubukwa sazi uvele efundisa Hegel. Chicherin ekugcineni uchazwe kabusha nesimiso sakhe elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo. Umcabangi wayekholelwa ukuthi kukhona ekuqaleni ezine ngokuphelele - iyimbangela into enengqondo futhi impahla, kanye umoya noma umqondo (ukuthi awukho umgomo odlula). Emphakathini kulezi zinkanyezi kubonakala - zemiphakathi, umndeni, libandla, isimo. Hegel wagomela ukuthi ndaba futhi ingqondo - it is kuphela ibonakalisa umoya. Kulesi ifomula kusho inqubomgomo uhulumeni ubamba zonke ezinye izinhlangano (umndeni, libandla, nokunye. D.). Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin wacasulwa ukucabanga, kodwa engavumelani naso. Wayekholelwa ukuthi bonke ezine izenzakalo ngenhla echazwe bayalingana futhi okulingana. Wakhe ukubukwa zezombusazwe kukho konke ukuphila okusekelwe lokhu kwesisekelo elula ngokwanele.

Ngo 1851 Chicherin lidlule izivivinyo futhi waba okuyinhloko. mqondo waso kwakuyindishi ngendaba nezikhungo zomphakathi eRussia ngekhulu XVII. Imibono oprofesa inkathi kutfotjelwa umbono engcwele Nicholas I "Ubu-Orthodox, autocracy futhi ubuzwe." Ngakho-ke, lezi emthethweni anikwamukelanga mqondo Chicherin, njengalokhu yena uqobo ke wagxeka isimiso sezombusazwe kwekhulu XVII. Eminyakeni embalwa intsha bephuthaza pestered osolwazi ukuthi umbhalo namanje "lidlule". Kwenze kungenzeka kuphela 1856. Lolu suku akuyona ngephutha. Ngalowo nyaka, uNicholas mina usefile, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi indodana yakhe u-Alexander II. Inkathi entsha yaqala Russia, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ezinjalo "fronderskie" mqondo athathwa kanye nawo wonke amanye.

WaseNtshonalanga futhi sikahulumeni

Kusukela iphuzu ngemibono umbono, biography chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha yisibonelo ekuphileni futhi umsebenzi baseNtshonalanga. Kakade esemncane, yena yabakhanga umphakathi wezwe bokusungula. Isihloko sakhe, eshicilelwe ekuqaleni wokubusa kuka-Alexander II, e 1858, zathathwa e incwadi ehlukile "Ukuhlolwa umlando umthetho waseRussia." Leli qoqo kufanele kubhekwe ngesisekelo esikoleni zomlando-zomthetho noma womphakathi nomthetho yasekhaya. Chicherin baba iphayona par yayo nge Konstantin Kavelin futhi Sergeem Solovevym.

Abamele lo mkhuba bekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni main ukushayela force yezinsuku ezimbili ezweni lonke. Chicherin athuthukile imfundiso yokuziphendukela kokugqilazwa futhi Ukukhululwa amakilasi emphakathini. buka ayeligcizelela elokuthi esikhathini esithile izenzakalo ezingokomlando emphakathini Russian ukuvimbela ukuvela serfdom. Lokhu kwakubangelwa izimbangela umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Manje, phakathi nekhulu XIX, isidingo eye yanyamalala. Izazi-mlando, ababusi wakhuthaza yokukhululwa abalimi.

imisebenzi lesibonwa

U-Alexander II, owafika amandla ngo-1855, ulahleke neMpi YaseCrimea, waqaphela ukuthi kuleli zwe lidinga izinguquko. uyise wayelokhu umphakathi Russian buhlangene, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, walondoloza isimo. Manje zonke izinkinga ngaphuma. Futhi okokuqala kwezithelo zonke - umbuzo ongumlimi. Guqula esiyitholayo ngokushesha. Umkhankaso ingxoxo emphakathini. Uvula emakhasini amaphephandaba. Liberals kwaba "Russian iGazethi" Slavophiles "ingxoxo Russian." Uma kudingidwa izindaba zomphakathi nezomnotho abathintekayo kanye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich.

WaseNtshonalanga isibe intatheli ethandwa neyaziwayo ngokushesha. Kakade ebusheni bakhe, wahlakulela isitayela sakhe, owakhiwa kaningana wonke umlando omude wesizwe isimo Russian. Chicherin kwakungelona olukhulu ovulekile "fighter ukulwa nombuso." Wayekholelwa ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga bazokwazi babhekane nezinkinga ezinqwabelene, uma ukuqhuba kwekuhlela kabusha ngempumelelo. Umsebenti intando yeningi intatheli wabona usizo kuziphathimandla, hhayi ukubhujiswa kwalo. Isigaba elifundile umphakathi kudingeka bafundise isimo nokusiza ukwenza kube isinqumo esifanele. Lawa kwakungewona amazwi awunalutho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Alexander II wayefunda iphephandaba nsuku zonke izinhlangano zezombusazwe, ehlaziya nalapho ebafanisa. Umbusi lase futhi bajwayelane imisebenzi Chicherin. Ngokwemvelo yayo, inkosi kwakungelona waseNtshonalanga, kodwa pragmatism wakhe waphoqeleka ukuba athambise isandla, "benhlalakahle yomphakathi".

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich wahlala umsekeli absolutism futhi ngoba ecabanga lesi simiso ngempumelelo uma kuziwa ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingathandeki. Uma amandla autocratic enquma ushintshwe, uzokwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokubuka ePhalamende, kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye uhlobo lokuphikiswa. inkosi wenzela mpo uhlelo izixazululo ngokushesha ngazwi linye. Ngakho-ke, phakathi abasekeli yinye kwamandla bekulokhu futhi Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. BaseNtshonalanga abayizimpumputhe ukuba emaphutheni ohlelweni, bekholelwa ukuthi kuzodlula bebodwa, lapho uhulumeni wenza ushintsho lokuqala eliyisisekelo.

Izingxabano nozakwethu

Ngo izincwadi Soviet biography chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha kubhekwe abayitoho futhi akuphelele. uhulumeni Socialist iyaphikisana nemibono eminingi ukuthi leli thimba lalimelela ummeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ubelokhu wagxeka abaningi baseNtshonalanga akubo. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi Chicherin wakhuthaza ukusilela neziphathimandla. Akazange azame ukuba kweso, akhumbula ngonyaka 1848.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbhali babekholelwa ukuthi isimo ekahle kufanele kube ezimele, kuhlanganise ePhalamende. Kodwa eRussia, akabonanga izimo ukusungulwa kwezikhungo ezifana. Umphakathi wayengakafiki sezingeni elithuthukile nokuhlanzeka kwangaphandle nokuziphatha kwabo. Kwakuyisikhathi enokulinganisela. ERussia amakhosi asendulo, nge isisindo salo ka nalwazi abantukazana kanye passivity nezenhlalakahle iningi labantu nje uwukakabi isiko zezombusazwe ukuthi ingafaniswa eWestern ejwayelekile. Iningi Liberals kanye nabazonda autocracy wacabanga ngenye indlela. Laba bantu babekholelwa chicherina cishe ibulala eziphikisana nohulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, waseHerzen kuqhathaniswa yona Saint-Just - ngqondongqondo zokuhlukumezeka futhi le Jacobin ubushiqela eFrance wamavukelambuso. Chicherin wamhlangabeza eLondon ngo 1858. WaseHerzen wahlala ekudingisweni, lapho sibonga imisebenzi yakhe asebenzayo lesibonwa abe nomthelela omkhulu isimo izingqondo Russian. Chicherin ekuphenduleni ukugxekwa umbhali kule noveli "Ubani onecala?" Waphendula ngokuthi "akazi ukuthi ukugcina phakathi kuyabonelela." Ezinhlamvu abalobi ababili abavelele baba yize, futhi nakuba Babelana neze kokuvuma, wayebazwela sihloniphane mutual.

ukugxekwa sama

Isazi-mlando futhi isikhulumi Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, omisebenzi yakhe akazange agxeke ngesisekelo uhlelo autocratic (amandla ematheni le nkosi), wakhetha amanye amaphuzu asobala ezibuthakathaka isimo Russian. Waqaphela ukuthi ukushiyeka okungathi sína uhlelo yokungamela kokubusa ubushiqela. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngisho nezihlakaniphi, ukufeza okuthile ekuphileni, kufanele uye ezikhulwini kubhekwe Chicherin BN

Biography of lo muntu - ongowokuzalwa biography of umndeni yizicukuthwane ubani eye waphumelela ngokusebenzisa ukukhuthala kwakhe futhi ithalente. Akumangazi ukuthi umlobi wabona isidingo sokuthandazela ukuvela ungqimba athishela ka kulendawo enethonya ababefuna kwekuhlela kabusha ovulekile. It is lezi ufundile futhi abantu abacebile wayesengaba isithiyo lapho ukubusa ithambo izikhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, neziyaluyalu, ohlelwe isikhundla ifayela, ngakolunye.

Akusebenzi uhlelo bureaucratic futhi ukungasebenzi kwaba uyanengeka eziningi, futhi kulezi chungechunge, akungabazeki, kwaba Chicherin BN Biography of umbhali kuhlanganisa iqiniso elithakazelisayo futhi abalulekile. Emva kokuzalwa uprofesa, yena bekumele lilinganise ikhansela isimo. Nokho, intatheli wenqaba futhi akatholanga uphawu kule simo ngisho 'ne-show ". Ifa ayelizwe uyise izindlu umndeni. Ukuba umninindlu bahlakaniphe futhi ngokucophelela, Chicherin ekusindiseni emnothweni. Phakathi nokuphila umbhali, wahlala inzuzo futhi ekhiqizwa izimali. Le mali avunyelwe ukuchitha isikhathi inkonzo yomphakathi, futhi lokusungula ngokwesayensi.

Ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom

Ngobusuku obandulela izinguquko ongumlimi Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) Waqhubeka evakashele eYurophu. Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, ezweni baba ehluke ngokuphelele. Serfdom uyekwa, futhi umphakathi edwengulwe izingxabano ngekusasa waseRussia. Umlobi ngokushesha abantu abahilelekile kule mpikiswano. Wasekela igunya emizamweni yayo futhi ngokuthi Regulation 19 Februwari 1861 ngonyaka, "lesikhumbuzo engcono umthetho waseRussia". Ngesikhathi esifanayo in the amanyuvesi amabili ezinkulu kuleli zwe (eMoscow Petersburg) uye waqinisa ukunyakaza umfundi. Abantu abasha yakhuluma ezihlukahlukene iziqubulo, kuhlanganise nabathandekayo zezombusazwe. Abaholi zemfundo ephakeme isikhashana lenyuka futhi angazanga ukuthi kufanele asabele kanjani injabulo. Abanye oprofesa ngisho besho nokusho ukuthi abafundi. Chicherin esenzelwe nezimfuneko abafundi mayelana inqubo wabo wokufundisa oqondile (ekuphuculeni izimo nokunye. D.). Kodwa iziqubulo emelene nohulumeni umbhali wagxeka, ucabangela intshiseko yabo evamile bobusha ukuthi akukho okuhle ngeke.

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich, abanemibono zezombusazwe Yiqiniso, babe Westernized, nokho babekholelwa ukuthi izwe lokuqala konke okudingayo ukuze. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ngokuthi ovulekile ejabulela ukuvikelwa noma olandelanayo. Kwakungemva 1861 kubukeka chicherina ekugcineni kwakhiwa. Bathatha kwindlela kwakwaziwa kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela. Ngokufunda enye yezincwadi zayo, umlobi wachaza ukuthi liberalism olandelanayo - ukubuyisana ka ekuqaleni umthetho namandla futhi ukuqala inkululeko. Lokhu ibinzana kwaduma emibuthanweni sikahulumeni. Its kakhulu omunye the main wasondela u-Alexander II - Prince Alexander Gorchakov.

Nokho, lesi simiso asizange sibe siyinhloko izinqumo ikusasa uhulumeni. amandla engaqinile kanye izinyathelo eqine - lapha yindlela elichaza kuyo enye yezincwadi Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Umlando Omfushane umbhali uthi ukuphila kwakhe ngokushesha buboniswa ngokuba isenzakalo esibalulekile. izihloko lakhe nasezincwadini ezithandwayo nenkosi. A umphumela walo oqondile waba lesi simo sengqondo akubanga isimemo chicherina abe umuntu ozoyisiza uthisha UNikolai Alexandrovich - indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Isazi-mlando wayijabulela.

Thishela we Umqhele Prince

Nokho, usizi lwehla ngokushesha. Ngo-1864, Nikolay Aleksandrovich waya uhambo bendabuko eYurophu. Phakathi ezikhonzini zakhe futhi kwaba Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Izithombe omlobi njalo zigcine amaphephandaba, waba sibalo okuphawulekayo nezazi Russian. Kodwa e-Europe ke, baphoqeleka ukuba bayeke imisebenzi yabo lesibonwa okwesikhashana. Wayematasatasa nendlalifa, ngaphezu kwalokho, Florence waphathwa yesifo sezintwala. isimo chicherina Kwakwethusa, kodwa ngokushesha walulama. Kodwa umfundi wakhe UNikolai Alexandrovich isinde. Wabulawa tubercular meningitis e Nice ngo-1865.

Umlando ukuphulukisa yabo siqu kanye nokufa ezingalindelekile we indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi kakhulu kuthonywa Chicherin. Waba zenkolo ngaphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo UNikolai Alexandrovich uthisha ngabona indoda esikhathini esizayo, ikhono siqhubeke kwekuhlela kabusha ovulekile kayise. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi indlalifa esisha kwaba umuntu ohlukile. Ngemva kokubulawa u-Alexander II, u-Alexander III iphele kabusha. Lapho-ke waqala isimo Igagasi elilandelayo ukusabela (njengoba ngaphansi Nicholas mina). Chicherin wahlala kulonyaka. Wakwazi ukuzibonela mathupha wokugoqa okulindelwe yabo ngokuphathelene nezingane Tsar-umkhululi.

Mfundisi nomlobi

Njengoba walulama futhi Waphindela eRussia, Chicherin wafundisa ngaso eMoscow University. Waqala kwesikhathi ukundlula lokusungula ngokwesayensi. Kusukela engxenyeni 60s yesibili. njalo eshicilelwe izincwadi ayisisekelo, umlobi okwakunzima Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Imisebenzi eyinhloko umbhali asebenzelana ngayo isimo nezenhlalo uhlelo yeRussia. Ngo-1866, isazi sefilosofi kanye mlando, wabhala incwadi ethi "On the Ukumelwa of the People." Emakhasini yalo msebenzi Chicherin wavuma ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo iyona engcono bezimiso zezombangazwe, kodwa Russia ongakabi athuthukile izimo ezidingekayo ukuze uthole imvume yayo.

Umsebenzi wakhe wahlala cishe waphawuleka emkhakheni okuqhubekayo omphakathi. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin phezu Liberals langaleso sikhathi wake wakhuluma ngokungagwegwesi obala - ukubhala incwadi ezijulile, ososayensi eRussia alusho lutho. abasekeli kunjalo olukhulu yelinyenti kanye revolution, noma uyolahlekelwa kubo njengoba omunye umkhiqizo ukuphendula. Isiphetho Chicherin njengoba umbhali, futhi iqiniso yayingacacile kahle. Criticised ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, naye ayizange yamukelwe futhi iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, futhi kuphela eRussia yesimanje ngokokuqala izincwadi zakhe zazinqamukile waquliswa ezanele, ukuhlolwa nhloso isimo sezombangazwe.

Ngo-1866, uBoris Chicherin uzibophezele befundisa futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele ukuba ubhala izincwadi zesayensi. Umlobi, ashiya izikhundla ngo umbhikisho. Yena osolwazi eziningana ovulekile (futhi demonstratively kwesokunxele izikhundla zabo) izenzo kwabathukuthelisa Umphathi eMoscow State University Sergei Barsheva. Yena, kanye nezikhulu eMnyango Wezemfundo wazama ukunweba ukugunyazwa yothisha ezimbili ngoludala, nakuba lezi zenzo eziphikisana Charter.

Ngemva kwalokhu scandal Chicherin iyiswe izindlu umndeni yabalindi esifundazweni Tambov. Wabhala njalo, ngaphandle kwesikhathi 1882-1883 GG., Uma kuqokwa imeya eMoscow ngesikhathi. Ngenxa isibalo somphakathi, umbhali kwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi zomnotho yenhloko-dolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathatha iqhaza emcimbini we wokugcotshwa Alexander III.

imisebenzi Okukhulu

Ziyini izincwadi eziphawuleka kakhulu uyasala Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich? "Philosophy of Law", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1900, baba imisebenzi yakhe yokugcina jikelele. Kule ncwadi, umbhali waya isinyathelo sesibindi. Umqondo wokuthi isimiso somthetho kungaba nefilosofi ke baphikisana ngu positivists abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Kodwa Chicherin, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, akazange sibheke umbono iningi, futhi njalo futhi ngokuqinile bavikela isikhundla sakhe.

Okokuqala, walahla evamile yokuthi ilungelo - ke iyindlela udweshu phakathi amabutho nomphakathi kanye nezithakazelo. Okwesibili, umlobi waphendukela isipiliyoni wefilosofi lasendulo. Emibhalweni yesiGreki, wafunda welithi "umthetho wemvelo", ukuthuthukisa kanye nekuya amaqiniso Russian isikhathi sakhe. Chicherin babekholelwa ukuthi umthetho kufanele esekelwe ukuqashelwa inkululeko yomuntu.

Namuhla singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi umsunguli wezifundo zezombusazwe Russian yiso Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Mayelana liberalism nezinye izinkomba ngemibono ebhala esemncane e izihloko eziningi. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 80-90. Usosayensi ngokuqondile ngohlangothi ezincwadini ezombusazwe. Wabhala eliyisisekelo incwadi "Impahla kanye State" (1883) kanye "State of Science Course" (1896).

Emibhalweni yakhe, abacwaningi ozama ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi: .. Yiziphi ububanzi kuvunyelwe kumshini zokuphatha umsebenzi yiyona "ezinhle zomphakathi, iziphi tinhloso ubushiqela, njll Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya indima isimo empilweni nezomnotho kuleli zwe, Chicherin wagxeka ukuphazamiseka kakhulu iziphathimandla. Theorists bakholelwa ukuthi kule ngxenye emnothweni endaweni yokuqala kufanele ibe isinyathelo yangasese.

Boris Chicherin washona ngo-February 16, 1904. Kwesonto ngaphambi kwempi Russian-Japanese. Leli zwe ekugcineni engena XX ngayo ekhulwini, egcwele inhlokomo nokuchitheka kwegazi (ngokushesha waqala inguquko lokuqala). Umlobi awukuthelelwanga lezi zenzakalo. Kodwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe wayeyibona ingozi radicalism ezombangazwe nakubo bonke amabutho uzama ukuvimbela kuyinhlekelele.